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Résumé : L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie rare dans laquelle les artères pulmonaires subissent un important remodelage et un recrutement de cellules proinflammatoires dans la paroi. Généralement les patients atteints sont diagnostiqués tardivement. Or, à son stade avancé, l’HTAP est irréversible. Aucun traitement actuel ne permet de soigner définitivement les patients. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que l’inflammation pourrait être à l’origine de plusieurs dysfonctions cellulaires et que sa résolution pourrait probablement prévenir l’HTAP. Deux modèles d’HTAP expérimentale ont été utilisés. Le premier met en jeu des artères pulmonaires humaines (APH) cultivées in vitro et rendues hyperréactives et sur lesquelles les effets des Résolvines D1 et E1 ainsi que leurs précurseurs respectifs ont été évalués. Le deuxième est un modèle in vivo bien connu de rats hypertendus à la monocrotaline (MCT) sur lesquels le rôle curatif du MAG-DHA (un monoacylglycéride de l’acide docosahexaénoïque) a été étudié quand l’HTAP est déjà installée. Les résultats démontrent que 24 h de prétraitement in vitro avec le TNFalpha, l’IL-6 ou l’ET-1 augmente la réactivité pharmaco-mécanique et la sensibilité au Ca2+ des APH stimulées avec 80 mM de KCl, 1 µM de 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 30 nM U-46619 et 1 µM de PDBu. En revanche, 300 nM de RvD1 ou de RvE1 ainsi que 1µM de MAG-DHA ou de MAG-EPA (monoacylglycéride de l’acide éicosapentaénoïque) renversent les effets induits par les traitements proinflammatoires et vasoconstricteurs. De plus, in vivo, il a été démontré que 7 jours de traitement avec le MAG-DHA peuvent permettre de résoudre le statut inflammatoire dans un modèle d’hypertension pulmonaire induite par la MCT chez le rat. Dans les deux modèles, l’expression de biomarqueurs inflammatoires (TNFalpha, COX-2, STAT3) et les niveaux de phosphorylation des activateurs nucléaires du remodelage tels que c-Fos, c-Jun, NFkB et MMP9 étaient augmentées par les traitements proinflammatoires. Cependant, les expériences d’immuno-buvardage montrent que la RvD1, la RvE1 et leurs précurseurs normalisaient les niveaux de détections de ces marqueurs de l’inflammation. En conclusion, l’ensemble des données montrent que les Résolvines D1 et E1 ainsi que leurs précurseurs sont des candidats efficaces pour résoudre l’inflammation induite pour prévenir l’hyperréactivité pharmacologique des artères pulmonaires. / Abstract : Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is rare disease characterized by an important remodelling and proinflammatory cells recruitement into the pulmonary artery wall. Because of the late diagnostic, the patient care is often performed when PH is at its irreversible and most severe stage. Unfortunatly, none of the actual treatments are able to cure the patients for the long term. We hypothesize that inflammation could be a major event at the origin of all the other cellular dysfunctions that characterise PH. Resolvins; metabolites from Oméga-3 could resolve inflammation and potentially prevent or reverse PH. In the present study, two models of PH have been used. The first one is an in vitro model involving cultured human pulmonary arteries (HPA) in which inflammatory or hyperreactive conditions have been induced to evaluate the effects of Resolvin D1 and E1 and their precursors. The second model is a well-known in vivo model of monocrotalineinduced PH in rats, treated with MAG-DHA (monoacylglyceride form of docosahexaenoic acid) to evaluate the curative ability of this compound to resolve the disease at its severe stage. Results show that 24-h pre-treatment with TNFα, IL-6 or ET-1 increased the reactivity and Ca2+ sensitivity of HPA as revealed by agonist challenges with: 80 mM KCl, 1 μM 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 30 nM U-46619 and 1 μM PDBu. However, 300 nM RvD1 or RvE1, as well as 1 μM MAG-DHA or MAG-EPA (monoacylglyceride form of eicosapentaenoic acid) strongly reversed the over responsiveness induced by proinflammatory and hyperreactive treatments.Moreover, a 7-day treatment with MAG-DHA is able to resolve the inflammatory status in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. In both models, the inflammatory status enhanced the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, COX-2, STAT-3) as well as the detection of MMP9 and phosphorylated nuclear factors such as P-c-Fos, P-c-Jun and P-NF-κB involved in the activation of wall remodeling. Hence, RvD1, RvE1 and their precursors normalized the expression of these inflammatory biomarkers. In conclusion, Resolvin D1 and E1 and their respective precursors MAG-DHA and MAGEPA could inhibit inflammation status to prevent and potentially cure pulmonary hypertension.

