Die Broschüre dokumentiert die Erfolge, Ziele, Pläne und Visionen der Dresdner Straßenbahn. Einige Beispiele belegen einleitend die weltweite Renaissance der Straßenbahn.

Contracts play a key role in many business to business relationships. Service organisations are no exception. Despite a growing interest of services and how services are managed, research on how to use contracts to manage services has been surprisingly sparse in service research. The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to a deeper understanding of using contracts to manage services in business-to-business relationships. Contract theories together with concepts from service research are used to enrich and understand how contracts are used to manage services and thus make contributions to service research. The thesis will give an empirically grounded understanding of managing services through contracts. The thesis consists of six separate papers, all based on data gathered from contractual relationships between contractors and service providers. The results are based on studies of authentic contracts which are not the case in most previous studies. The methods used for gathering and analysing data involve case studies, content analysis of authentic contracts, interviews and document studies of the public transport sector in Sweden which is an empirically rich area for studying contracts. The three main contributions of this dissertation are; firstly, an extended understanding of how contracts are used to manage the prerequisites for service quality for the parties involved. It was found that the concept service quality is brought forward on three interdependent managerial levels; from a detailed operational level, to a systemic oriented strategic level, and also a visionary rhetorical level each specifying the prerequisite for the services. To manage the prerequisites, the contracts rely on three identified means; laws and regulations, standards and measurements and economical incentives. Secondly, the detailed contents and rigidity of the contracts bring forward an inflexible and asymmetric relationship, where the parties are restricted in their activities. Here the contracts become a substitute for trust and commitment instead of supporting the development of trust and commitment. Finally, the thesis deepen the understanding of the role of contracts in governing services, from being a static abbreviator to a dyadic market based relationship, to becoming a dynamic tool for developing and sustaining a value creating and value driven collaborative network.

Proefschrift--Rechtsgeleerdheid--Amsterdam, 1984. / Bibliogr. p. 681-690. Index.

Na maioria das cidades brasileiras, o ônibus é o principal, senão o único meio de transporte público de passageiros, atendendo àqueles que não possuem carro, mas também contribuindo para reduzir os congestionamentos e, dessa forma, melhorando a qualidade de vida. A fim de incentivar a sua utilização em muitas cidades, inúmeras medidas devem ser tomadas, incluindo um esforço para reduzir custos e, em decorrência, as tarifas pagas pelos usuários, definindo uma tarifa justa que privilegie a população de baixa renda, na qual estão inseridos uma grande parcela dos seus usuários. Nesse contexto, a programação eficiente de veículos e tripulações é essencial para essa redução de custos, uma vez que representa uma parcela significativa dos mesmos. Este trabalho trata do Problema de Programação de Veículos e de Tripulantes de Ônibus, em que ambas as programações são determinadas simultaneamente e de maneira integrada. Durante a realização deste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional em C++, o qual implementa a metaheurística Busca em Vizinhança Variável (VNS) utilizada para resolver esse problema complexo. São apresentados resultados de experimentos computacionais com dados reais de uma empresa de transporte coletivo. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficácia da abordagem integrada em comparação com quatro outras abordagens encontradas na literatura. / In most Brazilian cities, bus has become the main, and oftentimes the only mean of public transportation, not only servicing those who cannot afford to have a car, but also helping to reduce traffic congestion and thus improving quality of life. In order to encourage the bus usage in many cities, several measures must be taken, including an effort to reduce overall costs and, as a result, fares paid by the users, thus benefit mainly low income users which represent a major part of its users. In this context, an efficient scheduling of vehicles and crews is essential to achieve cost reduction, since it accounts for a major part of overall costs. In this paper, we deal with the Bus Vehicle Crew Scheduling Problem, in which bus and crew schedules are simultaneously determined in an integrated approach. We propose an approach based on Variable Neighborhood search to solve this complex problem, which was implemented in C++. Computational results for real-world problems are presented, showing the effectiveness of this novel approach in comparison with other four approaches found in the literature.

