Medir o desempenho de organizações é de suma importância para avaliar o desempenho das mesmas, melhor ainda se as medidas forem validadas e se tornem métricas de um sub-setor podendo nortear de forma confiável as decisões a serem tomadas em função destas. O objetivo geral desta tese consiste em propor uma metodologia que possibilite o estabelecimento de métricas para empresas prestadoras de serviços. Um dos objetivos específicos é efetuar a análise da aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta em um conjunto de empresas préselecionadas de um sub-setor de serviços; no caso, concessionárias de rodovias do Estado de São Paulo. Propõem-se uma metodologia que selecione desde o sub-setor de empresas, de forma a participarem do processo de coleta de dados até a obtenção das métricas que são os indicadores de desempenho validados. A TL 9000 do setor de telecomunicações ampara em muito os métodos de coleta de dados propostos. O trabalho apresenta vários indicadores de desempenho baseados nos sete critérios de desempenho propostos por Sink e Tuttle (1993) e avaliados sob os aspectos competitivos dados por Slack (1993), além de outros autores que consubstanciam a metodologias proposta. Destes indicadores obteve-se algumas métricas, as quais permitem conclusões sobre o desempenho das concessionárias de rodovias. Ressalta-se que as métricas propostas são de cunho quantitativo, mensurando a performance das empresas de serviços analisadas. / Performance measurement is extremely important to evaluate organizations performance, depicting even better results if they are validated and become sub-sector metrics, guiding in a reliable way the decision-making process based on them. The main purpose of this study is to propound a methodology which provides the establishment of metrics to outsourcing companies. One of the specific targets is to analyse the feasibility of the proposed methodology in a set of selected enterprises in a service sub-sector; in this case, highway service suppliers in the state of Sao Paulo. It is proposed a methodology that selects from enterprises sub-sectors, so that they can participate in the whole process, from data gathering to the metrics achievement, which are the validated performance indicators. The TL 9000, from telecommunications sector, supports the data gathering proposed methods. This study describes some performance indicators based on the seven performance criteria proposed by Sink and Tuttle (1993) and evaluated under the competitive aspects from Slack (1993), in addition to other authors who corroborate the proposed methodology. Some metrics have been extracted from these indicators, which allow conclusions over the highway service suppliers\' performances. It is important to emphasize that these proposed metrics are focused on quantity, measuring the studied service supplying companies\' performances.

Le sujet de cette thèse de doctorat est la mesure de la corruption. Ses principales contributions à la recherche en économie sont une réflexion sur la pratique actuelle de construction d'indicateurs de la corruption à partir d'enquêtes d’entreprises, et la suggestion d'approches innovantes visant à améliorer la qualité de ces indicateurs. Cette thèse est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre examine la mesure dans laquelle demander à des propriétaires et gestionnaires d’entreprise d'évaluer la magnitude de la corruption en pourcentage de leur chiffre d'affaires ou en termes monétaires influence leurs estimations, et les raisons expliquant cette différence. Je confirme des résultats antérieurs que les estimations de la corruption sont significativement plus élevées lorsqu'elles sont exprimées en pourcentage de chiffres d’affaires plutôt qu'en valeur monétaire. Ce résultat est vraisemblablement causé par une erreur de calcul de la part de certains répondants. L'expérience dans la gestion d'entreprise limite cette propension à l'erreur, sans toutefois l'éliminer complètement. Le deuxième chapitre évalue comment les chefs d'entreprise ayant remporté des marchés publics considérés à risque de corruption se comportent vis-à-vis d'une enquête sur les marchés publics. Je conclus que les entreprises ayant une plus grande expérience de la corruption ne sont pas plus susceptibles de refuser de participer à l'enquête ou de répondre à une question leur demandant d'estimer la magnitude de la corruption, mais ont une probabilité plus élevée que les autres de nier l'existence de corruption dans les marchés publics. Le troisième chapitre propose une approche innovante d'identification des répondants réticents dans les enquêtes d'entreprise et de correction des indicateurs de fréquence de la corruption. / The topic of this doctoral thesis is corruption measurement. Its main contributions to economic research are a reflection on the current practice of producing corruption indicators using business survey data, and suggesting innovative approaches to improve the quality of those indicators. This thesis is composed of three Chapters. The first Chapter investigates how asking firm owners and managers to estimate the magnitude of bribery as a percentage of their turnover or in monetary terms affects their estimations and the reasons for this difference. I confirm previous findings that estimates of bribery are significantly higher when expressed as a percentage of turnover rather than in monetary value. This result is likely due to miscalculations on the part of some respondents. Experience in running a business appears to mitigate this propensity to error, but without eliminating entirely. The second Chapter evaluates how firm owners and managers which were awarded public contracts considered at risk of corruption behave in responding to a survey about public procurement. I conclude that firms with more experience of corruption are no more likely to decline participating in the survey or to answer a question asking them to evaluate the magnitude of bribery, but have a higher probability to deny the existence of bribery compared to firms with less experience of corruption. The third Chapter suggests an innovative approach to identify reticent respondents in business surveys and to correct indicators for the frequency of corruption accordingly.