Introduction. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques du remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire chez le patient BPCO sont encore mal élucidés. L'inflammation pourrait jouer un rôle déterminant.Objectifs. Déterminer le rôle de l'interleukine 6 (IL6) dans la physiopathologie de l'hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) associée à la BPCO.Méthodes. Nous avons étudié le lien entre l'IL6 et l'HTP sur une population de patients atteints de BPCO, l'effet de l'hypoxie sur le développement d'une HTP chez des souris IL6-/- et l'effet in vitro de l'IL6 sur les cellules endothéliales et les cellules musculaires lisses d'artère pulmonaire humaine.Résultats. Les patients BPCO avec HTP présentaient un taux plasmatique d'IL6 circulante plus élevé. Le génotype GG de l'IL6 était corrélé à un risque plus élevé de développer une HTP. L'IL6 est produite par tous les acteurs cellulaires impliqués dans la physiopathologie du remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire et en particulier la cellule musculaire lisse. Sa synthèse, ainsi que celle de ses récepteurs, est très nettement stimulée par l'hypoxie aigue et chronique. L'IL6 participe probablement à l'entretien de la dysfonction endothéliale, à la migration des cellules musculaires lisses et au recrutement des cellules inflammatoires. Les souris IL6-/- sont partiellement protégées de l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique et présentent un moindre recrutement pulmonaire de cellules inflammatoires induit par l'hypoxie. Le taux d'IL6 est corrélé à une longueur télomérique plus courte chez les patients BPCO, témoignant d'un processus de vieillissement biologique accéléré. L'HTP associée à la BPCO ou à l'hypoxie chronique pourrait résulter d'une accentuation du processus de sénescence des cellules vasculaires pulmonaires, favorisé par l'inflammation.Conclusion. L'inflammation et plus particulièrement l'IL6 semblent fortement impliquées dans la physiopathologie du remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire chez le patient BPCO. / Introduction. The pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for pulmonary vascular remodeling in COPD remain poorly understood. Inflammation may play a major role.Objectives. To study the role of interleukin-6 (IL6) in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension associated with COPD.Methods. We studied the relationship between IL6 and PH in a population of patients with COPD, the effect of hypoxia on the development of PH in mice IL6-/- and the effect of IL-6 on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of human pulmonary artery in vitro.Results. COPD patients with PH were characaterised by a more pronounced hypoxia and higher plasma levels of circulating IL-6. The GG genotype of IL-6 also correlated with a higher risk of developing PH in these patients. Each of the different cellular elements that promote pulmonary vascular remodeling are known to produce IL-6, with smooth muscle cells known to be a particularly important source of this cytokine In addition, synthesis of IL-6 and its associated receptors is increased in response to acute and chronic hypoxia. It is likely that IL-6 contributes to endothelial dysfunction, the migration and, indirectly, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. Indeed, IL6-/- mice are partially protected from hypoxia-associated pulmonary hypertension and demonstrate attenuated hypoxia-induced lung recruitment of inflammatory cells. Levels of IL-6 also correlate with shorter telomere length in patients with COPD, indicating a process of accelerated biological aging. This suggests that pulmonary hypertension secondary to COPD or chronic hypoxia may be due to inflammation-associated acceleration of normal pulmonary vascular cell sénescence.Conclusion. Inflammation in general, and IL-6 in particular, appear to be strongly involved in the pathophysiology of pulmonary vascular remodeling in patients with COPD

