Submitted by Paulo Vieira (paulovs@ucb.br) on 2014-06-16T19:52:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Kelson Anthony de Menezes(kelson@ucb.br) on 2014-07-08T15:58:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-08T15:58:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T03:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 license_url: 52 bytes, checksum: 3d480ae6c91e310daba2020f8787d6f9 (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) license.txt: 1825 bytes, checksum: af1f5c54585e21e389c880a5a570b7e9 (MD5) Francisca do Nascimento Vieira de Freitas.pdf: 679195 bytes, checksum: aad97a4e13f699c418dcf9da34c3dc1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-08 / Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB / Esta é uma reflexão pautada na política de transporte público, no tocante o atendimento aos cidadãos que utilizam o transporte coletivo no Distrito Federal. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como finalidade, analisar a Política de Transporte Urbano, sua legislação e gestão no DF, com intuito de identificar se há ou não irregularidade na prestação desses serviços prestados a sociedade. Para responder a esse questionamento, a pesquisa situou-se na revisão bibliográfica com vistas a consolidar a reflexão teórica sobre os temas:. Neste artigo foram apresentados e analisados: o histórico do transporte público no mundo; a política de transporte urbano no Brasil; a mobilidade urbana no Brasil, a organização do transporte público coletivo no Distrito Federal; uma reflexão sobre os desafios da política de transporte no DF. Conclui-se que, apesar do esforço do Estado em implementar ações no que diz respeito à política de transporte público urbano de Brasília e do DF, inovando, colocando novos ônibus para integrar a frota nas cidades e os investimentos em infraestrutura, nota-se que o transporte coletivo da capital não tem sido satisfatório no desempenho dos serviços prestados à população e à sociedade como um todo e ainda há muitos desafios a superar. / This is a reflection based on public transport policy , as regards service to citizens using public transportation in the Federal District . Thus, this paper aims to analyze the Urban Transport Policy , its legislation and management in DF , in order to identify whether there are irregularities in the provision of these services to society. To answer this question , the research was situated in the literature review with a view to consolidating the theoretical reflection on the topics . This article were presented and analyzed : the history of public transport 5 in the world ; the urban transport policy in Brazil ; urban mobility in Brazil , the organization of public transportation in the Federal District ; a reflection on the challenges of transport policy in DF . We conclude that , despite the efforts of the State to implement actions with regard to the urban public transport and Brasilia DF policy , innovating , putting new buses to join the fleet in cities and infrastructure investments , we note that public transport in the capital has not been satisfactory in the performance of services for the population and society as a whole and there are still many challenges to overcome .

The diploma thesis deals with Integrated public transport system in South Moravia region. The author describes the term of integrated public transport system and its advantages in the theoretical part of the thesis. The practical part deals with constitution and development of the system in the South Moravia region and describes its subsystems: organizing and economical, tariff and transport subystem. The final chapter describes transport systems in the regions of the Czech republic. The last chapter shows the shortages of the current transport system. The main aim of the thesis is to make analysis of the current system, to compare theoretical findings with the current situation, to situate the transport system in South Moravia into the frame of the public transportation in the Czech republic and to compare it with other systems.

In Germany, many universities have student tickets that are bargained for between student representatives and public transport companies, approved by referendum, and mandatory for all students. They allow the use of public transport at no additional cost. I analyze such a scenario in a theoretical model as an example of a flat-rate ticket for public transport which is implemented by majority decision. The mandatory character of the ticket reduces transaction costs like marketing and ticket inspection, reducing the ticket price and thus the students’ commuting expenses. However, there is a countervailing effect. Students face and rationally expect zero marginal monetary commuting costs, so that new students choose a place of residence which is relatively far from the university. This in turn raises the equilibrium ticket price. It may even be the case that students would be better off if such a ticket had never existed. Nonetheless, they always vote for it in referenda, because accepting the high price is optimal given their place of residence. After laying out the model, I analyze an optimal policy, which consists, for example, of subsidizing student dorms at an efficient distance to the city center.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Cities in the world aim to ensure the mobility of people, through the implementation of efficient Integrated Transportation Systems (ITS). This aims to improve the transport of people, which guarantees that they can be mobilized safely and without delays in the terminals and bus stops of the public transport system. The present article proposes a design of public transport stops aimed at optimizing the waiting time of users when transferring from one bus to another. For the validity of the proposal, the social force model of the Vissim program was used, where the behavior of the users within the bus stops was reflected. The results showed that the waiting times in the calibrated and validated microsimulation model were optimized by approximately 20%, which generates an improvement in the efficiency of the public transport system. / Revisión por pares

