Bakgrund: I Sverige har var femte elev i skolan utländsk bakgrund. Dessa elever kan ha svårt att finna sin position i skolan och kan därför behöva utökat stöd från skolsköterskor. Tidigare forskning visar att barn uppskattar att vara delaktiga och att det bidrar till hälsa och utveckling. Skolsköterskors kulturella kompetens möjliggör att främja delaktighet hos elever med utländsk bakgrund. Dock saknas tidigare forskning om skolsköterskors arbetssätt för att främja delaktighet hos elever med utländsk bakgrund.  Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva skolsköterskors arbetssätt för att främja delaktighet hos elever 6–19 år med utländsk bakgrund vid hälsobesök. Metod: Beskrivande design med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. En enkät med åtta stycken öppna frågor som besvarats av 117 stycken skolsköterskor yrkesverksamma i Sverige. Resultat: Skolsköterskornas arbetar elevcentrerat utifrån elevens behov och bakgrund. Detta beskrivs som: Att förbereda hälsobesöket och Att ha eleven i fokus. Slutsats: Skolsköterskorna kombinerar kulturell kompetens och ett hälsofrämjande arbetssätt genom befolkningsindividualisering för att främja delaktighet hos elever 6–19 år med utländsk bakgrund. Det framkommer dock en motstridighet i resultatet. Skolsköterskorna beskriver bland annat att de behandlar alla elever lika oavsett barnets bakgrund men att de samtidigt gör särskilda åtgärder när de möter elever med utländsk bakgrund för att främja deras delaktighet. Det kan innebära att skolsköterskornas formella och kliniska kulturella kompetens är otillräcklig och att utbildning inom kulturell kompetens kan vara betydelsefullt. Det kan även vara betydelsefullt att skolsköterskorna integrerar sin kulturella kompetens i sitt hälsofrämjande arbetssätt för att främja delaktighet för elever med utländsk bakgrund. / Background: In Sweden, every fifth pupil in school are of foreign background. These pupils may have difficulties in finding their position in school and society, and may be in need of increased support from the school nurses. Previous research shows that children appreciate participation in their own context and that participation contributes to increased health and development. Cultural skills may improve the promotion of participation in pupils with a foreign background. No previous research on how school nurses work to promote participation for pupils with a foreign background has been identified. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe school nurses approach to promote participation in pupils 6–19 years with a foreign background in health visits. Method: A descriptive design with qualitative content analysis. A survey with eight open questions answered by 117 school nurses in Sweden. Results: The school nurses are working pupil-centered based on the pupil’s background and needs. This is described as: Preparing the health visit and Focusing on the pupil. Conclusion: The school nurses combine cultural skills with health promotion to promote participation in pupils 6-19 years of foreign background. However, there is a contradiction in the results. The school nurses describe, among other things, that they treat all pupils equally regardless of background but at the same time they do specific efforts when encountering pupils of foreign background to promote their participation. This could mean that the formal and clinical cultural skills of the school nurses are insufficient and that education in cultural skills can be significant. It may also be important that the school nurses integrate cultural skills into their health promotion approach to promote participation for pupils with a foreign background.

<p>I have in this study examined, through qualitative interviews, how adults with foreign background that are pupils in adult education in Sweden, understand the concepts democracy and dictatorship. Their expressed understandings have been compared with their former life experiences as well as with the aim of the social studies to create a qualitative understanding of essential social concepts. My starting point is theories about the adult in leaning processes. It has been assumed that the adult interprets the world much through former life experiences. I have also relied on the idea that having a qualitative, more scientific, understanding of essential subjects is important for the adult as a member of society and participator in the on-going political debate. It should therefore be a central aim for educators in the social subjects within adult education to support a development of more qualified concept understandings among their pupils. In this study I have used the criterions of dr Roland Severin to define a qualified understanding of concepts. Such an understanding includes richness in meaning, structure, general description of cause and relation as well as the capacity to relate to different levels of abstraction. My conclusion is that the pupils in my study have very individual understandings of the concepts, especially the understandings of democracy. Their expressed understandings of dictatorship are in general less rich in meaning. I have found that their understandings are clearly influenced by former life experiences. In comparison to a qualitative understanding of concepts the pupils’ understandings both have strengths and weaknesses. The main strengths in their understandings lies in that they have structure and focus important meanings of the concepts. The pupils can also express their understandings in a concrete manner. The main weaknesses lay in that they lack sufficient meanings of the concepts to give them a exhaustive description. The pupils also tend to give more of concrete and less of general descriptions of the concepts. I have concluded that to support adult pupils in the development of more qualitative, and therefore more useful, social concepts educators should make use of the pupils’ collective experiences. By doing so more meanings of the essential concepts can be revealed and individual experiences can be connected to those of others to create generality in the pupils understandings.</p>

I have in this study examined, through qualitative interviews, how adults with foreign background that are pupils in adult education in Sweden, understand the concepts democracy and dictatorship. Their expressed understandings have been compared with their former life experiences as well as with the aim of the social studies to create a qualitative understanding of essential social concepts. My starting point is theories about the adult in leaning processes. It has been assumed that the adult interprets the world much through former life experiences. I have also relied on the idea that having a qualitative, more scientific, understanding of essential subjects is important for the adult as a member of society and participator in the on-going political debate. It should therefore be a central aim for educators in the social subjects within adult education to support a development of more qualified concept understandings among their pupils. In this study I have used the criterions of dr Roland Severin to define a qualified understanding of concepts. Such an understanding includes richness in meaning, structure, general description of cause and relation as well as the capacity to relate to different levels of abstraction. My conclusion is that the pupils in my study have very individual understandings of the concepts, especially the understandings of democracy. Their expressed understandings of dictatorship are in general less rich in meaning. I have found that their understandings are clearly influenced by former life experiences. In comparison to a qualitative understanding of concepts the pupils’ understandings both have strengths and weaknesses. The main strengths in their understandings lies in that they have structure and focus important meanings of the concepts. The pupils can also express their understandings in a concrete manner. The main weaknesses lay in that they lack sufficient meanings of the concepts to give them a exhaustive description. The pupils also tend to give more of concrete and less of general descriptions of the concepts. I have concluded that to support adult pupils in the development of more qualitative, and therefore more useful, social concepts educators should make use of the pupils’ collective experiences. By doing so more meanings of the essential concepts can be revealed and individual experiences can be connected to those of others to create generality in the pupils understandings.