La diminution de la biodisponibilité de la sérotonine (5-HT) en inhibant sa biosynthèse peut représenter un traitement complémentaire efficace de l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP). Nous avons évalué cette hypothèse en utilisant LP533401, qui inhibe la tryptophane hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), enzyme limitante de la biosynthèse de la sérotonine, exprimée dans l'intestin et les poumons, sans inhiber Tph2 exprimée dans les neurones. Méthodes et résultats - Les souris traitées à plusieurs reprises avec LP533401 (30-250 mg / kg par jour) ont présenté une diminution marquée du contenu en 5-HT dans le tube digestif, dans les poumons et dans le sang, mais pas dans le cerveau. Après une seule dose LP533401 (250 mg / kg), le contenu en 5-HT du poumon et l'intestin a diminué de 50%, tandis que les niveaux 5-HT sanguins sont restés inchangés, suggérant une synthèse de 5-HT dans l'intestin et des poumons. Le traitement par l'inhibiteur du transporteur de la 5-HT (5-HTT), le citalopram, a diminué le contenu en 5-HT dans le sang et les poumons, mais pas dans l'intestin. En transgénique, les souris SM22-5-HTT+, surexprimant 5-HTT dans les cellules musculaires lisses, développent spontanément de l'HTAP. Le traitement par 250 mg / kg par jour de LP533401 ou 10 mg / kg de citalopram par jour pendant 21 jours diminue nettement les taux de 5-HT dans les poumons et dans le sang, ainsi que la pression systolique du ventricule droit (VD), l'hypertrophie du VD, la muscularisation distale de l'artère pulmonaire et les cellules Ki67-positives (P< 0,001). Le traitement combiné avec les deux médicaments était plus efficace dans l'amélioration des paramètres hémodynamiques que chacun des médicaments seuls. Un traitement par LP533401 ou par citalopram empêche partiellement le développement de l'HTAP chez les souris de type sauvage exposées à l'hypoxie chronique. Le niveau de 5-HT dans les poumons et dans le sang était plus faible dans les souris hypoxiques que dans souris normoxiques et est encore diminué après traitement par LP533401 ou par citalopram. / Decreasing the bioavailability of serotonin (5-HT) by inhibiting its biosynthesis may represent a useful adjunctive treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We assessed this hypothesis using LP533401, which inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) expressed in the gut and lung, without inhibiting Tph2 expressed in neurons. Mice treated repeatedly with LP533401 (30–250 mg/kg per day) exhibited marked 5-HT content reductions in the gut, lungs, and blood, but not in the brain. After a single LP533401 dose (250 mg/kg), lung and gut 5-HT contents decreased by 50%, whereas blood 5-HT levels remained unchanged, suggesting gut and lung 5-HT synthesis. Treatment with the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) inhibitor citalopram decreased 5-HT contents in the blood and lungs but not in the gut. In transgenic SM22-5-HTT+ mice, which overexpress 5-HTT in smooth muscle cells and spontaneously develop PH, 250 mg/kg per day LP533401 or 10 mg/kg per day citalopram for 21 days markedly reduced lung and blood 5-HT levels, right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure, RV hypertrophy, distal pulmonary artery muscularization, and vascular Ki67-positive cells. Combined treatment with both drugs was more effective in improving PH-related hemodynamic parameters than either drug alone. LP533401 or citalopram treatment partially prevented PH development in wild-type mice exposed to chronic hypoxia. Lung and blood 5-HT levels were lower in hypoxic than in normoxic mice and decreased further after LP533401 or citalopram treatment. These results provide proof of concept that inhibiting Tph1 may represent a new therapeutic strategy for human PH.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) tem impacto prognóstico negativo na sarcoidose. Não foram publicados estudos de rastreamento de HP seguido de confirmação por estudo hemodinâmico da circulação pulmonar entre pacientes ambulatoriais com sarcoidose. OBJETIVOS: 1) verificar a prevalência de HP em pacientes ambulatoriais com sarcoidose; 2) testar a associação do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) e de dados tomográficos e funcionais pulmonares com HP na sarcoidose e 3) comparar, em pacientes com refluxo tricúspide (VRT) 2,5 m/s, o achado de pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP 40 mmHg) estimada no ecocardiograma com o diagnóstico de hipertensão pulmonar pelo padrão ouro (pressão média da artéria pulmonar PAPm 25 mmHg na avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva). CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: 72 dos 163 pacientes do Serviço de Pneumologia do InCor, com diagnóstico de sarcoidose (critérios da American Thoracic Society) realizaram ecocardiograma para mensuração da velocidade do refluxo tricúspide (VRT) e cálculo da PSAP. Pacientes com VRT 2,5 m/s (possível HP) foram submetidos à avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva. Foram realizados também dosagem do BNP sérico, tomografia de tórax de alta resolução e prova de função pulmonar completa. RESULTADOS: 19 pacientes apresentaram VRT 2,5 m/s: 18 realizaram cateterismo e um faleceu antes do procedimento. HP foi diagnosticada em 4 pacientes, com prevalência de 5,6% (IC95% 0,2-10,8%). O valor do BNP sérico foi semelhante nos pacientes com e sem HP (mediana 15,5 vs 11,0 pg/ml, p>0.05). Pacientes com HP tiveram mais alterações tomográficas sugestivas de fibrose (50% vs 4,7%; p=0,04), menor VEF1 (63,7±4,9 vs 85,6±14,8; p=0,02) e tendência a menor CVF (69,1±16,2 vs. 86,7±16,2; p=0,07). A capacidade pulmonar total e a difusão de monóxido de carbono não distinguiram pacientes com e sem HP. Pela estimativa do ecocardiograma, 5 pacientes tiveram PSAP 40 mmHg (6,9%), mas só dois destes pacientes tinham HP (PAPm25 mmHg) no estudo invasivo. O critério PSAP 40 mmHg pela estimativa do ecocardiograma levou a erro diagnóstico em 5 pacientes: 3 falso-positivos e 2 falso-negativos. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de HP entre os pacientes ambulatoriais com sarcoidose foi de 5,6%. O BNP não distinguiu pacientes com HP. Pacientes com HP tiveram função pulmonar mais comprometida e mais achados sugestivos de fibrose. A PSAP foi pouco acurado no diagnóstico de HP / BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has negative impact in sarcoid patients prognosis. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) among sarcoid outpatients has not been investigated by screening studies confirmed by hemodynamic evaluation. OBJECTIVES: (1) to determine the prevalence of PH among sarcoid outpatients in a tertiary center; (2) test whether brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, tomographic findings or pulmonary function tests distinguish patients with and without PH and (3) compare the presence of systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimated by echocardiogram (SPAP 40 mmHg) to the diagnostic gold standard for PH (mean pulmonary artery pressure mPAP 25 mmHg) measured by pulmonary artery catheterization, in patients with tricuspid reflux velocity (TRV) 2.5 m/s. METHODS: Seventy-two of 163 outpatients from InCor-Hospital das Clinicas Pulmonary Division with sarcoidosis (ATS criteria) underwent echocardiographic evaluation to asses TRV and to estimate SPAP. Patients with TRV 2.5 m/s (possible PH) underwent pulmonary artery catheterization. BNP dosage, lung function testing (spirometry, lung volumes by plethismography and single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity DLCOsb) and high-resolution CT (HRCT) also were performed. RESULTS: Nineteen patients had TRV2.5 m/s; 18 underwent hemodynamic evaluation (one patient died before the procedure). PH (mPAP 25 mmHg) was diagnosed in 4 patients and its prevalence was 5.6% (IC95% 0.2-10.8%). Patients with and without PH had similar BNP values (median 15.5 vs 11 pg/ml, p>0.05). Patients with PH had more tomographic findings suggesting pulmonary fibrosis (50% x 4.7%; p=0.04), lower forced expiratory volume in 1st second (63.7±4.9 vs. 85.6±14.8; p=0.02) and a trend to lower forced vital capacity (69.1±16.2 vs. 86.7±16.2;p=0.07). Total lung capacity and DLCOsb values were similar between both groups. Echocardiogram estimated SPAP 40 mmHg was present in 5 patients (6.9%), but only 2 of those had PH (mPAP 25 mmHg). Echocardiogram PASP 40 mmHg misdiagnosed 5 patients: 3 false positive and 2 false negative. CONCLUSION: PH prevalence in sarcoid outpatients was 5.6%. BNP levels did not mash PH patients. PH patients had worse lung function. SPAP estimated by echocardiogram was not accurate to diagnose PH

Introdução: as mucopolissacaridoses (MPSs) são doenças lisossômicas de depósito, caracterizadas pela degradação enzimática deficiente dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs): ácido hialurônico, condroitin sulfato, dermatan sulfato, heparan sulfato e queratan sulfato. A classificação baseia-se na enzima comprometida, tendo sido descritos sete tipos com manifestações clínicas heterogêneas: MPS tipo I, II, III, IV, VI, VII e IX. O comprometimento cardiovascular é variável, porém a falência cardiopulmonar contribui significativamente para a morbidade e mortalidade. Lesões valvares esquerdas e a hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo são os achados mais citados, ainda que não haja