This thesis considers the question of socio-cultural encounters and conviviality in the context of urban retail marketplaces. It elaborates on the concept of 'conviviality' through two case studies in Greater Manchester, UK. With a focus on town centre marketplaces, this thesis considers what underpins conviviality across three elements: physical and spatial ordering, socio-cultural structure, and management and local governance. In the study of the first element, the role of the built environment and physical dimensions of place is considered in shaping encounter. The social domains of encounter are studied in more depth to explore the second element. And the final element is studied to understand the role of management bodies in shaping and mediating encounter. Marketplaces as a type of micro-public have always been much more than places of economic exchange. As flexible spatial and temporal assemblages, they can provide and provoke vivid and inclusive public spaces. However, their role in the urban fabric has been challenged by the forces of changing shopping habits, a declining economic situation of the high street, and changing urban demographics and cultural composition. While a growing body of literature explores the changing position of marketplaces, there is a gap in the exploration of their social composition, and their capacity to provide a socio-spatial expression of multicultural conviviality. The findings of this research highlight that marketplaces are sites of plural, heterogeneous and distributed practices, identities and cultures that accommodate casual relationships. Based on empirical findings in Bolton and Tommyfield (Oldham) marketplaces, this research concludes that social encounters as means of fulfilling the need for urban social experience should be mediated as well as acknowledged. Therefore, the aim of conviviality and socio-cultural understanding would not be achieved without; first, understanding the mundane practices and social encounters of marketplaces and then, inculcation and facilitation of them by the relevant authorities. This study argues that it is important to maintain the role of marketplaces in the urban public realm, as they have the spatial and social potential to contribute to the social regeneration of cities and communities. This research makes an original contribution to knowledge in terms of (1) developing wider theoretical debates about social encounter and diversity, (2) highlighting the changing role of marketplaces within the wider realm of public spaces and local governance and (3) contributing to the development of a new methodological approach to study social encounters in urban micro-publics.

La présente étude a pour objet de confronter et de comparer les modèles français et brésilien pour analyser les différentes caractéristiques-clés de l’externalisation dans les services publics au sens restreint à destination des personnes privées. Son but principal est d’apporter un éclairage sur leurs développements et leurs enjeux. La relation entre l’administration et ses partenaires revêt un caractère stratégique mais constitue une potentielle source de conflits d’intérêts. La performance est envisagée comme un élément de gestion et de contractualisation, qui contraint l’administration à réaliser précisément les mécanismes et les critères de sélection de ses prestataires privés. / The purpose of this study is confront and compare the French and Brazilian models to analyze the different key characteristics of outsourcing in public services in the restricted sense for private individuals. Its main purpose is to shed light on their developments and their issus. The relationship between the administration and its partners is strategic but also a potential source of conflicts of interest. Performance is envisaged as an element of management and contracting, which forces the administration to precisely implement the mechanisms and criteria for the selection of its private providers.

