Provision of information has been used as a strategy to relive travel-related anxiety. This study is motivated by the successful attempts for reducing the anxiety. Although, passengers' anxiety about using public transport (PT) has already been discussed, the London Underground passengers' anxiety has rarely been a target of investigation in the academic literature. Anxiety associated with the Underground use is reported to be greater than other PT modes. Although the existing studies discussing PT passengers' anxiety have attempted to provide solutions for anxiety reduction, few endeavours have been made to offer them based on the investigated causality between determinants of anxiety and its arousal. Thus, this study fills the gap by identifying antecedents, and verifying their effects on anxiety about the Underground use. This, in turn, furnishes theoretical grounds for designing content of information with an aim to relieve the anxiety in the circumstance that little data exists, which can be utilised for developing information for the purpose. To achieve the goal, two sets of phases have been engaged. First, a questionnaire (N=81) was conducted to identify anxiety triggers. The results revealed that they were other people's anti-social behaviour, overcrowding, noise, and late-night travel. An expert group interview was carried out to investigate what efforts are made to support passengers in the anxiety inducing situations. Second, examination was performed to understand about the passengers' anxiety based on theoretical knowledge about anxiety, and to determine its antecedents. A research model was formulated including six factors, perceived invulnerability, perceived physical ability, trust in other passengers (informal social control), confidence in the authorities, safety knowledge, and perceived uncontrollability. The effects were assessed through structural equation modelling, using questionnaire data (N=269). The results uncovered that perceived invulnerability, perceived physical ability, and confidence in the authorities have negative indirect effects on anxiety through perceived uncontrollability, and safety knowledge has a negative direct effect on anxiety. The confirmed anxiety buffering effects of the factors will be suggested to be used for developing content of information to help relieve the arousal. The study contributes to knowledge by identifying the determinants of the passengers' anxiety, and testing their effects on anxiety, and to produce theoretical support to create service information environment which helps relieve the anxiety.

nÃo hà / A presente pesquisa avaliativa problematiza a polÃtica pÃblica de transporte urbano na cidade de Fortaleza-CE, pretendendo perceber sua eficiÃncia, qualidade e os impactos na populaÃÃo/alvo a fim de subsidiar um repensar do transporte pÃblico como serviÃo que, verdadeiramente potencializa a necessidade de ir e vir dignamente livre do munÃcipe. Para isso, realiza a revisÃo, organizaÃÃo, anÃlise e interpretaÃÃo de textos teÃricos, dados estatÃsticos, nÃmeros e publicaÃÃes oficiais dos ÃrgÃos que possuem a concessÃo para administrar o respectivo serviÃo, formulando com isso seu desenho institucional. O Transporte PÃblico em Fortaleza, em meio ao caos estabelecido, carece de ruptura com a matriz polÃtica e administrativa vigente promovendo novos caminhos desenvolvidos a partir de uma concepÃÃo sociolÃgica, uma vez que, a mobilidade à ambivalente, mas assume as formas das relaÃÃes sociais; ser mÃvel nÃo quer dizer necessariamente se mover rapidamente. / This evaluative research questions the public policy of urban transport in the city of Fortaleza, intending to realize its efficiency, quality and impacts on the target population in order to support a rethinking of public transport as a service that truly leverages the need to go worthily and come free of the citizen. To do so, performs the review, organization, analysis and interpretation of theoretical texts, statistics, numbers, and official publications of the bodies that have the concession to manage their service, thereby formulating its institutional design. The Public Transportation in Fortaleza, in the chaos set lacks break with the prevailing political and administrative matrix promoting new ways developed from a sociological conception, since mobility is ambivalent, but takes the form of social relations; be mobile does not necessarily mean moving quickly.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho pretende reconstruir o processo de formaÃÃo do sistema de transporte coletivo de passageiros realizado por Ãnibus em Fortaleza entre 1945 a 1960. O estudo compreende os anos posteriores à retirada de circulaÃÃo dos bondes elÃtricos da Cearà Light, no final do ano de 1947, assinalando as transformaÃÃes da cidade e as condiÃÃes da mobilidade pÃblica no decorrer dos anos de 1950. Num universo de ampliaÃÃo de territÃrios e de diversificaÃÃo das experiÃncias urbanas, a narrativa percorre a constituiÃÃo recÃproca dos grupos sociais ligados ao transporte, percorrendo seus discursos e suas prÃticas polÃticas nos conflitos que envolveram as tentativas de normalizaÃÃo do serviÃo. / This paper aims to rebuild the process of consolidation of public transportation system with buses in Fortaleza, from 1945 to 1960. It focus on the years after trolley cars stopped to circulate in Fortaleza, in the late days of 1947, highlighting the transformations in the city and the conditions of public mobility in the 1950âs. On a time of city growth and diversification of urban experiences, it shows the first days of social groups related to public transportation, with their methods in the struggle that happened with the attempts to normalize the service offered to the population of the city.