concordância quanto à relação entre o comprometimento cardíaco e o tipo de MPS. Especula-se que o acometimento é mais grave em pacientes cujo defeito enzimático traz acúmulo do dermatan sulfato (MPS tipos I, II, VI e VII), visto que esse GAG predomina naturalmente em válvulas e vasos sanguíneos. Frente à perspectiva de tratamento específico dessas patologias através de reposição enzimática, torna-se fundamental conhecer o comprometimento cardiovascular inicial, para determinar com segurança o impacto destas terapêuticas sobre as crianças a elas submetidas. O propósito deste estudo foi caracterizar as alterações ecocardiográficas de pacientes pediátricos com MPSs, além de testar a associação entre o acúmulo de dermatan sulfato e a gravidade das lesões cardiovasculares. Métodos: foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários e os ecocardiogramas de 28 pacientes (15M: 13F) entre 2 e 14 anos (9 ± 3 anos), acompanhados no Ambulatório de Genética do Instituto da Criança de setembro de 2003 a novembro de 2005: 6 com MPS tipo I, 2 com tipo II, 7 com tipo III, 6 com tipo IV, 5 com tipo VI e 2 com tipo VII. No período estudado nenhum paciente realizava terapia de reposição enzimática. Um único ecocardiografista executou 53 avaliações, visto que 17 indivíduos submeteram-se a múltiplos exames, com intervalo de 10,3 ± 5,6 meses. Todos os ecocardiogramas foram realizados segundo as normas da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. Os pacientes foram analisados quanto aos aspectos clínicos e parâmetros xvi ecocardiográficos, sendo realizada em seguida a comparação entre o grupo que acumula (D+) e o que não acumula dermatan sulfato (D-). O grupo D+ incluiu os tipos I, II, VI e VII e o grupo D-, os tipos III e IV. O programa estatístico utilizado foi o Statistical Package for Social Sciency e os testes aplicados foram o Exato de Fisher e o de Correlação de Spearman, com um valor de p significativo 0,05. Resultados: 26 (93%) pacientes exibiram alterações ecocardiográficas ao exame final. No entanto, em apenas 16 (57%) havia registro de ausculta anormal e em 6 (21%) alguma queixa cardiovascular. Hipertrofia de septo e de parede posterior foram detectadas em 12 pacientes (43%) e em 5 (18%) ocorreu hipertrofia septal isolada. Somente 2 (7%) apresentaram dilatação ventricular. Em 22 casos foi possível avaliar a função diastólica de ventrículo esquerdo. Destes, 6 (27%) apresentaram disfunção de grau leve. Todos apresentaram função sistólica preservada. Detectou-se hipertensão pulmonar em 10 pacientes (36%). Quatro foram admitidos à Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e dois evoluíram a óbito, todos por agravamento de hipertensão pulmonar. Valva mitral normal foi o achado em 5 (17,8%) e espessamento sem disfunção em 6 (21,4%). Espessamento valvar com disfunção ocorreu em 17 pacientes (60,8%): 12 (42,8%) com insuficiência, 2 (7,2%) com estenose e 3 (10,8%) com dupla lesão. A valva aórtica foi normal em 5 (17,8%) e espessada sem disfunção em 13 (46,4%). Espessamento com disfunção ocorreu em 10 pacientes (35,8%): todos com insuficiência de grau leve ou moderado. Verificou-se forte associação entre o acúmulo de dermatan sulfato e a presença de: disfunção valvar mitral (p = 0,0003), disfunção valvar aórtica (p = 0,006) e hipertensão pulmonar (p = 0,006). Entre os 17 indivíduos com múltiplos exames, 14 (82%) mostraram piora ecocardiográfica justificada por: surgimento (4/14) ou agravamento (6/14) de lesões valvares, surgimento (5/14) ou progressão (6/14) da hipertrofia ventricular, desenvolvimento de disfunção diastólica (1/14) e de hipertensão pulmonar (4/14). Conclusões: as alterações ecocardiográficas em pacientes pediátricos com mucopolissacaridoses são freqüentes e têm caráter progressivo, enquanto os sinais e sintomas são escassos. Lesões valvares esquerdas, hipertrofia ventricular e hipertensão pulmonar foram os achados mais comuns, havendo associação significativa entre o acúmulo de dermatan sulfato e o comprometimento cardiovascular. Diferentemente do que é descrito em adultos, a hipertensão pulmonar foi a causa mais importante de óbito e não a disfunção sistólica de ventrículo esquerdo. / Introduction: mucopolysaccharidosis (MPSs) are lysosomal storage diseases, characterized by deficient enzymatic degradation of glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs): hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. The classification is based on the defective enzyme and seven types with