[pt] Esta dissertação pretende apresentar as vantagens e desvantagens existentes na celebração de Parceria Público Privada na área de saneamento básico, especificamente na vertente esgotamento sanitário, cujo território de investigação foi a cidade de Vila Velha, estado do Espírito Santo, e se respaldou em pesquisa de cunho descritivo, através da modalidade de estudo de caso, com a finalidade de verificar a partir da análise documental, se os indicadores de saúde, epidemiológicos e socioeconômicos existentes antes e depois da parceria, tiveram avanços ou retrocessos, diante do novo modelo de gestão. A partir da análise realizada, foi possível considerar que a parceria no caso capixaba, surgiu como uma alternativa positiva em um cenário de alto endividamento do estado, cujos recursos orçamentários estavam cada vez mais escassos, dificultando o cumprimento das metas do Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico que era executado pela Companhia Espírito Santense de Saneamento - CESAN. Isto porque este tipo de arranjo legal apoiado na lei 11.079/04 tem potencial para captação de investimentos, permitindo a obtenção de recursos sem o endividamento do setor público, pois promove a profissionalização na gestão do serviço, gera novos postos de trabalho, mas sobretudo, amplia o atendimento da população na área de saneamento básico. Entretanto, faz-se necessário que haja um bom planejamento, transparência, responsabilidade na celebração da parceria, bem como na prestação dos serviços, pois caso contrário, poderá ser mais oneroso do que os contratos padrões, devido aos custos mais elevados de empréstimos do setor privado quando confrontados às taxas do governo em longos períodos de concessão. / [en] The term sanitation, from Latin origin (sanu), means the act of sanitizing or making something healthy. However, this understanding has long been broadened to be understood through the idea of being a necessary action to improve the quality of life of the population of a given geographical area. Yet, it should be noted, albeit on a preliminary basis, that sanitation must be understood as a set of measures that must be adopted to improve the quality of life of people through the rational use of spaces, thus preserving the conditions of the environment. This preservation, in turn, directly results in the prevention of diseases and the improvement of public health conditions. The World Health Organization - WHO, defines sanitation as the control of all factors of men s physical environment which have a deleterious effect on their physical, mental and social well-being (Ministério da Saúde apud Moraes 2003, p.72). In other words, sanitation can be understood as the set of socioeconomic actions that aim at continuous improvement in search of a healthy, that is, beneficial, wholesome and pleasant environment. For Federal Law No. 11,445, of January 5, 2007, which institutes the National Basic Sanitation Policy, it consists of a set of services, infrastructure and operational installations for the supply of drinking water, sanitation, urban cleaning and solid waste management and rainwater drainage and management. This law seeks to provide guidelines that guarantee the implementation of local basic sanitation, highlighting the universalization / equity of access to sanitation (that is, the democratization of improved quality of life), efficient management through the interconnection of the various infrastructures and services related to water resources, as well as socioeconomic control.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух разделов, заключения, библиографического списка и приложений. В теоретико-методологическом разделе представлена характеристика и оценка современного состояния теории по GR-деятельности и внедрению компетентностного подхода в образовании, раскрыта сущность и содержание ключевых понятий диссертации: «GR-технологии», «компетенции», «компетентностный подход», предложена классификация GR-технологий. Практический раздел посвящен проектированию новых форм взаимодействия основных стейкхолдеров системы образования, а именно проведению форсайт–сессии по теме «Реформирование системы образования: проблемы и перспективы компетентностного подхода» на базе Уральского федерального университета. Общее количество страниц магистерской диссертации – 109, работа содержит 10 таблиц, 7 приложений. / Master thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, bibliography and annexes. In the theoretical-methodological section of this research we provides a description and evaluation of the current status of the theory to GR-activity and the introduction of competence-based approach to education, the essence and content of key concepts of the thesis: "GR-technologies", "competence","competence approach", classification of GR technologies. Practical section we are dedicated to designing new forms of interaction between major stakeholders in the education system, namely the holding of Foresigth session on education reform: issues and prospects of a competent approach to base of Ural Federal University. The total number of pages of the master thesis-109, the work contains 10 tables, 7 applications.