O hidrogênio pode ser considerado um importante e promissor vetor energético, podendo ser utilizado para substituir os combustíveis fósseis no setor de transportes por meio de células a combustível. Existem muitos métodos de se produzir hidrogênio. Estes métodos incluem a reforma de gás metano, a eletrólise e processos termo químicos. Uma grande quantidade de energia é necessária para se produzir hidrogênio. Em muitos processos de produção de hidrogênio, a energia de entrada necessária é na forma de calor ou eletricidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a viabilidade da produção de hidrogênio eletrolítico, utilizando-se energia disponível do sistema interligado nacional da cidade de São Paulo. Para atingir este objetivo estudou-se o sistema elétrico brasileiro, a tecnologia de produção, armazenamento e transporte do hidrogênio, analisando-se os custos e a avaliação ambiental de cada item. Calculou-se as externalidades negativas da poluição ambiental causada pela frota de ônibus movidos a diesel e por meio das análises e estimativas mostrou-se a viabilidade de substituição dos ônibus a diesel por ônibus a hidrogênio e a consequente melhora na qualidade socioambiental da população da cidade de São Paulo. / Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier, which potentially could replace the fossil fuels used in the transportation sector of the economy by means of fuel cells. Several methods have been proposed to produce hydrogen. These methods include steam methane reforming, electrolysis and thermo chemical cycles. A large amount of energy is required to produce hydrogen. For many hydrogen production processes, input energy is needed in the form of either heat or electricity. The purpose of this work is to analyze the feasibility of production of electrolytic hydrogen using a available energy, of the national interconnected system of the São Paulo City.. To achieve this goal it was studied the Brazilian electric system, the technology of production, storage and transportation of hydrogen, analyzing the costs and environmental assessment of each item. It was estimated the negative externalities of environmental pollution by the fleet of diesel buses and through analysis proved the feasibility of replacing diesel buses with hydrogen buses. and the consequent improvement in the environmental quality of the population of São Paulo City.

Cílem diplomové práce je zmapovat možnosti využití benchmarkingu a jeho přínos pro firmu, aplikovat metodu benchmarkingu a navrhnout zlepšující doporučení. Teoretická část diplomové práce zobrazuje benchmarking jako nástroj podpory strategického managementu, jeho přínos, postup a varianty využití. V praktické části je představen předmět benchmarkingu, skupina České dráhy, a.s. a jejich finanční situace. Finanční benchmarking porovnává České dráhy, a.s. s odvětvím služeb v ČR a s významnými železničními společnostmi v zahraničí. Poslední analýza je zaměřena benchmarking s autobusovou dopravou z pohledu zákazníka.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Cape Town’s MyCiTi Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) service is part of an ambitious plan to integrate various modes of transport and “place at least 75% of Cape Town’s population within 500 meter of the system”. MyCiTi would replace the ubiquitous mini-taxis on most major routes. The scheduled public bus service began in the city in 2010, and has since expanded considerably through the phased roll-out of several new routes, the most recent being one that reaches the Cape Flats. Yet in the early stages, there was considerable opposition from various stakeholders and some of that still continues. This research looks at how key stakeholders shifted their views over the period 2008-2015. Three stakeholder groups and their interactive dynamics in the context of ongoing uncertainty about the system are explored in this mini-thesis. The findings show that despite much pre-planning, the MyCiTi project has been negotiated and re-negotiated as the City embarked on a voyage into uncharted territory. The transformation of sections of the taxi industry from the informal sector to the formal sector has been presented as a big challenge but has also been seen as its biggest phase one success so far. Yet, in 2015, the city blamed at least half of its revenue shortfall on having to compete with the minibus taxi industry, which it failed to “contain” as planned. The mini-thesis shows that mega-public-private projects are messy at best and that without effective monitoring, public support and consultation the best laid plans and policies can fail. More research is needed into the complexities of public private partnerships and the City needs to take such knowledge into the next phases.