heterogeneous clinical manifestations have been described: MPS type I, II, III, IV, VI, VII and IX. The cardiovascular involvement is variable, but the cardiopulmonary failure contributes significantly towards the morbidity and mortality. Left valve lesions and left ventricle hypertrophy are the most commented findings, although there is still no agreement about the relationship between the heart involvement and the type of MPS. It is speculated that the lesions are more severe in patients whose enzymatic defect lead to the accumulation of dermatan sulfate (MPS types I, II, VI and VII), because this GAG prevails naturally in valves and blood vessels. Due to the perspective of specific treatment for the pathology through enzymatic replacement, it is essential to know the initial cardiovascular abnormalities to determine the impact of this therapeutics on pediatric patient. The purpose of this study was to characterize the echocardiographic alterations of the pediatric patients with MPSs, besides testing the association between the accumulation of dermatan sulfate and the severity of the cardiovascular lesions. Methods: the medical records and echocardiograms of 28 patients (15M: 13F) aged 2 to 14 (9 ± 3 years), seen at the Genetic Clinic between September 2003 and November 2005, were retrospectively analyzed: 6 with MPS type I, 2 with type II, 6 with type III, 7 with type IV, 5 with type VI and 2 with type VII. During the period of study no patient had enzymatic replacement. A single pediatric cardiologist executed 53 echocardiograms, since 17 individuals underwent multiple exams, with an interval of 10.3 ± 5.6 months. All the echocardiograms were performed according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. Patients were analyzed according to both clinical and echocardiographic parameters, and then a comparison was made among the group that accumulates (D+) and the one that does not xviii accumulate dermatan sulfate (D-). The group D+ included the types I, II, VI and VII and the group D included types III and IV. The statistical program used was the Statistical Package for Social Science and the applied tests were the Fisher\'s exact test and the Spearman correlation, where a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: echocardiographic alterations were detected in 26 patients (93%), whereas 16 (57%) had abnormal auscultation, and only 6 (21%) presented cardiovascular complaint. Septum and posterior wall hypertrophy were diagnosed in 12 patients (43%) and five (18%) showed signs of isolated septal hypertrophy. Only 2 (7%) presented ventricular dilation. In 22 patients it was possible to evaluate the diastolic function of the left ventricle. Of these, 6 presented mild dysfunction. However, all patients had preserved systolic function. Pulmonary hypertension was detected in 10 patients (36%). 4 patients were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit and 2 died, due to aggravation of pulmonary hypertension. Normal mitral valve was found in 5 (17.8%) and thickening without dysfunction in 6 cases (21.4%). Valve thickening with dysfunction occurred in 17 (60.8%): 12 (42.8%) with regurgitation, 2 (7.2%) with stenosis and 3 (10.8%) with double lesion. The aortic valve was normal in 5 (17.8%) and thickened without dysfunction in 13 cases (46.4%). Thickening with dysfunction happened in 10 patients (35.8%): all with mild or moderate aortic regurgitation. A strong association was observed between accumulation of dermatan sulfate and presence of mitral valve dysfunction (p = 0.0003), aortic valve dysfunction (p = 0.006) and pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.006). Among 17 individuals with multiple exams, 14 (82%) had a worsening evolution justified by the appearance (4/14) or aggravation (6/14) of valve lesions, appearance (5/14) or progression (6/14) of ventricular hypertrophy, development of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction (1/14) and of pulmonary hypertension (4/14). Conclusions: echocardiographic alterations in pediatric patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis are frequent and have a progressive character. Left valve lesions, ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension were the most common findings and there was association between accumulation of dermatan sulfate and cardiovascular involvement. Unlike in adults, pulmonary hypertension was the main cause of death, not left ventricle systolic dysfunction.