The paper discusses scientific approaches and technologies of interaction of business with authorities. In the first Chapter proved the relevance of the topic of the thesis. In the second Chapter the basic technology of Government Relations (GR) as applied to innovative companies of Ekaterinburg. The third Chapter describes the conducted study in innovative companies of Yekaterinburg, to identify the most popular technologies GR. Developed a strategy for the promotion of innovation as a specific GR-technology. Relying on the provisions of the thesis, it will be possible to use the tools of this technology in the scientific analysis of the problems of development of state and municipal management and in the practical sphere of increase of efficiency of interaction of business with authorities. / В работе рассмотрены научные подходы и технологии взаимодействия бизнеса с органами власти. В первой главе доказана актуальность темы диссертации. Во второй главе рассмотрены основные технологии Government Relations (GR) применительно к инновационным компаниям г. Екатеринбурга. В третьей главе описывается проведенное исследование в инновационных компаниях г. Екатеринбурга, для выявления наиболее популярных технологий GR. Разработана стратегия продвижения инноваций как специфическая GR-технология. Опираясь на положения диссертации, можно будет использовать инструментарий данной технологии как в научном анализе проблем развития государственного и муниципального управления, так и в практической сфере повышения эффективности взаимодействия бизнеса с органами власти.

Article overviews public-private partnership mechanisms for social entrepreneurship development. Comparative analysis of federal laws and regulatory acts in the field of public-private partnership mechanisms and social entrepreneurship has been conducted. Mechanism of private initiatives for development and implementation of public-private partnership projects is described. Measures for municipal-private partnership development are proposed. The importance of this study is confirmed by the normative legal act of strategic planning: the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 8, 2016 No. 1144-R “Support for access of non-governmental organizations to the provision of services in the social sphere” (“road map”). The purpose of “the road map” is to increase the participation of non-governmental organizations in the social sphere to improve the availability and quality of services and optimize budget expenditures. At the regional level, activities to promote the development of the non-state (non-municipal) sector in the social sphere are carried out within the framework of the following mechanisms: 1. Implementation of “pilot” projects. 2. One of the principles of the standard coincides with the purpose of “the road map” to increase the satisfaction of consumers and other participants of economic activity with the quality of goods, works and services sold in regional markets. 3. Development, approval and implementation of regional and municipal action plans (“the road maps”). These mechanisms pursue significant goals-improving the availability and quality of social services provided to consumers, the development of competition in the markets of these services. The mechanism of development and consideration of “a private initiative” in the law on public-private partnership is not regulated by a separate article. Thus, the foundations of the development of social entrepreneurship on the basis of public-private partnership mechanisms are based on theoretical sources. Modern legislation has formulated a legal framework in which the mechanisms of public-private partnership and municipal-private partnership for the development of social entrepreneurship can be implemented. / Магистерская диссертация содержит 117 страниц, 18 таблиц, 58 литературных источников, включая электронные ресурсы. Объект исследования – процесс реализации механизмов развития социального предпринимательства. Цель исследования – изучить теоретические и организационно-правовые основы реализации государственно-частного партнерства в социальной сфере и механизмы развития социального предпринимательства. Основными методами проведения исследования стали анализ теоретической литературы, анализ нормативно-правовых документов, анализ статистических данных. В процессе исследования был изучен и уточнен понятийный аппарат государственно-частного партнерства и социального предпринимательства в теоретических и правовых источниках, обоснована необходимость использования государственно-частного партнерства как механизма развития социального предпринимательства, в том числе на уровне муниципального управления. Результатом работы стала разработка рекомендаций для муниципальных образований Свердловской области в целях развития социального предпринимательства на основе механизмов государственно-частного партнерства. Теоретической базой данной работы стали 10 авторефератов диссертаций, 1 монографическая работа, 19 статей в научных журналах, Интернет – публикации.

Одним из основных направлений развития экономической обстановки в регионах является применение государственно-частного партнёрства в целях реализации масштабных проектов и экономии материальных, социальных ресурсов для решения совместных целей. Партнёрство частного сектора и властей реализуется разнообразными способами, одним из которых является – концессия. Концессионное соглашение позволяет объединить ресурс двух сторон для решения экономических и социальных проблем регионального, а иногда и национального контекста. Работа содержит следующие положения научной новизны: - предложено авторское определение понятия региональный энергетический комплекс, что позволит более точно охарактеризовать данную комплексную корпоративную структуру с целью стратегирования подходов к ее администрированию, - разработана методика оценки экономической эффективности концессии регионального энергетического комплекса, призванная обеспечить формирование объективного информационного базиса принятия региональных управленческих решений. / One of the main directions of the development of the economic situation in the regions is the use of public-private partnerships in order to implement large-scale projects and save material and social resources for solving joint goals. The partnership between the private sector and the authorities is implemented in a variety of ways, one of which is a concession. The concession agreement allows to unite the resource of the two parties to solve the economic and social problems of the regional and sometimes national context. The work contains the following provisions of scientific novelty: - the author's definition of the concept of a regional energy complex is proposed, which will allow to more accurately characterize this complex corporate structure in order to strategize approaches to its administration, - developed a methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of the concession of the regional energy complex, designed to ensure the formation of an objective information basis for making regional management decisions.

