Orientador : Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:22:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArevaloPinedo_Aroldo_D.pdf: 8941567 bytes, checksum: 91ffc09e41728c02c23f58f3f126d55e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se experimentalmente a cinética de secagem a vácuo de cenoura e abóbora "in natura" e pré-tratadas por congelamento e branqueamento. As corridas experimentais foram conduzidas em um secador a vácuo, nas pressões de 5, 15 e 25 kPa e temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70°C. Estudou-se a influência da pressão e temperatura, assim como os pré-tratamentos adotados, sobre a cinética de secagem. A análise do efeito dos pré-tratamentos e dos parâmetros pressão e temperatura sobre a velocidade de secagem, revelou que os melhores valores foram obtidos com a temperatura de 70°C e pressão de 5 kPa para as amostras pré-tratadas por congelamento. Quanto ao tipo de matéria-prima utilizado a abóbora apresentou maiores velocidades de secagem que as de cenoura independente do tratamento recebido e da condição de secagem utilizada. As curvas experimentais de secagem foram ajustadas ao modelo difusional de Fick para uma placa plana infinita considerando ou não o encolhimento. Os valores da difusividade efetiva considerando o encolhimento da amostra são menores que os calculados sem considerar este fenômeno / Abstract: In this work it was studied experimentally the kinetics of carrot and pumpkin under vacuum drying in nature and pre-treatment by freezing and bleaching. The experimental runs were driven in a dryer under vacuum, at pressures of 5, 15 and 25 kPa and temperatures of 50,60 and 70oe. The influences on the drying kinetics of the pressures and temperature were studied, as well as effect of adopting pre-treatment. It was observed that the best values were obtained at the temperature of 70oe and pressure of 5 kPa for the samples pretreatment by freezing. As concerns to the raw material employed pumpkin presented higher drying speeds than the one shown by carrot, independently of the treatment received and of the operational condition of drying. The experimental curves of drying were adjusted to the difusional model of Fick for an infinite slab with or without shrinkage. The values of effective diffusivity obtained by considering the samples shrinkage were smaller than those calculated without considering this phenomenon / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Pumkin seedlings (Cucurbita maxima) were inoculated with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Center regions of non-infected and infected cotyledons of various lengths were cut into 1 x 2 mm strips and processed for ultrastructural investigations. Complementary portions of opposing non-infected cotyledons were also processed as control tissue, and contained fewer storage products in cells than cotyledons of comparable size from non-infected plants. Young non-infected cells contained distinct lipid bodies, protein bodies and electron dense inlusions which were translocated out of older cells by abundant plasmodesmata. Initally, infected cells became plasmolyzed, followed by breakdown of the cytoplasm. Host cells were generally affected only 4-6 cells from the infection front. Many infected cells had abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and all organells were eventually completely disrupted. Action of enzymes from fungal cells did not appear to be limited to the area immediatedly adjacent to hyphal cells.

Pumpkin plants (Cucurbita pepo L. 'Howden') with severely deformed leaves and fruits showing tumour-like protrusions and warty nodules were observed in a field in Carroll County, southwestern Virginia. In addition to deformity, the leaves exhibited puckered mosaic patternings. Mechanical inoculation of a leaf sap extract from the infected Howden vines to 'Small Sugar' pumpkin seedlings resulted in the transmission of a virus. Leaf dip extracts were examined in a transmission electron microscope and flexuous rod-shaped virus particles were observed. The host range included several cucurbit species and suggested the virus to be watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). Luffa cylindrica which is susceptible to WMV-1 was systemically infected by WMV from Virginia (designated WMV-V). Two non-cucurbit species Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa were also susceptible and, like WMV-2 infection, developed local lesions in response to inoculation with WMV-V. No legumes tested were susceptible to this isolate of WMV and no natural source of inoculum was found. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections revealed the presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, of pinwheel, scroll and tubular bundle formation, characteristic of WMV-1 infection, in addition to the amorphous inclusion bodies characteristic of WMV-2 infection. These cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were only found in the relatively light-green and not in the abnormally dark-green areas of infected leaf tissue. No nuclear inclusion bodies were observed. In SDS immunodiffusion tests the pumpkin virus reacted with antisera to three isolates of WMV-2 and an isolate of WMV from Egypt, but not with antisera to WMV-1. / M.S.