During 2018, the Public Transport Administration (Trafikförvaltningen) in the Stockholm region spent approximately 2.2 billion SEK on new infrastructure investments related to the public transport system, many of which were based on their public transport models. The previously used method for validating these models has lacked scientific rigour, efficiency and a systematic approach, which has led to uncertainty in decision making. Furthermore, few scientific studies have been conducted to develop validation methodologies for large-scale models, such as public transport models. For these reasons, a scientific validation methodology for public transport models has been developed in this thesis. This validation methodology has been applied on the 2014 route assignment model used by Trafikförvaltningen, for the transport modes bus, commuter train and local tram. In the developed validation methodology, the selected validation metrics called MAPE, %RMSE and R^2 are used to compare link loads from a route assignment model with observed link loads from an Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) system. To obtain an overview of the performance of the route assignment model, eight different scenarios are set, based on whether the validation metrics meet acceptable thresholds or not. In the application of the developed validation methodology, the average link loads for the morning rush have been validated. To adjust the developed validation methodology to system-specific factors and to set acceptable metric thresholds, discussions with model practitioners have taken place. The validation has been performed on both lines and links, and for bus entire line number series have been validated as well. The validation results show that commuter train meets the set threshold values in a higher proportion than bus and local tram do. However, Trafikförvaltningen is recommended to further calibrate the route assignment model in order to achieve a better model performance. The developed validation methodology can be used for validation of public transport models, and can in combination with model calibration be used in an iterative process to fine-tune model parameters for optimising validation results. Finally, a number of recommendations are proposed for Trafikförvaltningen to increase the efficiency and quality of the validation process, such as synchronising model data with the observed data. / Under 2018 spenderade Trafikförvaltningen ungefär 2,2 miljarder kronor på nya infrastrukturinvesteringar för kollektivtrafiksystemet i Stockholm, varav många av dessa baserades på deras kollektivtrafikmodeller. Den tidigare metoden för att valideras dessa modeller har saknat gedigen vetenskaplig grund, effektivitet och ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt, vilket lett till osäkerhet gällande investeringsbeslut. Dessutom har få vetenskapliga studier genomförts för att ta fram valideringsmetodologier för storskaliga modeller, såsom kollektivtrafikmodeller. Av dessa skäl har en vetenskaplig valideringsmetodologi för kollektivtrafikmodeller tagits fram i detta examensarbete. Denna valideringsmetodologi har tillämpats på Trafikförvaltningens 2014 års nätutläggningsmodell, för trafikslagen buss, pendeltåg och spårväg. I den framtagna valideringsmetodologin har de valda valideringsmåtten vid namn MAPE, %RMSE och R^2 använts för att jämföra länkbelastningar från en nätutläggningsmodell med observerade länkbelastningar från ett Automatisk Trafikanträkning-system (ATR). För att ge en översikt över modellens precision har åtta scenarios satts baserat på om valideringsmåtten godkänns eller inte enligt tröskelvärden. I tillämpningen av den framtagna valideringsmetodologin har de genomsnittliga länkbelastningarna för morgonens rusningstrafik validerats. För att justera den framtagna valideringsmetodologin efter systemspecifika faktorer och för att sätta godkända tröskelvärden för valideringsmåtten, har diskussioner med trafikanalytiker hållits. Valideringen har utförts både på linjer och länkar, och för buss har även hela linjeserier validerats. Valideringsresultaten för pendeltåg har en högre andel godkända mätningar än buss och spårväg. Trafikförvaltningen rekommenderas dock att kalibrera nätutläggningsmodellen ytterligare för att uppnå ett bättre resultat. Den framtagna valideringsmetodologin kan användas för valideringar av kollektivtrafikmodeller, och kan i kombination med modellkalibrering användas i en iterativ process för att finjustera modellparametrar och därmed optimera valideringsresultaten. Slutligen föreslås ett antal rekommendationer för Trafikförvaltningen för att öka effektiviteten och kvaliteten på valideringsprocessen, till exempel att synkronisera modelldata med observerad data.