Adequate public transport infrastructure and services are essential to facilitate access to basic opportunities, such as jobs, healthcare, education, recreation or shopping, especially in low-income cities where the majority of the low-income population have no access to the car. In the context of transport exclusion and urban poverty, access and accessibility metrics can serve as good indicators for the identification of transport-disadvantaged zones or population groups in a city. In Cape Town, accessibility-based planning is being embraced by the authority as a means of addressing the planning defects of the past apartheid regime, which created a city that is spatially fragmented by race and income levels. Among the agenda outlined in its 5-year Integrated Transport Plan of 2013-2018, is the need to develop a highly integrated public transport network in which all households would have equitable access to the public transport system, especially for the majority of the urban poor who reside in the city outskirts far from major economic centres. Although planning efforts are being made to redeem the defects of the past, there is still the need for tools and indicators to understand the current situation, as well as to further aid planning and decision making about land-use and transport. The objective of this research, therefore, is to develop suitable indicators of accessibility, identify possible spatial and socioeconomic drivers of accessibility and evaluate equity in the distribution of accessibility benefits for various population groups in Cape Town. In the study, transport network data of Cape Town are utilised to develop GIS-based indicators of network access and origin accessibility to various opportunities like jobs, healthcare and education, across various modes of travel. An Access Index measures public transport service presence within a zone, based on route and stops availability. The index is used to compare the coverage levels provided by each mode of public transport in the city. Also, an Accessibility Index is proposed, that measures the number of opportunities 'potentially reachable' within a specified 'reasonable’ travel time. A key consideration in measuring accessibility by public transport is the monetary cost of overcoming distance, based on the pricing structure that exists in Cape Town. Equity in accessibility is further evaluated both vertically and horizontally. Vertical equity is evaluated using a proposed Accessibility Loss Index, which analyses the potential implication of affordability and budget restrictions on accessibility, based on the income level of the poor households. GINI type of measures is also proposed to evaluate horizontal equity across the various population groups for various travel modes. To further understand the likely drivers of accessibility, an exploratory OLS regression technique is employed to investigate the relationship between accessibility and a combination of socioeconomic and built environment features of the study area. The study reveals among other things that potential accessibility achievable by car is far higher than that achievable by public transport. The paratransit mode provides the most extensive access coverage, and the highest level of accessibility among all the public transport modes investigated. However, this mode shows to be one of the most expensive options of travel, especially for low-income households who are likely to be restricted by travel monetary budgets. The train turns out to be the most affordable travel option, although the level of accessibility achievable with the train is much lower compared to the paratransit or regular bus. From a vertical equity perspective, the consideration of transport affordability drastically reduces the opportunity space and potential accessibility for the poorest population group compared to the higher income groups. The study further interrogates the distance-based tariff model of public transport services in Cape Town, which it considered to be detrimental to the welfare of poor households, regarding the potential to access essential opportunities. The contribution of this study to the body of research on accessibility is twofold: methodological and contextual. On the methodological dimension, it presents a GIS based approach of modelling accessibility both for the car and for a multimodal public transport system that combines four modes; bus, train, BRT and a minibus taxi (paratransit). It also builds on existing gravity-based potential accessibility measure by incorporating an affordability dimension. The consideration of affordability adds a further layer that enables vertical equity evaluation by judging the potential for destination reachability by the monetary out-of-pocket cost of travel. This approach is considered to be more sensitive to the context of low-income cities like Cape Town, where low-income household’s daily travel decisions are likely to be more guided by monetary cost.