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam.), and summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) are economically important crops in Virginia. Only a few herbicides are registered for weed control in these crops. Halosulfuron is a sulfonylurea herbicide which controls several broadleaf weeds and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). Cucurbit crops have some tolerance to this herbicide. The efficacy of halosulfuron for control of several weed species and tolerance of four vine crops to halosulfuron were investigated in field and greenhouse studies in 1999, 2000, and 2001. In the field, halosulfuron was applied to cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini squash, and yellow summer squash at 4, 9, 18, and 27 g ai/ha preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) in combination with clomazone at 174 g ai/ha plus ethalfluralin applied PRE at 630 g/ha. Crop injury, weed control, and crop yield was collected from the field studies. Weed control by halosulfuron was dependent upon application method. Halosulfuron applied preemergence controlled only common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.). Postemergence halosulfuron controlled common ragweed, smooth pigweed, morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.), yellow nutsedge, and rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria L.). All four crops treated with halosulfuron produced yields equal to or higher than the crops receiving clomazone and ethalfluralin alone or the hand-weeded check. In the greenhouse, tolerance of cultivars of each crop to halosulfuron was investigated with the same rates applied in the field. Cultivars responded similar to postemergence halosulfuron applications with respect to fresh and dry weights in all four crops. The response of several populations of acetolactate synthase inhibiting (ALS) resistant smooth pigweed to postemergence halosulfuron was also investigated. Halosulfuron activity against ALS-inhibitor resistant smooth pigweed was population dependent. In the greenhouse, postemergence halosulfuron at the same rates used in the field studies controlled yellow nutsedge. / Master of Science

Yes / Purpose This study aims to understand pumpkin waste awareness among people by converting unstructured quantitative data into insightful information to understand the public's awareness of pumpkin waste during Halloween. Design/methodology/approach To fulfil the study's purpose, we extracted Halloween-related tweets by employing #halloween and #pumpkin hashtags and then investigated Halloween-related tweets via a topic modelling approach, specifically Latent Dirichlet Allocation. The tweets were collected from the UK between October 25th and November 7th, 2020. The analysis was completed with 11,744 tweets. Findings The topic modelling results revealed that people are aware of the pumpkin waste during Halloween. Furthermore, people tweet to reduce pumpkin waste by sharing recipes for using leftover pumpkins. Originality/value The study offers a novel approach to convert social media data into meaningful knowledge about public perception of food waste. This paper contributes to food waste literature by revealing people's awareness of pumpkin waste during Halloween using social media analytics. Norm activation model and communicative ecology theory are used for the theoretical underpinning of topic modelling.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 838522 bytes, checksum: 7413291cf4add06f324d22d842e61df1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Despite the high nutritional value of pumpkin, the consumption of this vegetable is not only due to greater difficulty in peeling and the large size of the fruit, which makes transportation and storage thus becomes necessary to develop research aimed at obtaining post-harvest technologies to increase the consumption of this important vegetable. Among the technologies with potential for use in post-harvest step pumpkin the use of products based on dried fruit pulp powder may become an economically viable alternative, since this process greatly reduces packaging costs, transport, storage and conservation. The bed drying, foam (foam-mat drying) is a technique employed to obtain powdered food products, especially to be a method in which liquid food or semi are transformed into stable foams, through vigorous agitation and incorporation of foaming agents to subsequently be dehydrated. Although knowing the potential of drying foam layer for obtaining food powdered products, there are no reports on the use of this technique in pumpkin. Therefore the present study was conducted in order to characterize the process of producing pulp pumpkin powder by drying bed of foam. Composite formulations pumpkin pulp and additive (Albumin, Emustab®, Maltodextrin and Neutral® Super