Coopetition, a combined word for cooperation and competition, is a business strategy in which two or more parties within a competing market use a cooperative action. This concept is mainly practical in situations where companies are rich in resources and have considerable assets. For example, one industry that could use coopetitive strategies is the public transport sector. Trafikförvaltningen is the organization that is responsible for public transportation in Stockholm County, along with subcontractors known as traffic operating firms (TOFs). Every 8 to 10 years, so-called traffic area contracts are open for bidding where these TOFs have the opportunity to bid on these areas where they operate their traffic and maintain their depots. For this reason, these TOFs can be considered competitors to each other, thus sharing a reluctance to cooperate. Therefore, since bus lines do not always end their travels in the same traffic area they started, the organization can end up with high annual costs in terms of empty travels from traveling back to their traffic area. The study‘s aim is to: investigate the possibilities and potential outcomes for the public transport sector to use cooperative strategies. The focus has been on a strategy in the form of co-sharing of Trafikförvaltningen’s bus depots between its TOFs. A financial calculation analysis has also been performed, estimating how much the organization can save on this. The study is in the form of a case study and takes an intensive research approach. The data collection consists of so-called in-depth and focused interviews with individuals from different companies. The results of this study show an annual saving of 59.5 Million Swedish Krona in the case of Trafikförvaltningen. This case study concludes that establishing a coopetition governance function (CGF) is crucial for implementing a coopetitive strategy within the public transport sector. / Coopetition, ett kombinerat ord för samarbete och konkurrens, är en affärsstrategi där två eller fler parter inom en konkurrerande marknad använder sig av en samarbetshandling. Denna typ av koncept är främst praktisk i situationer där företagen är rika på resurser och har stora tillgångar. En bransch som skulle kunna få god användning av affärsstrategier inom coopetition är kollektivtrafikbranschen. Trafikförvaltningen är organisationen som ansvarar för den allmänna kollektivtrafiken i Stockholms län tillsammans med ett antal underleverantörer som kallas för trafikutövare (TOFs). Varje årtionden sker en budgivning där dessa trafikutövare får möjligheten till att buda på så kallade trafikområden där de utövar sin trafik och har depåer i drift. Av denna anledning kan dessa trafikutövare anses vara konkurrenter till varandra. Eftersom busslinjer inte alltid avslutar sin resa inom samma trafikområde som de startade i kan detta även resultera stora årliga kostnader för organisationen i form av tomkörning. Syftet med denna studie kan sammanfattas som: att undersöka möjligheterna och de potentiella utfallen för kollektivtrafikssektorn att använda sig av konkurrenssamarbetsstrategier. Studiens fokus har därför varit på en strategi i form av samutnyttjande av Trafikförvaltningens bussdepåer mellan dessa trafikutövare. En finansiell beräkningsanalys har även utförts som uppskattat hur mycket organisationen skulle kunna bespara på detta. Studien är i formen av en fallstudie och tar en intensiv forskningsansats. Datasamlingen bestod huvudsakligen av en blandning av så kallade djup- och fokuserade intervjuer med individer från de olika företagen. Resultatet för denna studie visar att en årlig besparing på totalt 59,5 miljoner svenska kronor skulle kunna möjliggöras i Trafikförvaltningens fall. Slutsatsen i denna fallstudie är att etablera en styrgupp för konkurrens- och samarbetsförhållandet (CGF) för att framgångsrikt lyckas effektivisera de rådande omständigheterna inom kollektivtrafikbraschen.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / With the rapid development of urban economy, there are bus increasing, route extending, and shuttle frequency increasing etc. At the same time, road construction is subject to land surface, so traffic jam often occurs. It is a big trouble for life of citizens and problem for economy development. So it needs to be improved as fast as possible. Vehicle monitoring system for public traffic in Beijing can expediently monitor the state of each controlled bus, thereby making perfect management. With the integration of GPS, analog trunked communication and digital map, the old, blinding manage system of public traffic would be changed into advanced, visualized management mode, and several routes are dispatched in one dispatch center at the same time. The system frame and its components are introduced in this paper.