Neste trabalho são apresentados: diagnóstico do sistema de transporte coletivo do município de Piedade, plano de racionalização e modernização do sistema e características desejáveis das empresas operadoras para que o serviço seja realizado com custo baixo. O diagnóstico contemplou os seguintes aspectos: qualidade do serviço, custo e impacto na área comercial central. Na avaliação da qualidade foram utilizados os padrões de referência constantes da literatura técnica e os resultados de pesquisas de opinião dos usuários. Na análise de custos foram feitas simulações considerando os casos de empresas operadoras com diferentes características. Na análise do impacto na área comercial central foram focados o trânsito de veículos e pedestres e a comodidade dos usuários durante a espera e o embarque nos coletivos. Os seguintes principais pontos negativos foram observados no diagnóstico: existência de sérios problemas no trânsito e na comodidade dos usuários na área central, falta de pontualidade no cumprimento dos horários, ônibus em mau estado de conservação (no caso de uma das empresas operadoras), pontos sem sinalização e sem abrigos, falta de integração tarifária, etc. As seguintes principais ações foram propostas no plano de racionalização e modernização: implantação de uma Estação Central de transporte coletivo na área central, alteração do trajeto dos ônibus na região central, sinalização padronizada de todos os pontos de parada, instalação de abrigos com bancos para sentar nos pontos mais movimentados, melhoria do nível de pontualidade, melhoria das condições de conservação da frota de ônibus (no caso de uma das empresas operadoras), etc. Uma conclusão relevante depreendida da análise econômica do serviço é que para a operação ser realizada com custo baixo é desejável que as empresas operadoras tenham economia de escala, o que significa também operarem o transporte escolar público e, se possível, outras modalidades de transporte. / This research presents: diagnosis of public transportation system in the city of Piedade, rationalization and modernization plan of the system and desirable characteristics of the operating companies for performing a service with low cost. The diagnosis included the following aspects: quality of service, cost and impact in commercial centre area. In the evaluation of quality they were used the standard patterns contained in the technical literature and the results from the users opinion. In the cost analysis they were made simulations considering the cases of operating companies with different characteristics. In the analysis of the impact in commercial centre they were focused the flow of vehicles and pedestrians and the comfort of users during the waiting time and boarding in the buses. Some negative points were observed in diagnosis that is important to be mentioned: there are substantial problems in traffic and comfort of users in commercial centre, lack of punctuality at schedules, bad conditions of buses (in the case of only one company), bus stops without signaling and sheds, lack of tariff integration, and so on. The following main actions were proposed in the plan of rationalization and modernization: implementation of a public transportation Central Station in the central area of Piedade, change the route of buses in central area, standardized signaling of all bus stops, installing sheds with benches in the busiest bus stops, improving the standard of punctuality, improved storage conditions of the bus fleet (in the case of only one company), and so on. A relevant conclusion observed from the economic analysis of service is that: for the operation to be performed at low cost is desirable that the operating companies have economies of scale, which also means operate the transportation of students of public school and, if possible, other modes of transport.