League) at concentrations of 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% (m/m) were evaluated for density, expansion and foaming stability after being selected Emustab® as an additive in a concentration of 8.0% and 5% (w/w) of emulsifier due to its best characteristics of density, expansion and stability. The foams produced from these two selected formulations were placed in aluminum trays square shaped and dried in tray dryer with air circulation at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C to constant weight. The experimental data of drying pumpkin foam models were adjusted regressions. The dried material was disintegrated, physical and physicochemical characterization was performed, as water content, water activity, pH, titratable acidity, color (L*, a*, b*, h*, C*, E is IE), density, content of total, reducing and non- reducing sugar and starch and carotenoid content. The models Midilli followed by the Midilli Modified and Logarithmic equation fitting of the experimental data of drying the pulp foam pumpkin. Irrespective of the drying temperature of pumpkin pulp in the foam bed, it was observed that the physico-chemical characteristics of maintained or improved pumpkin pulp relative in nature. However, when compared among temperatures the most suitable for obtaining the pumpkin pulp powder are 60, 70 and 80 °C, because besides the powder formed has a lower water activity, important in storage, drying time these temperatures are more viable. Thus, the use of foam bed drying becomes attractive and promising in the drying of pumpkin pulp . / Apesar do alto valor nutritivo da abóbora, o consumo dessa hortaliça só não é maior devido à dificuldade no descascamento e ao grande tamanho dos frutos, o que dificulta o transporte e armazenamento Deste modo, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de pesquisas visando à obtenção de tecnologias pós-colheita para aumentar o consumo dessa importante hortaliça. Dentre as tecnologias com potencial para uso na etapa pós- colheita da abóbora, o uso de produtos a base de polpa da fruta desidratada em pó, pode tornar-se uma alternativa economicamente viável, uma vez que, esse processo reduz significativamente os custos com embalagens, transporte, armazenamento e conservação. A secagem em leito de espuma (foam-mat drying) é uma das técnicas empregadas para a obtenção de produtos alimentícios em pó, destacando-se por ser um método em que alimentos líquidos ou semilíquidos são transformados em espumas estáveis, através de vigorosa agitação e incorporação de agentes espumantes para, posteriormente, serem desidratados. Embora se conheça o potencial da secagem em camada de espuma para obtenção de produtos alimentícios em pó, não há relatos sobre o uso desta técnica em abóbora. Deste modo a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de caracterizar o processo de produção de polpa de abóbora em pó pela secagem em leito de espuma. Formulações compostas de polpa de abóbora e aditivo (Albumina, Emustab®, Maltodextrina e Super Liga Neutra®) nas concentrações 0% (controle); 2,5%; 5%; 7,5% e 10% (m/m) foram avaliadas quanto a massa específica, expansão e estabilidade após formação de espumas, sendo selecionado o Emustab® como aditivo na concentração de 8,0% e 5% (p/p) de emulsificante devido suas melhores características de massa específica, expansão e estabilidade. As espumas produzidas a partir dessas duas formulações selecionadas foram dispostas em bandejas de alumínio de formato quadrado e desidratadas em secador de bandejas com circulação de ar nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80°C até massa constante. Aos dados experimentais da secagem da espuma da abóbora foram ajustados modelos de regressões. O material seco foi desintegrado, sendo realizada a caracterização física e físico-químicas, como teor de água, atividade de água, pH, acidez titulável, cor (L*, a*, b*, h*, C*, ΔE e IE), massa específica, teor de açúcar total, redutor e não redutor, e teor de carotenoide e amido. A análise dessas curvas revela que o acréscimo na temperatura favorece a diminuição do tempo de secagem. O tempo médio para que se atingisse o teor de água de equilíbrio para 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C foram de 1830, 930, 360, 270 e 150 min, respectivamente. Os modelos de Midilli, seguida pela equação de Midilli Modificado e a de Logarítmico se ajustaram satisfatoriamente aos dados experimentais da secagem da espuma de polpa da abóbora. Independentemente da temperatura de secagem de polpa de abóbora em leito de espuma, observou-se que as características físico-químicas da abóbora mantiveram ou melhoraram em relação a polpa in natura. No entanto quando comparado entre as temperaturas, as mais indicadas para a obtenção da polpa de abóbora em pó são as de 60, 70 e 80 °C, pois além do pó formado ter uma menor atividade água, importante no armazenamento, o tempo de secagem nessas temperaturas são mais viáveis. Desta forma, o uso da secagem em leito de espuma torna-se atraente e promissora na secagem de polpa de abóbora.