A tese concentra-se em estudos expositivos, especificamente em proposições curatoriais e artísticas que questionam o topos expositivo contemporâneo. O recorte temporal dessa pesquisa concentra-se em exposições vivenciadas no período 2012-2016, em contextos geográficos distintos: Porto Alegre, Curitiba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Berlim, Veneza e Londres. A metodologia de pesquisa constrói-se a partir da experiência em exposições visitadas, configurando estudos de caso da tese. Quais são os limites das canonizações ocidentais que reforçam tendências particulares e inscrevem ortodoxias em estudos expositivos? Entre “lá fora” e “aqui dentro”, se lá está a dicotomia, aqui está o hibridismo como matriz experimental das produções expositivas nacionais. Nesse contexto aqui e agora, desenvolve-se o conceito de ‘contraexposição’, que redefine o lugar expositivo através da experimentação direta na investigação, produção, apresentação e documentação de proposições curatoriais e artísticas em sua dimensão pública. Considera-se, ainda, o âmbito das megaexposições, especificamente bienais, debatendo a suposta crise do modelo através do mapeamento dos padrões recorrentes como possível estratégia de reinvenção do formato hegemônico internacional. (Continuação ) Nessa tese, entre exposições, megaexposições, contraexposições, são verificadas tentativas de engatar o sujeito para um primeiro plano das experiências expositivas, fazendo com que o questionamento direcione-se aos endereçamentos expositivos e à produção de associações obra-públicoS. Em tese: seja em instituições culturais – topos expositivo reconhecido como lugar da arte – ou no topos expositivo outro – qualquer lugar –, a exposição contemporânea está em incessante redefinição. / Situated within the realm of exhibition studies, this thesis focuses specifically on those curatorial and artistic proposals which question the topos of contemporary art exhibitions. The research was carried out between 2012 and 2016, visiting exhibitions in different geographical locations: Porto Alegre, Curitiba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Berlin, Venice and London. The research methodology was built on the experience at these exhibitions, through which the thesis’ case studies have been configured. What are the limits of the Western canons, which reinforce particular trends and generate orthodoxies within exhibition studies? Between the ‘out there’ and the ‘in here’, whether there resides the dichotomy, here lies hybridity, as an experimental matrix for the making of exhibitions in Brazil. It is in this context, here-and-now, that the thesis develops the concept of “counter-exhibition”, redefining the exhibition space through direct experimentation in the investigation, production, presentation and documentation of curatorial and artistic proposals in their public dimension. The thesis also takes into account the context of mega-exhibitions, and specifically biennials, discussing the supposed crisis of the model by mapping its recurring patterns, as a possible strategy to challenge the hegemony of the current international format, and reinvent it. Among exhibitions, mega-exhibitions and counter-exhibitions, the thesis explores attempts to bring the subject of the exhibition experience to the fore, in this way directing the debate towards what or on who the exhibitions are addressing, exhibition approaches, as well as on the associations between artworks and publics that they (seek to) produce. In essence: either within cultural institutions – the exhibition topos recognised as the place of art –, or other exhibition topos – that is, anywhere –, contemporary exhibitions are being constantly redefined.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar se o nível de governo responsável pela prestação da política pública importa para a qualidade dos serviços públicos oferecidos à população. Para tanto, é examinado o caso da municipalização da educação fundamental no Brasil. Secundariamente, tenciona-se também estimar o efeito da municipalização das matrículas e dos gastos em educação no desempenho acadêmico dos alunos, das escolas municipalizadas e das redes escolares. São conduzidas três análises empíricas distintas de estimação do efeito da municipalização nos resultados educacionais. Primeiro, procura-se identificar e mensurar a diferença de desempenho dos estudantes de escolas púbicas estaduais e escolas públicas municipais. Num segundo momento, utilizando dados do SAEB e da Prova Brasil são acompanhados (retrospectivamente) um grupo de escolas em dois pontos no tempo: antes e depois da municipalização. Ou seja, é selecionado um grupo experimental de escolas que estavam sob controle estadual e foram transferidas para o controle municipal, e dois grupos de controle de escolas que estavam sob a gestão estadual ou municipal e assim permaneceram. Dessa forma, é comparado o efeito da municipalização das escolas no desempenho dos estudantes. Alternativamente, é utilizado um painel de dados de 2837 municípios com informações do Censo Escolar entre os anos 1999 e 2005, ao qual são empregadas as usuais técnicas de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) e Efeitos Fixos (EF) para se estimar o efeito da municipalização das matrículas e dos gastos em educação sobre uma série de indicadores educacionais. / This study investigates the impact of level of government on the quality of the policy. the decentralization in the education system that has taken place in Brazil over the last 15 years. Since re-democratization, the Brazilian federal government has approved several laws that encourage municipalities to invest in primary education. The proficiency tests undertaken by MEC/INPEP (Ministry of Education Research Agency) allows for using two different identification strategies. First, I assemble a panel of municipalities using data from SAEB (a standardized proficiency test), Censo Escolar (the School Census), and expenditure on education to compare the evolution of municipalities and states school systems. Second, I compare the difference in the students performance at school level between two periods of time comparing three groups of schools: those that were already under the municipality control at the time of the SAEB exam (control group 1); those that were under the states control in the SAEB exam and remained in it by the time of Prova Brasil (control group 2) and; those that migrated from the state to the municipality control between the two periods exams (treatment group).