Vor dem Hintergrund der angespannten Finanzlage in den Kommunen und eingebettet in einen Prozess der Binnenmodernisierung der Kommunalverwaltungen, der Einführung der Doppik und einer intensiven Debatte um die effizientere und effektivere Bereitstellung öffentlicher Dienstleistungen sowie deren Bereitstellungsstrukturen steigt die Attraktivität von lebenszyklusorientierter Infrastrukturbeschaffung für die kommunale Ebene. Damit nimmt auch der Bedarf an unterstützender Beratung der kommunalen Ebene zu. Diese hängt einerseits mit den naturgemäß begrenzten Kapazitäten – bei gleichzeitig erhöhtem Abstimmungsdarf zwischen den Akteuren auf lokaler Ebene und der hohen Komplexität der Thematik über einen längeren Realisierungszeitraum – zusammen. Hier kann durch wissenschaftliche Expertise und praxisfundierte Begleitung ein Mehrwert geschaffen werden. Gleichzeitig können durch ein intensives Erfahrungsmanagement Optimierungspotentiale aus bestehenden ÖPP-Projekten generiert werden. Bei heutigen lebenszyklusorientierten Infrastrukturprojekten werden alle Phasen einer Infrastruktureinrichtung ganzheitlich über ihre gesamte Lebensdauer hinweg betrachtet und dabei ggf. Effizienz- und Einspareffekte im Vergleich zur konventionellen Realisierung aufgezeigt. Dies kann eine transparente und mit Blick auf notwendige Finanzströme antizipative Wirkung entfalten, die den Prozess nachhaltiger steuert als der konventionelle Fall. Die Städte und Gemeinden im Freistaat Sachsen stehen diesem Ansatz derzeit noch verhalten gegenüber, was häufig daraus resultiert, dass lebenszyklusorientierte Infrastrukturbeschaffung und deren Folgen und Wirkungen teilweise unreflektiert diskutiert und in den Modellen vermischt werden. Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat das Ziel, Ansprüche an und Erfahrungen mit Infrastrukturbeschaffung – konventionell oder lebenszyklusbasiert – in den sächsischen Kommunen darzulegen und darauf aufbauend den Städten und Gemeinden im Freistaat in der Kommunalberatung unterstützend und kritisch zur Seite zu stehen. Eine einzelfallbezogene Analyse statt pauschaler Urteile ist hierbei stets notwendig.

Öffentlich Private Partnerschaften (PPP) werden als Mittel zur Mobilisierung brach liegender Grundstücke thematisiert. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt der Begriff der „Initialbrachfläche“. Erfährt die Initialbrache einen öffentlichen Nutzungszweck mit Hilfe einer PPP, hat dies positive Auswirkungen auf benachbarte Brachen in einem definierten Umfeld. Am Beispiel des Chemnitztales mit seinem hohen Brachenbestand wurde ein PPP Projekt konzipiert. Es wird weiterhin eingegangen auf Aspekte privaten und privatwirtschaftlichen Engagements für Altstandorte und Brachen, z.B. unter dem Schlagwort Corporate Social Responsibility. Darüber hinaus wird die naturschutzrechtliche Eingriffsregelung angesprochen: Ausgleich für Flächeninanspruchnahme soll künftig verstärkt zugunsten der Renaturierung von Altstandorten erfolgen. Schließlich wird die technische Neuentwicklung eines Geokunststoff Gabions vorgestellt, bei dem Bauschutt aus Flächenrecyclingprojekten als Füllmaterial eingesetzt wird. Als Einsatzbereich des transportablen Geokunststoff Gabions wird ein mobiles Hochwasserschutzsystem skizziert.

Öffentlich Private Partnerschaften (PPP) werden als Mittel zur Mobilisierung brach liegender Grundstücke thematisiert. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt der Begriff der „Initialbrachfläche“. Erfährt die Initialbrache einen öffentlichen Nutzungszweck mit Hilfe einer PPP, hat dies positive Auswirkungen auf benachbarte Brachen in einem definierten Umfeld. Am Beispiel des Chemnitztales mit seinem hohen Brachenbestand wurde ein PPP Projekt konzipiert. Es wird weiterhin eingegangen auf Aspekte privaten und privatwirtschaftlichen Engagements für Altstandorte und Brachen, z.B. unter dem Schlagwort Corporate Social Responsibility. Darüber hinaus wird die naturschutzrechtliche Eingriffsregelung angesprochen: Ausgleich für Flächeninanspruchnahme soll künftig verstärkt zugunsten der Renaturierung von Altstandorten erfolgen. Schließlich wird die technische Neuentwicklung eines Geokunststoff Gabions vorgestellt, bei dem Bauschutt aus Flächenrecyclingprojekten als Füllmaterial eingesetzt wird. Als Einsatzbereich des transportablen Geokunststoff Gabions wird ein mobiles Hochwasserschutzsystem skizziert.