Entre as hospedeiras de invasão sistêmica do vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro - estirpe mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus type P; PRSV-P) encontram-se espécies de cucurbitáceas, cuja suscetibilidade à transmissão experimental, mecânica e com afídeos, é variável. A literatura nacional e internacional apresenta resultados distintos quanto à recuperação desse vírus a partir de cucurbitáceas presentes próximas ou no interior de plantios de mamoeiros infectados com esse vírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em casa de vegetação a suscetibilidade de quatro espécies de cucurbitáceas a cinco isolados do PRSV-P obtidos de diferentes regiões do Brasil e inoculados de forma mecânica. Visou também estudar a infecção natural de cucurbitáceas cultivadas nas entrelinhas ou próximas de mamoeiros com mosaico. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho em casa-de-vegetação os isolados do PRSV-P mantidos em mamoeiros, foram inoculados nos cotilédones de abobrinha de moita cv. Caserta, moranga cv. Exposição, pepino híbrido Primepack Plus e melancia cv. Crimson Sweet. As plantas foram avaliadas com base nos sintomas e indexadas por PTA-ELISA, e recuperação biológica do biótipo P do PRSV através de inoculações em mamoeiro. A confirmação da infecção dos mamoeiros foi realizada da mesma forma, por sintomatologia e indexação por PTA-ELISA. A abobrinha de moita foi a espécie mais suscetível aos cinco isolados do PRSV-P, seguida da melancia e do pepino. Não foi possível transmitir o vírus a moranga cv. Exposição. Para estudar a infecção natural realizou-se um ensaio com plantas de abobrinha de moita em Linhares-ES, três ensaios independentes em Rinópolis-SP e quatro em Piracicaba-SP, incluindo-se nessa última localidade a melancia e o pepino. Depois de aproximadamente 40 a 60 dias de exposição em campo coletaram-se amostras individuais ou compostas (de 3 a 5 plantas) das folhas dos ponteiros das plantas para realizar a recuperação biológica do PRSV-P para mamoeiros em casa de vegetação. A presença de afídeos foi monitorada em Piracicaba durante a execução dos experimentos no campo. No único teste de exposição em Linhares, nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico mostrou-se infectada com esse vírus. O PRSV-P foi recuperado da abobrinha de moita em proporções variáveis em 2 dos 3 testes realizados em Rinópolis, e em 3 dos 4 testes realizados em Piracicaba. Nenhuma planta de melancia e pepino cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico foi infectada com o PRSV-P. Não foi possível recuperar o PRSV-P de nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre 5 e 80 metros de distância dos mamoeiros com mosaico em Piracicaba. Foram capturados afídeos vetores do PRSV-P e foi possível detectar plantas infectadas com os potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV, o que demonstra a presença e atividade dos vetores de vírus. Os resultados confirmaram a suscetibilidade variável das espécies de cucurbitáceas ao PRSV-P. Embora a abobrinha de moita fosse a única espécie encontrada naturalmente infectada pelo PRSV-P quando cultivada entre linhas de mamoeiro com mosaico, a presença de cucurbitáceas nos campos de produção de mamoeiro, especialmente quando o controle do mosaico do mamoeiro é feito através do roguing, não é recomendada. / Besides Carica papaya, Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P) infects systemically only species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Their susceptibility varies according to the species/cultivar, virus isolate and the method of inoculation. Attempts to recovery PRSV-P from naturally infected cucurbit plants grown near to or among diseased papaya trees have shown distinct results worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta, Cucurbita maxima cv. Exposiçao, Cucumis sativus hybrid Primepack Plus, and Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet to five isolates of PRSV-P obtained from different regions of Brazil. It was also evaluated the natural infection of cucurbit plants grown between rows and in the vicinity of papaya trees infected with PRSV-P. The five PRSV-P isolates were maintained in papaya plants. Cucurbit plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were mechanically inoculated with each isolate at the cotiledonary stage. The plants were assessed based on symptoms and infection was confirmed by PTA-ELISA using extracts from the inoculated cotyledons and upper leaves. The same extracts were also mechanically inoculated on papaya plants in order to recover the virus isolate. Inoculated papaya plants were also tested by PTA-ELISA. Zucchini squash was the most susceptible species to PRSV-P, followed by watermelon and cucumber. Pumpkin cv. Exposição was