O entendimento adequado da resposta cardiovascular ao exercício é fundamental para o manejo e tratamento dos pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP). Entretanto, dados a respeito da adaptação da mecânica vascular pulmonar e da adaptação do ventrículo direito ao esforço são escassos na literatura. O objetivo desse estudo é caracterizar a resposta cardiovascular ao exercício nos pacientes nesse grupo de pacientes. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes com HAP (Grupo 1 de Dana Point) e 7 controles com hemodinâmica invasiva normal, entre dezembro de 2009 e novembro de 2010, que realizaram protocolo incremental de esforço em cicloergômetro limitado por sintomas. Foram avaliados o comportamento das variáveis hemodinâmicas, da mecânica vascular pulmonar e o comportamento do peptídeo natriurético tipo B durante o esforço nos pacientes e comparado sua resposta com os controles. O grupo HAP apresentou elevação da PAPm superior ao grupo controle, com elevação da Poap e FC semelhantes. A elevação do débito cardíaco no pico do esforço foi inferior nesse grupo, sem variação do volume sistólico. A complacência e resistência vascular pulmonar apresentam queda no grupo HAP, permanecendo com complacência inferior e resistência superior no pico do esforço em relação aos controles. Estas variáveis permanecem inversamente acopladas sob a função C = t / R em repouso e durante todos os passos do esforço, reforçando o poder desse acoplamento e o papel na CVP na avaliação desses pacientes. No entanto, o comportamento da resistência não é uniforme em todos os pacientes com HAP, podendo ser separada em 3 grupos distintos: elevação, manutenção e queda durante o esforço. O BNP apresenta elevação durante o esforço no grupo HAP, mas os valores de BNP basal apresentam correlação inversa superior com o DC de pico do que os valores de BNP no pico do esforço. Na avaliação por curva ROC, o BNP de pico e a variação de BNP pico basal não se mostraram superiores ao BNP basal na discriminação da resposta do DC no esforço, reforçando o papel do BNP basal na avaliação dos pacientes com HAP / The proper understanding of the cardiovascular response to exercise has a central role in the management and treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, data concerning the evolution of pulmonary vascular mechanics and right ventricular adaptation to effort are scarce. The aim of this study is characterize the cardiovascular response to exercise in these patients. We selected 30 patients with PAH (Group 1 Dana Point) and 7 controls with normal invasive hemodynamics between December 2009 and November 2010 who underwent a symptom-limited exercise protocol on cycle ergometer. Were evaluated the behavior of hemodynamic parameters, pulmonary vascular mechanics and B-type natriuretic peptide during stress in patients and compared their response with controls. The PAH group showed elevation of mPAP greater than the controls, with the same elevated PCWP and HR response between the groups. Cardiac output at peak exercise was lower in the PAH patients with no change of stroke volume during effort. Compliance and pulmonary vascular resistance have decrease in PAH group, remaining with lower compliance and higher resistance at peak exercise compared to controls. These variables are inversely related at rest and during every step of the effort, strengthening the power of this relation and the role of CVP in evaluation of these patients. However, the behavior of resistance is not uniform in all PAH patients and may be separated into three distinct groups: rise, fall and maintenance during exercise. The BNP raises during exercise in PAH group, but the values of baseline BNP already has an stronger inverse correlation with peak CO, better than the correlation of peak exercise BNP with the same variable. BNP at peak exercise and the variation of BNP peak - baseline were not superior to baseline BNP in discriminating the response of the CO during exercise, when evaluated by ROC curves. These findings reinforce the role of baseline BNP in evaluating patients with PAH