Al no contar con una vía exclusiva los corredores en muchas ciudades, causan a menudo conflictos con los vehículos particulares. Para aliviar este problema, se muestra una forma viable de reducir la congestión del tráfico en las principales vías de una ciudad con gran demanda de viaje. Esto a través de una propuesta de implementación de un carril exclusivo con paradas en la parte derecha de la vía a diferencia de un Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). De esta manera se aprovecha el espacio vial que se encuentra orientado al transporte público y a los peatones. Mediante el software VISSIM 9.0 se obtuvo mejoras en el incremento de velocidad en promedio 140% y frecuencias del transporte público en 3.24 veces de la situación actual. Finalmente, los niveles de servicio de la situación general del tramo de estudio pasan de E a D. / Since there are no exclusive routes, runners in many cities often cause conflicts with private vehicles. To alleviate this problem, a viable way to reduce traffic congestion on the main roads of a city with high travel demand is shown. This through a proposal to implement an exclusive lane with stops on the right side of the road unlike a Rapid Transit Bus (BRT). In this way, the road space that is oriented to public transport and pedestrians is used. Through VISSIM 9.0 software, improvements were obtained in the speed increase on average 140% and frequencies of public transport in 3.24 times of the current situation. Finally, the service levels of the general situation of the study section go from E to D. / Trabajo de investigación

Driverless vehicles might fundamentally change the transport system in multiple ways. Reducing driver costs in mobility services could create opportunities for new mobility concepts. Research on driverless vehicles have previously concentrated on urban areas, though driverless vehicles in rural areas could have greater positive effects. Hence, the aim of the study is to see how driverless vehicles can be used in rural areas to contribute to a more sustainable transport system. Three rural mobility concepts for driverless vehicles are developed and by applying these to different case locations, the feasibility of the concepts is discussed. Interviews with local actors in Sweden were conducted to learn about general and local challenges with specific case locations. What rural mobility concept for driverless vehicles to use depends on access to public transport, distance to main roads and spatial density of travel demand. A modelling approach of a first and last mile feeder service is used to evaluate the feasibility of this mobility concept further. Model results show that driverless shuttles can feed travel demands of 100-150 passengers daily and still perform alternative tasks. Even though rural areas have general challenges, local issues also need consideration to optimize the benefits of the services. Public transport authorities are experts on local challenges and could take more responsibility in questions regarding driverless vehicles. For instance, flexibility, accessibility and equality could be improved by merging routes and shorten travel times for entire bus routes. Furthermore, other societal functions can be developed by reinvesting capital in other areas.

<p>Studies of service development have mostly focused on isolated projects or processes. Little attention has been paid to the historical, political and business contexts, and, much emphasis has been put on the development of new services in relation to the re-bundling of existing services. The main purpose of this dissertation is therefore to describe and understand the development of an integrated service including context factors. An integrated service is built on two or more existing services. Two research questions are formulated: one focusing on what is being developed (i.e. the integrated service) and the other on how the integrated service is being developed. The dissertation contributes to the theoretical field of service research in the area of service development.</p><p>A suitable case in the business context of a public transport authority in Sweden was chosen for the purpose. An in-depth, longitudinal study was carried out, spanning ten years. A combination of deductive and inductive approaches was used in the analysis.</p><p>The empirical results show that the service concept was designed by the owners within the economic and technical restrictions at hand. Some adjustments were made but in practice there was little focus on the customers’ needs and demands. The theoretical contributions are summed up in two models which describe an integrated service (“what”) and the development process of an integrated service (“how”). The model of an integrated service is based on a service platform consisting of integrated resources and service processes corresponding to the customers’ primary needs. Different supporting services are developed, corresponding to the customers’ secondary needs. The supporting services strive for customisation and are designed in flexibility. The model of the development process illustrates that the development of an integrated service can be described and understood as a process consisting of activities of breaking up and integrating service pre-requisites, the internal service infrastructure and factors related to a stakeholder network. The process of breaking up and integrating, propelled by stakeholders, is described and understood as change pressure.</p>