not infected. To study the natural infection of zucchini squash cv. Caserta by PRSV-P, a trial was carried out in Linhares, State of Espírito Santo; three independent trials were carried out in Rinópolis; and four trials were carried out in Piracicaba, both regions located in the State of São Paulo. Watermelon and cucurbit were also included in some trials in Piracicaba. After approximately 40 to 70 days, leaf samples were collected and tested individually or in groups of three to five plants for the presence of PRSV-P by mechanical inoculation on papaya plants under greenhouse conditions. None of the zucchini squash plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Linhares was found infected by PRSV-P based on the virus recovery test to papaya plants. The virus was also not recovered from watermelon and cucurbit plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Piracicaba. On the other hand, PRSV-P was recovery from zucchini squash plants grown intercalated with diseased papayas in Rinópolis and Piracicaba. The number of infected plants varied among the trial. Several attempts to recover PRSV-P from innumerous zucchini squash plants grown approximately five to 80 meters from diseased papaya trees in Piracicaba failed. Alates of several species of aphids were captured in the field at Piracicaba. Also, innumerous cucurbit plants were found infected by the potyviruses Papaya ringspot virus type W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, suggesting aphids activity in the area. The results confirmed the variable susceptibility of cucurbit species to infection with PRSV-P. Although natural infection with PRSV-P was restricted to zucchini squash cv. Caserta grown among infected papaya trees, the presence of cucurbit plants in the vicinity of papaya orchards, especially where disease control is done by systematic rouging of diseased plants, should not be allowed.

Tiriamasis darbas buvo atliktas siekiant ištirti moliūgų vaisių miltų (Helianthus tuberosum L.) poveikį kiaulių augimo dinamikai ir produkcijos formavimuisi, pašarų virškinamumui bei sveikatingumui. / This research project was conducted to investigate pumpkin fruit flour (Helianthus tuberosum L.) impact on pig growth performance and product formation, feed digestibility and wellness.

nÃo hà / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os requerimentos de polinizaÃÃo da aboboreira (Curcubita moschata D.) variedade jacarezinho, os visitantes florais e os potenciais polinizadores dessa cultura. O estudo foi realizado no perÃodo de outubro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010, no setor de Olericultura do Campus Satuba do Instituto Federal de Alagoas, municÃpio de Satuba-AL. O plantio da abÃbora foi estabelecido, seguindo todos os tratos culturais para a conduÃÃo da cultura e se encontrava consorciado com banana (Musa acuminata). A Ãrea plantada possuÃa 0,3 hectares, com 500 plantas. Para determinar o requerimento de polinizaÃÃo estudou-se a eficiÃncia da polinizaÃÃo aberta, restrita e polinizaÃÃo manual cruzada. Os visitantes florais foram coletados ao acaso em diferentes plantas 10 minutos a cada hora, das 05h Ãs 12h. Avaliou-se tambÃm a eficiÃncia de polinizaÃÃo dos principais polinizadores. Para as anÃlises das caracterÃsticas (altura, peso, nÃmero de sementes, circunferÃncia polar e equatorial) dos frutos produzidos em funÃÃo do tipo de tratamento foram analisadas por meio da AnÃlise de VariÃncia, atravÃs do Programa SISVAR, adotando-se nÃvel de significÃncia de 5%. Trigona spinipes e Apis mellifera foram os visitantes mais freqÃentes, tendo uma maior freqÃÃncia de visita das 6h Ãs 9h. Todas as espÃcies de visitantes forrageavam a procura de nÃctar. As flores de Curcubita moschata que nÃo receberam visitas nÃo frutificaram. As flores que receberam o tratamento de polinizaÃÃo manual cruzada obtiveram um nÃmero menor de vingamento comparadas à polinizaÃÃo restrita, indicando um possÃvel dÃficit de grÃos de pÃlen depositado em seu estigma. PorÃm em relaÃÃo à qualidade dos frutos a polinizaÃÃo manual cruzada foi tÃo eficaz (P<0,05) quanto à polinizaÃÃo livre. Para o estudo da eficiÃncia polinizadora da Trigona spinipes verificou-se o estabelecimento de frutos apÃs uma, duas, trÃs e quatro visitas. Houve diferenÃa significativa (P<0,05) do vingamento dos frutos em relaÃÃo ao nÃmero de visitas. PorÃm nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa (P<0,05) do peso em relaÃÃo ao nÃmero de visitas. Entretanto quanto maior o nÃmero de visitas, maior foi o nÃmero de sementes, altura e circunferÃncia tanto equatorial como polar (P<0,05). Entretanto nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa (P<0,05) no nÃmero de semente e a altura, apÃs a terceira visita e circunferÃncia (equatorial e polar) apÃs a segunda visita. O