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) tem impacto prognóstico negativo na sarcoidose. Não foram publicados estudos de rastreamento de HP seguido de confirmação por estudo hemodinâmico da circulação pulmonar entre pacientes ambulatoriais com sarcoidose. OBJETIVOS: 1) verificar a prevalência de HP em pacientes ambulatoriais com sarcoidose; 2) testar a associação do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) e de dados tomográficos e funcionais pulmonares com HP na sarcoidose e 3) comparar, em pacientes com refluxo tricúspide (VRT) 2,5 m/s, o achado de pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP 40 mmHg) estimada no ecocardiograma com o diagnóstico de hipertensão pulmonar pelo padrão ouro (pressão média da artéria pulmonar PAPm 25 mmHg na avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva). CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: 72 dos 163 pacientes do Serviço de Pneumologia do InCor, com diagnóstico de sarcoidose (critérios da American Thoracic Society) realizaram ecocardiograma para mensuração da velocidade do refluxo tricúspide (VRT) e cálculo da PSAP. Pacientes com VRT 2,5 m/s (possível HP) foram submetidos à avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva. Foram realizados também dosagem do BNP sérico, tomografia de tórax de alta resolução e prova de função pulmonar completa. RESULTADOS: 19 pacientes apresentaram VRT 2,5 m/s: 18 realizaram cateterismo e um faleceu antes do procedimento. HP foi diagnosticada em 4 pacientes, com prevalência de 5,6% (IC95% 0,2-10,8%). O valor do BNP sérico foi semelhante nos pacientes com e sem HP (mediana 15,5 vs 11,0 pg/ml, p>0.05). Pacientes com HP tiveram mais alterações tomográficas sugestivas de fibrose (50% vs 4,7%; p=0,04), menor VEF1 (63,7±4,9 vs 85,6±14,8; p=0,02) e tendência a menor CVF (69,1±16,2 vs. 86,7±16,2; p=0,07). A capacidade pulmonar total e a difusão de monóxido de carbono não distinguiram pacientes com e sem HP. Pela estimativa do ecocardiograma, 5 pacientes tiveram PSAP 40 mmHg (6,9%), mas só dois destes pacientes tinham HP (PAPm25 mmHg) no estudo invasivo. O critério PSAP 40 mmHg pela estimativa do ecocardiograma levou a erro diagnóstico em 5 pacientes: 3 falso-positivos e 2 falso-negativos. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de HP entre os pacientes ambulatoriais com sarcoidose foi de 5,6%. O BNP não distinguiu pacientes com HP. Pacientes com HP tiveram função pulmonar mais comprometida e mais achados sugestivos de fibrose. A PSAP foi pouco acurado no diagnóstico de HP / BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has negative impact in sarcoid patients prognosis. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) among sarcoid outpatients has not been investigated by screening studies confirmed by hemodynamic evaluation. OBJECTIVES: (1) to determine the prevalence of PH among sarcoid outpatients in a tertiary center; (2) test whether brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, tomographic findings or pulmonary function tests distinguish patients with and without PH and (3) compare the presence of systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimated by echocardiogram (SPAP 40 mmHg) to the diagnostic gold standard for PH (mean pulmonary artery pressure mPAP 25 mmHg) measured by pulmonary artery catheterization, in patients with tricuspid reflux velocity (TRV) 2.5 m/s. METHODS: Seventy-two of 163 outpatients from InCor-Hospital das Clinicas Pulmonary Division with sarcoidosis (ATS criteria) underwent echocardiographic evaluation to asses TRV and to estimate SPAP. Patients with TRV 2.5 m/s (possible PH) underwent pulmonary artery catheterization. BNP dosage, lung function testing (spirometry, lung volumes by plethismography and single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity DLCOsb) and high-resolution CT (HRCT) also were performed. RESULTS: Nineteen patients had TRV2.5 m/s; 18 underwent hemodynamic evaluation (one patient died before the procedure). PH (mPAP 25 mmHg) was diagnosed in 4 patients and its prevalence was 5.6% (IC95% 0.2-10.8%). Patients with and without PH had similar BNP values (median 15.5 vs 11 pg/ml, p>0.05). Patients with PH had more tomographic findings suggesting pulmonary fibrosis (50% x 4.7%; p=0.04), lower forced expiratory volume in 1st second (63.7±4.9 vs. 85.6±14.8; p=0.02) and a trend to lower forced vital capacity (69.1±16.2 vs. 86.7±16.2;p=0.07). Total lung capacity and DLCOsb values were similar between both groups. Echocardiogram estimated SPAP 40 mmHg was present in 5 patients (6.9%), but only 2 of those had PH (mPAP 25 mmHg). Echocardiogram PASP 40 mmHg misdiagnosed 5 patients: 3 false positive and 2 false negative. CONCLUSION: PH prevalence in sarcoid outpatients was 5.6%. BNP levels did not mash PH patients. PH patients had worse lung function. SPAP estimated by echocardiogram was not accurate to diagnose PH