<p>Affective forecasting refers to the process of predicting future emotions in response to future events. The overall aim of the present thesis was to investigate, by applying the framework of Affective forecasting, how car users predict their satisfaction with public transport services. Study 1, Part 1 revealed a satisfaction gap between users and non-users of public transport, whereby non-users reported lower satisfaction than users, in overall satisfaction as well as in two quality factors resulting from a factor analysis of a major survey on satisfaction with public transport. It was hypothesized that non-users were biased in their satisfaction reports, something which was subsequently investigated in Study 1, Part 2, where a field experiment revealed that car users suffer from an impact bias in their predictions about future satisfaction with public transport due to being more satisfied with the services after a trial period than they initially predicted they would. Addressing the question of whether or not a focusing illusion is the psychological mechanism responsible for the impact bias, two experiments containing critical incidents were conducted during Study 2, in order to investigate whether or not car users exaggerate the impact of specific incidents upon their future satisfaction with public transport. For car users with a stated intention to change their current travel mode, in Study 2, Part 1, as well as for car users with no stated intention to change their travel mode, in Study 2, Part 2, the negative critical incident generated lower predicted satisfaction with public transport, in support of the hypothesis that the impact bias in car users’ predictions about future satisfaction with public transport is caused by a focusing illusion.</p>

Efficient and reliable public transport systems are fundamental in promoting green growth developments in metropolitan areas. A large range of Advanced Public Transport Systems (APTS) facilitates the design of real-time operations and demand management. The analysis of transit performance requires a dynamic tool that will enable to emulate the dynamic loading of travelers and their interaction with the transit system. BusMezzo, a dynamic transit operations and assignment model was developed to enable the analysis and evaluation of transit performance and level of service under various system conditions and APTS. The model represents the interactions between traffic dynamics, transit operations and traveler decisions. The model was implemented within a mesoscopic traffic simulation model. The different sources of transit operations uncertainty including traffic conditions, vehicle capacities, dwell times, vehicle schedules and service disruptions are modeled explicitly. The dynamic path choice model in BusMezzo considers each traveler as an adaptive decision maker. Travelers’ progress in the transit system consists of successive decisions that are defined by the need to choose the next path element. The evaluations are based on the respective path alternatives and their anticipated downstream attributes. Travel decisions are modeled within the framework of discrete random utility models. A non-compensatory choice-set generation model and the path utility function were estimated based on a web-based survey. BusMezzo enables the analysis and evaluation of proactive control strategies and the impacts of real-time information provision. Several experiments were conducted to analyze transit performance from travelers, operator and drivers perspectives under various holding strategies. This analysis has facilitated the design of a field trial of the most promising strategy. Furthermore, a case study on real-time traveler information systems regarding the next vehicle arrival time investigated the impacts of various levels of coverage and comprehensiveness. As passengers are more informed, passenger loads are subject to more fluctuation due to the traveler adaptations. / QC 20111201

Studies of service development have mostly focused on isolated projects or processes. Little attention has been paid to the historical, political and business contexts, and, much emphasis has been put on the development of new services in relation to the re-bundling of existing services. The main purpose of this dissertation is therefore to describe and understand the development of an integrated service including context factors. An integrated service is built on two or more existing services. Two research questions are formulated: one focusing on what is being developed (i.e. the integrated service) and the other on how the integrated service is being developed. The dissertation contributes to the theoretical field of service research in the area of service development. A suitable case in the business context of a public transport authority in Sweden was chosen for the purpose. An in-depth, longitudinal study was carried out, spanning ten years. A combination of deductive and inductive approaches was used in the analysis. The empirical results show that the service concept was designed by the owners within the economic and technical restrictions at hand. Some adjustments were made but in practice there was little focus on the customers’ needs and demands. The theoretical contributions are summed up in two models which describe an integrated service (“what”) and the development process of an integrated service (“how”). The model of an integrated service is based on a service platform consisting of integrated resources and service processes corresponding to the customers’ primary needs. Different supporting services are developed, corresponding to the customers’ secondary needs. The supporting services strive for customisation and are designed in flexibility. The model of the development process illustrates that the development of an integrated service can be described and understood as a process consisting of activities of breaking up and integrating service pre-requisites, the internal service infrastructure and factors related to a stakeholder network. The process of breaking up and integrating, propelled by stakeholders, is described and understood as change pressure.