trabalho mostrou que a abÃbora à altamente dependente de agentes polinizadores biÃticos; que Trigona spinipes à o principal polinizador da cultura na Ãrea estudada e que no intervalo de uma a quatro visitas de T. spinipes, quanto maior for esse nÃmero, maior serà o vingamento e qualidade dos frutos. / This work was aimed at studying the pollination requirements of pumpkin (Curcubita moschata D.) jacarezinho variety, its flower visitors and potential pollinators of this culture. The study was conducted from October 2009 to February 2010, at the Agriculture I sector of Instituto Federal de Alagoa of Campus Satuba, city of Satuba-AL. The pumpkin crop was established following all cultural practices to lead the culture and was intercropped with banana (Musa acuminata). The planted area had 0.3 hectares, with 500 plants. To determine the requirement for pollination studied the efficiency of open pollination, manual cross-pollination and restricted pollination. Floral visitors were collected randomly in different plants 10 minutes every hour, from 05 a.m. to 12 a.m.. It was also evaluated the pollination efficiency of the main pollinators. For the analysis of characteristics (height, weight, number of seeds, polar and equatorial circumference) of fruit produced according to the type of treatment were analyzed using analysis of variance, through the Program SISVAR, adopting a significance level of 5 %. Trigona spinipes and Apis mellifera were the most frequent visitors, with a greater frequency of visits from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m.. All species of visitors foraging nectar. The flowers Curcubita moschata which received no visits werenât fruitful. The flowers that received treatment manual cross-pollination had fewer fruit set compared with restricted pollination, indicating a possible deficit of pollen grains deposited on its stigma. But in relation to fruit quality manual cross pollination was as effective as the open-pollinated. To study the efficiency of pollinator Trigona spinipes it was checked the settlement of fruit after one, two, three and four visits. There was statistically significant difference (P <0.05) of fruit set in relation to the number of visits. But there was no significant difference (P <0.05) on weight compared with the number of visits the greater was the number of visits, the greater the number of seeds, height and circumference both polar and equatorial (P <0.05). However there was no significant difference (P <0.05) in the number of seed and the height after the third visit and circumference (equatorial and polar) after the second visit. The work showed that the pumpkin is highly dependent on biotic pollinators; Trigona spinipes which is the main pollinator of the crop in the study area and in the range of one to four visit of Trigona spinipes, the higher the number, the higher the fruit set and fruit quality.

Entre as hospedeiras de invasão sistêmica do vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro - estirpe mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus type P; PRSV-P) encontram-se espécies de cucurbitáceas, cuja suscetibilidade à transmissão experimental, mecânica e com afídeos, é variável. A literatura nacional e internacional apresenta resultados distintos quanto à recuperação desse vírus a partir de cucurbitáceas presentes próximas ou no interior de plantios de mamoeiros infectados com esse vírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em casa de vegetação a suscetibilidade de quatro espécies de cucurbitáceas a cinco isolados do PRSV-P obtidos de diferentes regiões do Brasil e inoculados de forma mecânica. Visou também estudar a infecção natural de cucurbitáceas cultivadas nas entrelinhas ou próximas de mamoeiros com mosaico. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho em casa-de-vegetação os isolados do PRSV-P mantidos em mamoeiros, foram inoculados nos cotilédones de abobrinha de moita cv. Caserta, moranga cv. Exposição, pepino híbrido Primepack Plus e melancia cv. Crimson Sweet. As plantas foram avaliadas com base nos sintomas e indexadas por PTA-ELISA, e recuperação biológica do biótipo P do PRSV através de inoculações em mamoeiro. A confirmação da infecção dos mamoeiros foi realizada da mesma forma, por sintomatologia e indexação por PTA-ELISA. A abobrinha de moita foi a espécie mais suscetível aos cinco isolados do PRSV-P, seguida da melancia e do pepino. Não foi possível transmitir o vírus a moranga cv. Exposição. Para estudar a infecção natural realizou-se um ensaio com plantas de abobrinha de moita em Linhares-ES, três ensaios independentes em Rinópolis-SP e quatro em Piracicaba-SP, incluindo-se nessa última localidade a melancia e o pepino. Depois de aproximadamente 40 a 60 dias de exposição em campo coletaram-se amostras