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Landsbygdens Lockelse : En studie om svensk livsstilsmigration / The attraction of the countryside : A study on swedish lifestyle migrationFalkeling, Thea, Bergendahl, Nadja January 2020 (has links)
Bakgrunden till denna studie är vårt gemensamma intresse av landsbygden och dess utveckling. Denna studie undersöker vilka faktorer som spelar in när människor väljer att aktivt genomföra en migration från stad till landsbygd. Vår förhoppning har varit att hitta specifika faktorer som kan hjälpa framtida samhällsplanerare att göra landsbygden mer attraktiv. Vi har använt Benson och O'Reillys teori om livstilsmigration, såväl som de migrationsteoretiska begreppen push-pull-teori och downshifting för att analysera resultatet av genomförd enkät och kvalitativa intervjuer. Vi har till stor del fokuserat på ett geografiskt avgränsat område, närmare bestämt östra Värmland. Resultatet av studien visar att svaren till mycket stor del överensstämmer med varandra samt Benson och O’Reillys teori. De stämmer även överens med den tidigare forskning vi använt oss av. Vi har kommit fram till att konceptet downshifting kan innefattas av teorin om livsstilsmigration. De främsta orsakerna till flytt från staden till landsbygden visade sig vara olika pull-faktorer till landet, däribland närhet till naturen, kravlösheten och den upplevda gemenskapen med andra människor i samma område. Även push-faktorer som stressen i staden, mängden människor samlade på en liten yta och ekorrhjulet finns bland de angivna svaren.
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Travel Motivations of Chinese Students in the United States: A Case Study of Chinese Students in Kent State UniversityLiao, Dan January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Novel Current-Fed Boundary-Mode Parallel-Resonant Push-Pull ConverterPaolucci, Jonathan David 01 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
The inherent difficulty in designing high voltage power supplies is often compounded by demands of high reliability, high performance, and safe functionality. A proposed high step-up ratio DC-DC converter meets the exacting requirements of applications such as uninterruptible power systems, radar, and pulsed power systems. The proposed DC-DC converter topology combines a multi-phase buck input stage with a novel self-tracking zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) resonant output stage. Traditionally, the inclusion of multiple power processing stages within a power supply topology severely degrades the overall converter efficiency. Due to the inherent high efficiency per stage, however, this effect is minimized. The self-tracking switching scheme ensures that ZVS occurs across the full range of load variation. Furthermore, the switching scheme allows significantly increased flexibility in component tolerances compared to traditional resonant converter designs. The converter also demonstrates indefinite short-circuit protection and true ZVS during transient processes. Computer simulation and hardware analysis verify the efficacy of the topology as a rugged and efficient converter.
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An NMR study on solvent effects on chemical exchange of a push-pull ethyleneKhasawneh, Maysoon 09 1900 (has links)
Solvent effects on the chemical exchange of a push pull Ethylenes <p> Chemical exchange rates provide a sensitive probe of solvent effects in solution.
The push-pull ethylene methyl 3-dimethylamino-2-cyanocrotonate (MDACC) has three
exchange processes E-Z (the same as E' -Z'), E-E', and Z-Z', and we have measured
these rates in acetone-d6, chloroform-d, tetrahydrofuran-d8, toluene-d8, methanol-d4,
acetonitrile-d3, and methylene chloride-d2 through 1D 1 H.NMR at different
temperatures. From this we obtain ΔG+, ΔHt+, ΔS+ of activation for each solvent by
employing an Eyring plot. As the solvent changes, ΔH+ is approximately constant
whereas ΔS+ follows the solvent polarity. </p> <p> Since the equilibrium constant is less than one, we would expect it to increase
with temperature, but it decreases. This is seen in the Van't Hoff plot where the slope is
positive indicating that the process of going from the major site to the minor site is
exothermic, so not only is the rate governed by entropy effects, but also the equilibrium
constant between E and Z. </p> <p> The rotation between the C-N and the C=C bond occurs through a non-concerted
mechanism. Two reasons why this occurred was apparent through EXSY, since the
intensity of the off diagonal peak varies with different mixing time and second, the
rates from C=C rotation (E-Z) and C-N rotations (E-E' and Z-Z') are different at the
same temperature </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
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Lärosäten som pull faktor. In-, utflyttning och befolkningsutveckling i svenska kommuner. : En jämförande studie av geografiska influensfält och påverkan på befolkningsutveckling / Higher education institutions as a pull-factor. In-, out migration and population development in swedish municipalities : A comparative study of geographic field of influence and its impact on population developmentKäck, Staffan, Wikdahl, Rickard January 2023 (has links)