South Africa is a water-scarce country and over the years, the quality of water resources has deteriorated due to poor effluent discharge, agricultural, industrial, mining and human activities. The major contributing factors of poorly-treated or inadequately treated wastewater may be attributed to: (a) the poor design and construction of wastewater treatment plants; (b) lack of qualified process controllers; (c) non-compliance with applicable legislation; (d) lack of proper monitoring; and (e) management issues with regard to wastewater treatment plants. Water quality is important as many communities depend on water resources for their daily activities and livelihood. There is a need therefore to build and manage wastewater treatment plants effectively as they have an impact on water quality. Wastewater treatment plants in South Africa are regulated by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, the National Water Act 36 of 1998, the Water Services Act 108 of 1997, Provincial legislation, Municipal by-laws and other Government policies applicable to Local Government. Chapter 7 of the Constitution inter alia, provides that Local Government has the duty to provide a safe and healthy environment to its community in a sustainable manner. Schedule 4B of the Constitution imposes the function of delivering water, sanitation and wastewater treatment services on Municipalities. This responsibility rests on District Municipalities but may be performed by a Local Municipality if the district municipality lacks the capacity to do so. Although Local Government has the right to govern on its own initiative the affairs of its communities, it needs support and monitoring from other spheres of Government (National and Provincial) to ensure the delivery of wastewater treatment services in a sustainable manner. In this study, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality is used as an example of a Municipality in the Limpopo Province faced with challenges related to the operation and management of its wastewater treatment plant. This study aims to determine who should be responsible for the regulation of wastewater treatment plants in Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality area in order to ensure service delivery to communities in a sustainable manner. In order to deal with the challenges experienced by Local Government in dealing with wastewater treatment plants, the study considers Best Practice Guidelines and external service delivery mechanisms, specifically in the form of Public-Private Partnerships. The study concludes with recommendations based on Best Practice Guidelines which Municipalities can use to avoid wastewater pollution and proposes management mechanisms in managing a Public-Private Partnership effectively in order to ensure that they provide service delivery in a sustainable manner. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa is a water-scarce country and over the years, the quality of water resources has deteriorated due to poor effluent discharge, agricultural, industrial, mining and human activities. The major contributing factors of poorly-treated or inadequately treated wastewater may be attributed to: (a) the poor design and construction of wastewater treatment plants; (b) lack of qualified process controllers; (c) non-compliance with applicable legislation; (d) lack of proper monitoring; and (e) management issues with regard to wastewater treatment plants. Water quality is important as many communities depend on water resources for their daily activities and livelihood. There is a need therefore to build and manage wastewater treatment plants effectively as they have an impact on water quality. Wastewater treatment plants in South Africa are regulated by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, the National Water Act 36 of 1998, the Water Services Act 108 of 1997, Provincial legislation, Municipal by-laws and other Government policies applicable to Local Government. Chapter 7 of the Constitution inter alia, provides that Local Government has the duty to provide a safe and healthy environment to its community in a sustainable manner. Schedule 4B of the Constitution imposes the function of delivering water, sanitation and wastewater treatment services on Municipalities. This responsibility rests on District Municipalities but may be performed by a Local Municipality if the district municipality lacks the capacity to do so. Although Local Government has the right to govern on its own initiative the affairs of its communities, it needs support and monitoring from other spheres of Government (National and Provincial) to ensure the delivery of wastewater treatment services in a sustainable manner. In this study, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality is used as an example of a Municipality in the Limpopo Province faced with challenges related to the operation and management of its wastewater treatment plant. This study aims to determine who should be responsible for the regulation of wastewater treatment plants in Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality area in order to ensure service delivery to communities in a sustainable manner. In order to deal with the challenges experienced by Local Government in dealing with wastewater treatment plants, the study considers Best Practice Guidelines and external service delivery mechanisms, specifically in the form of Public-Private Partnerships. The study concludes with recommendations based on Best Practice Guidelines which Municipalities can use to avoid wastewater pollution and proposes management mechanisms in managing a Public-Private Partnership effectively in order to ensure that they provide service delivery in a sustainable manner. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014