This dissertation addresses the reestablishment of the Hammanskraal train station, by providing an integrated transport node that includes a variety of community functions. The aim is to re-introduce the Stationarea as a signifi cant trade and transport node in the Hammanskraal community. The main routes linking to the railway station and the surrounding urban fabric are re-evaluated and altered to accommodate not only the railway programme, but also to better suit the growing needs of the community. Theoretically the project explores the infl uence architecture and spatial perceptions have on the social behaviour and the interactions between diff erent users in these spaces. These relationships are explored to create architecture that not only responds to existing conditions but also becomes a landmark in the area and a reference for future developments in the area. The theoretical investigation can be applied in a design such as the new Hammanskraal station as the characteristics and scope of this node need to integrate diff erent users and functions. Integrating these aspects into the design leads to new forms of interaction and spatial appropriation. The closure of the public component of the railway station resulted in the degradation and neglect of a site that is located within one of the busiest social and commercial nodes of the Hammanskraal Township. The suspended long distance commuter service in favour of the taxi and bus service has resulted in the lack of transport options to thousands of daily commuters between the township and the Pretoria CBD. The new Hammanskraal Railway interchange aims to reconnect the local residents, with a more economic means of travel, to the Pretoria CBD as most of them commute there for work opportunities. Integration and interaction between rail and road transport and numerous informal traders, within a vibrant urban space, are the main focus areas of the design. The design’s intent is to provide a reconnected township, while addressing the immediate needs of the site and the community. The redesign of the Hammanskraal Station precinct does not only reconnect the township to the railway system, but reintroduces much needed energy and public functions to the township itself while providing new economic opportunities both locally and in the surrounds. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

In Örebro, the car traffic share does not tend to decrease. The crowdedness on some of the bus routes is high at times. Investigations show that the residents of Örebro want a city centre whose street environment is more restrictive of car traffic and better for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport. To decrease the car traffic share a rapid, convenient, clear, effective and environmental friendly public transport with high frequency and strong capacity in a short, direct and logical network is needed. A modern tramway fulfils these criteria. At first, this report describes factors that are important to take into consideration when planning a tramway. Thereafter it comes with – from analysis of, among other things, the population density and travel pattern – suggestions for tramway routes through Örebro. Where more than one conceivable route alternative has been identified, comparisons have been made to illustrate their pros and cons. A big part of the work has been devoted to – after considering the physical condition of the street space – showing problems and possibilities, and coming up with proposals for the design. These are some of the conclusions made by the report (-gatan = the… street, -vägen = the… road):  A good starting point would be "tramwayfication" of the bus routes 1 to 4 and their wickerwork structure.  To avoid a big demand of complementing bus service the mean value of the tramways stop spacing in Örebro should not be bigger than 700 meters.  To give Vivalla an effective and attractive tramway it has to go straight through the area.  A route that goes via the Hedgatan/Kryptongatan intersection, between Baronbackarna and Vivalla centre, would be better than a route passing next to the Vivalla school. This is dependent, however, on new buildings being concentrated to the Vivalla/Lundby passage and the development of Vallby into no more than a low-density residential area.  A route along Malmgatan and Järnvägsgatan would be better than a route along Västra Nobelgatan and Östra Nobelgatan or Kilsgatan and Olaigatan.  Hedgatan between Långgatan and Trängkårsvägen, Västra Nobelgatan between Västerplan and Hertig Karls Allé (including the intersection Västra Nobelgatan/Hertig Karls Allé), Västra Nobelgatan between Lövstagatan and Gustavsgatan, Rudbecksgatan between Trädgårds-gatan and Mogatan, and Åstadalsvägen between Rundstigen and Barkvägen are places that can be tricky when it comes to the construction of a tramway and therefore require specific solutions.  For streets that could be subject to a future tramway, it would be more efficient and more cost effective to adjust the physical environment of the street – the sewage and drainage systems, for example – at the same time as any pre planned routine maintenance.  The housing areas along the current public transport passages should be made more concentrated; especially on those streets which could be subjected to a future tramway.  New constructions that could make the conditions worse for a future tramway should not be started. For example, the parking area in front of the main entrance to the hospital (USÖ) and the area immediately south of the roundabout next to the university should not be built on before plans for a future tramway have been finalised.