It is widely acknowledged that value can be regarded as interactively formed by customers through the integration of a variety of resources. However, it is difficult to find service research that takes these concepts seriously in empirical studies. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to present an empirically grounded understanding of how customer resource integration takes place in practice and how customers experience their resource integration. By collecting data of public transport customers through qualitative diaries, interviews, and video recordings of situated action in addition to a survey, the thesis draws on script and practice theory. The main contribution of the thesis is an empirically grounded model of customer experience of resource integration, which can be summarized in six propositions: (a) customers can acquire four different types of scripts: generic, incongruent, rigid, or transformative; (b) the script types are implicit parts of interactive value practices, which emerge as navigating and ticketing in the empirical context of public transport; (c) the interactive value practices are constellations of the resource integration activities of identifying, sense-making, and using, which customers focus on to varying extents, depending on their acquired script; (d) during or after interactive value formation customers potentially update their scripts; (e) customer processes, other customers, the physical environment, contact personnel, provider processes, and the wider environment all form the context of the service, but can also be resources that the customer integrates; and (f) the customer experience is a holistic evaluation of the interactive value formation and can be understood as consisting of three dimensions: a cognitive evaluation and two affective evaluations, positive activation and positive deactivation. As such, I reframe the notion of the servicescape in order for it to be more attuned to the perspective of interactive value formation and resource integration.

The context of this study is the increasing need for public transport as issues over high private vehicle usage are becoming increasingly obvious. Public transport services need to compete with private transport to improve patronage, and issues with reliability need to be addressed. Bus bunching affects reliability through disruptions to the scheduled headways. The purpose of this study was to collect and analyse data to compare how travel time and dwell time vary, to explore the variation of key variables, and to better understand the sources of these variations. The Orbiter bus service in Christchurch was used as a case study, as it is particularly vulnerable to bus bunching. The dwell time was found to be more variable than travel time. It appeared the Canterbury earthquake had significantly reduced the average speeds for the Orbiter service. In 1964, Newell and Potts described a basic bus bunching theory, which was used as the basis for an Excel bus bunching model. This model allows input variables to vary stochastically. Random values were generated from four specified distributions derived from manually collected data, allowing variance across all bus platforms and buses. However the complexity resulted in stability and difficulty in achieving convergence, so the model was run in single Monte Carlo simulations. The outputs were realistic and showed a higher degree of bunching behaviour than previous models. The model demonstrated bunching phenomena that had not been observed in previous models, including spontaneously un-pairing, overtaking of buses delayed at platforms, and odd-numbered bunches of three buses. Furthermore, the study identified areas of further research for data collection and model development.

The general aim of the present thesis was to investigate the determinants of car users’ switching to public transport when driving to work. Since the quality of services is particularly low in medium-sized cities, making the car a much more attractive option, the studies focus on car-use in such cities. Four studies were conducted. In the first (Paper I), an Internet survey addressing what people using their cars to commute to work in a medium-size city believe would make them reduce their car-use as well as what improvements to public transport services they believe would make them use those services was conducted. The results showed that, the further to work and/or bus stops - the more the participants desired increased frequencies and shorter travel times, but less often lower fares. In the second study (Paper II), using a web-based experimental simulation, participants were given the task of planning their travel to and from work, including the performing of additional activities in accordance with predetermined agendas. The main results of this were that shorter travel times and good access to bus stops led to greater bus use while constraints imposed by a busy daily agenda led to greater car-use, in particular if car costs were low. In the third study (Paper III) a scale for measuring satisfaction with travel was developed. A new measure of travel-related subjective well-being (SWB), a 9-item self-report Satisfaction with Travel Scale (STS), was developed. The results showed that STS is reliable and differentiates between changes in travel conditions. In the fourth study (Paper IV) which attributes other than time and cost contribute to the preference of car over bus in the choice of travel mode was investigated. Using STS, developed in Paper III the effect of different travel modes on satisfaction with travel was studied. The conclusions of this thesis are that a public transport system must appear attractive, not only to its present users, but also to prospective users who currently use their cars. To appear attractive, it must not be too expensive and must have timetables and routes that allow users to travel in an efficient manner. One measure that can be used to force commuters out of their cars is higher car-use costs; however, car-use costs may need to be substantially higher than the cost of using public transport in order to be effective. As the present research has indicated, the perceived difficulty of using public transport is also an important factor. Raising car-use costs will thus be insufficient unless changes are made to public transport services. A factor complicating this is activity patterns, which are often complex. As has been indicated in the present research, the more complex the activity pattern - the more the car is used as a means of transport.