individuais ou compostas (de 3 a 5 plantas) das folhas dos ponteiros das plantas para realizar a recuperação biológica do PRSV-P para mamoeiros em casa de vegetação. A presença de afídeos foi monitorada em Piracicaba durante a execução dos experimentos no campo. No único teste de exposição em Linhares, nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico mostrou-se infectada com esse vírus. O PRSV-P foi recuperado da abobrinha de moita em proporções variáveis em 2 dos 3 testes realizados em Rinópolis, e em 3 dos 4 testes realizados em Piracicaba. Nenhuma planta de melancia e pepino cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico foi infectada com o PRSV-P. Não foi possível recuperar o PRSV-P de nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre 5 e 80 metros de distância dos mamoeiros com mosaico em Piracicaba. Foram capturados afídeos vetores do PRSV-P e foi possível detectar plantas infectadas com os potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV, o que demonstra a presença e atividade dos vetores de vírus. Os resultados confirmaram a suscetibilidade variável das espécies de cucurbitáceas ao PRSV-P. Embora a abobrinha de moita fosse a única espécie encontrada naturalmente infectada pelo PRSV-P quando cultivada entre linhas de mamoeiro com mosaico, a presença de cucurbitáceas nos campos de produção de mamoeiro, especialmente quando o controle do mosaico do mamoeiro é feito através do roguing, não é recomendada. / Besides Carica papaya, Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P) infects systemically only species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Their susceptibility varies according to the species/cultivar, virus isolate and the method of inoculation. Attempts to recovery PRSV-P from naturally infected cucurbit plants grown near to or among diseased papaya trees have shown distinct results worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta, Cucurbita maxima cv. Exposiçao, Cucumis sativus hybrid Primepack Plus, and Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet to five isolates of PRSV-P obtained from different regions of Brazil. It was also evaluated the natural infection of cucurbit plants grown between rows and in the vicinity of papaya trees infected with PRSV-P. The five PRSV-P isolates were maintained in papaya plants. Cucurbit plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were mechanically inoculated with each isolate at the cotiledonary stage. The plants were assessed based on symptoms and infection was confirmed by PTA-ELISA using extracts from the inoculated cotyledons and upper leaves. The same extracts were also mechanically inoculated on papaya plants in order to recover the virus isolate. Inoculated papaya plants were also tested by PTA-ELISA. Zucchini squash was the most susceptible species to PRSV-P, followed by watermelon and cucumber. Pumpkin cv. Exposição was not infected. To study the natural infection of zucchini squash cv. Caserta by PRSV-P, a trial was carried out in Linhares, State of Espírito Santo; three independent trials were carried out in Rinópolis; and four trials were carried out in Piracicaba, both regions located in the State of São Paulo. Watermelon and cucurbit were also included in some trials in Piracicaba. After approximately 40 to 70 days, leaf samples were collected and tested individually or in groups of three to five plants for the presence of PRSV-P by mechanical inoculation on papaya plants under greenhouse conditions. None of the zucchini squash plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Linhares was found infected by PRSV-P based on the virus recovery test to papaya plants. The virus was also not recovered from watermelon and cucurbit plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Piracicaba. On the other hand, PRSV-P was recovery from zucchini squash plants grown intercalated with diseased papayas in Rinópolis and Piracicaba. The number of infected plants varied among the trial. Several attempts to recover PRSV-P from innumerous zucchini squash plants grown approximately five to 80 meters from diseased papaya trees in Piracicaba failed. Alates of several species of aphids were captured in the field at Piracicaba. Also, innumerous cucurbit plants were found infected by the potyviruses Papaya ringspot virus type W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, suggesting aphids activity in the area. The results confirmed the variable susceptibility of cucurbit species to infection with PRSV-P. Although natural infection with PRSV-P was restricted to zucchini squash cv. Caserta grown among infected papaya trees, the presence of cucurbit plants in the vicinity of papaya orchards, especially where disease control is done by systematic rouging of diseased plants, should not be allowed.