Maintaining the essential features of local democracy, representation and contestation, my theory allows for the representation of the interest of subpopulations in the global community by actors such as nongovernmental organization and intergovernmental organizations. I will begin by outlining what features are necessary for a theory’s consideration as democratic in nature. Then, relying upon democracy in a broad sense, it will be my aim to demonstrate that the right to democracy is universal human right. The following stage will provide the backing, by way of the moral progress of human rights, that the right to democracy is expressible by “importantly affected” subgroups in the global arena. The final stage of my conceptual defense will focus on the validation of representatives who have no institutional connection with the populations they represent. With such established, the paper will proceed into a practical defense, discussing how claims made by actors can be accepted or rejected by represented subpopulations. It will then become necessary to demonstrate that the paternalistic claims made by representatives are incorporable into a democratic theory without forgoing the essence of democracy. To show this is feasible, methods of appealing paternalistic claims by way of international human rights courts will be explained. Finally, possibilities to mediate general feasibility issues will be explored.

The purpose of this study was to provide a holistic and historically contextualized approach to the ways that we understand race and identity online. Specifically, I analyze the underlying logics of social network sites—understood as empowerment, influence, and entertainment/reprieve—as they foster automated connectivity. By pulling from José van Dijck’s (2013) understanding of connective media and André Brock’s (2016) Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA), this dissertation examines the functionalities of online connectivity to reveal how social network sites are significantly shaped by racialized and gendered users as well as their resistance strategies online. Guiding this study are the overall research questions, which asks, how do social network sites, and the logic of connectivity that undergirds them, shape race, resistance, and identities? Secondly, in what ways are racialized users changing the landscape of digital media through long-existing practices of resistance strategies and embodiment? In order to approach these overarching questions, I provide the foundational literatures in which I intervene in chapter one. As a pre-history of social media, chapter two explores the resistance tactics and media interventions that black publics have utilized throughout each major time period in the U.S. Through this analysis, I demonstrate how the creation of a black public was sustained toward a racial sociality and a race public opinion that can be found in reimagined ways online. Through the case study #GrowingUpBlack, chapter three investigates the underlying sensibilities of social network sites— empowerment, influence, and entertainment/reprieve— and their relationship to contemporary race and resistance. In this chapter, I argue for specific ways that racialized resistance shapes and is shaped by the logics of social network sites. Lastly, chapter four breaks apart the notion of a singular approach to racial resistance and connectivity by examining the ways that intersectional resistance circumvents and re-writes social media’s logics. Through focus groups with 20 African-American women, chapter four connects the underlying sensibilities of social network sites alongside intersectional resistance strategies in order to demonstrate the continuities of race and media as well as resistance discourses’ influence on online communication. Toward a Raced Connective Media hopes to make an intervention in the digital media and critical race field by surveying and analyzing media platforms as connective wholes rather than fractured parts regarding the relationship between media, race, and resistance.

Le café parisien est célèbre pour avoir joué un rôle essentiel dans l’histoire de la sociabilité française. Cette thèse étudie comment ces endroits mythiques ont facilité tant de mouvements intellectuels et comment le modèle de sociabilité qu’ils ont créé en est venu à représenter un élément constitutif de la culture française. Elle examine en particulier l’évolution des cafés parisiens et de la sociabilité française à travers trois siècles tout en explorant l’avenir du café traditionnel aux prises avec l’influence de la mondialisation et l’internet.

Cette thèse porte sur analyser la place de l'audit, plus particulièrement l'audit externe, dans l'évolution de gouvernance des organisations publiques à Djibouti qui a débuté depuis plus de quinze (15) ans. Il s'agit aussi d'apporter des éléments de réponse sur les formes d'audit qui sont associés à cette évolution de la gouvernance. Il s'agit ici d'une l'analyse des pratiques de contrôle externe relatives au secteur public djiboutien et plus particulièrement celles concernant les établissements publics, en s’appuyant sur un cadre théorique privilégiant les relations entre parties prenantes de la gouvernance de ces organisations.Pour ce faire, cette recherche se propose, après avoir proposer un cadre d'analyse de la gouvernance et des systèmes de contrôle externe dans lequel évoluent les établissements public djiboutien, de montrer la place essentiel de l’audit externe dans la gouvernance de ces établissements publics en tant que mécanisme de règlement des conflits d’intérêts entre les principaux acteurs de la vie publique. / This thesis analyzes the place of the audit, more particularly the external audit, in the evolution of governance of the public organizations in Djibouti which began for more than fifteen years. This study is also bringing answers on the forms of audit which are associated to this evolution of the governance.To do it, this search proposes, having proposed a frame of analysis of the governance and the systems of external control in which evolve the Djiboutian public institutions, to show the essential place of the external audit in the governance of these public institutions as mechanism of regulation of conflicts between the main actors of the public administration.