Denna uppsats ska studera hur befolkningsutveckling och flyttmönster påverkas av lärosäten i Sverige. Sedan 1990-talet har andelen utbildade med högre utbildning sett en ständig ökning. Lärosäten fick med högskolereformen 1993 större frihet hur utvecklingen skulle ske. Samtidigt förändrades utbildningens strukturer från att vara linjebaserad till att vara programbaserad. Detta ledde till att högre utbildning blev mer tillgängliga för individer vilket har lett till ökningen av utbildade i Sverige. Kommuner med lärosäten blir därför mer eftersökta till följd av en högre vilja av att utbilda sig vidare efter gymnasiet. Denna studie ska därför försöka besvara hur olika kommuner blir påverkade av de lärosäten som finns runt om i landet. Målet för studien är Sveriges 290 kommuner och de lärosäten som är belägna i olika kommuner som erbjuder en högre utbildning, 3 år eller längre eftergymnasial utbildning. Genom användandet av registerdata från Statistiska centralbyrån [SCB] baserat på befolkningen i Sveriges kommuner, ska studien belysa hur olika faktorer kan påverka hur flyttmönster kan synliggöras och förklaras. Trender ska synliggöras utifrån olika utgångspunkter som hur en kommuns socioekonomiska bakgrund påverkar flyttmönster. Även hur push-pull påverkar hur kommuner kan vara attraktiva för vissa och avvisande för andra, där ålder är en faktor i hur en livsstil förändras under tid. Denna studie ska undersöka hur befolkningsutvecklingen sett ut, genom att skapa cirklar med intervallspann på 50 kilometers avstånd från samtliga svenska lärosäten. De kommuner som faller inom detta upptagningsområde kommer att benämnas vara inom ett högre lärosätets influensfält då det även innefattar påverkan utåt genom en export och skapande av kunskap. Därav blir frågan om lärosätenas lokalisering har en påverkan på befolkningsutvecklingen genom sin dragkraft av människor, samt hur stark och hur långt sträcker sig deras influensfält? Studien synliggör mönster hur individer i åldersgruppen 18-25 i större grad flyttar från kommuner utan lärosäten och samtidigt ökar inflyttningen till kommuner med lärosäten. Den största minskningen visar sig vara i kommungrupper inom pendlingsavstånd till kommunerna med lärosäten. Kommuner kring storstäderna och kommuner med högre lärosäten upplever en tillväxt av deras utbildade befolkning och samtidigt en hög nettoutflytt av den yngre åldersgruppen. Samtidigt som en minskning sker bland pendlingskommuner och landsbygdskommuner ser de även en positiv nettoinflytt av äldre åldersgrupperna 46-55 och 56-65. Efter en viss ålder synliggörs ett förändrat flyttmönster med en högre flyttfrekvens från storstäderna och större städer mot pendlingskommuner, mindre stad/tätorter och landsbygdskommuner. Lärosätena har även påverkat kommuner utan lärosäten då generellt alla kommuner ser en positiv ökning i utbildningsgraden, även om den är liten eller i mindre utbredning jämfört med större kommuner. Denna slutsats tolkas bero på att många unga flyttar för högre studier men väljer sedan att flytta därifrån efter avklarade studier vilket ökat den nationella utbildningsgraden.
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Synthesis and reactions of cyclic ketene-N,N-acetalsYe, Guozhong 13 December 2008 (has links)
Cyclic ketene-N,N-acetal chemistry was explored. 2-Methylimidazoline and 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives were prepared from the condensation reactions of diamines with nitriles under Lewis acid catalysis and used as the precursors of cyclic ketene-N,N-acetals including the N-methyl and N-acyl cyclic ketene-N,N-acetals. The reactions of 2-methylimidazoline with excess benzoyl chlorides in THF or MeCN in the presence of triethylamine generate N,N'-diacyl-beta-keto-cyclic ketene-N,N-acetals. The corresponding reactions of 1,2-dimethylimidazoline under the same conditions form the ring-opened (Z)-3-((2-benzamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-enyl benzoates. The latter reactions feature the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, carbon-nitrogen bonds, and carbon-oxygen bonds in one operation. The reactions of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine with excess acid chlorides in Et3N/THF generate N,N-diacyl-cyclic ketene-N,N-acetals, with no further acylation on the exocyclic beta-carbons. In contrast, the reactions of 1,2-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine under the same conditions form N-acyl-N'-methyl-beta,beta-diketo-cyclic ketene-N,N-acetals, with the dual acylations on the exocyclic beta-carbons. Significant double bond torsion and elongation were observed by the X-ray analysis of an example compound from the latter reactions. The reactions of 2-methylimidazoline and 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine with 1,3-diacid chlorides, in the presence of Et3N in refluxing MeCN give highly functionalized potentially bioactive 1,8-naphthyridinetetraones. 2-Methylimidazoline and 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetra-hydropyrimidine can be viewed as tridentate nucleophiles which give four consecutive tandem nucleophilic attacks on electrophiles. The reactions of 1,2-dimethylimidazoline and 1,2-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine with isocyanates in refluxing MeCN gave bicyclic pyrimidinediones. The reactions of N,N'-dimethyl cyclic ketene-N,N-acetals with various isocyanates generated push-pull alkenes which have never been reported. Significant elongations and torsions of the polarized carbon-carbon double bonds in the novel push-pull alkenes were observed using the X-ray crystallography. The stronger pushing effect of the six-membered cyclic ketene acetal portion in a push-pull alkene, versus the five-membered analog, was detected by reactivity differences for the first time.
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Push-pull Tests to Quantify In-situ Naphthalene Phytoremediation RatesPitterle, Mark Thomas 04 March 2004 (has links)
Ten strategically placed push-pull wells were installed to determine in-situ degradation rates at a creosote contaminated site and to assess the contribution of hybrid poplar trees to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) remediation. Well positioning enabled comparison between contaminated and non-contaminated locations, as well as comparisons between locations with and without trees. Comparison of areas with and without trees enabled an improved understanding of the role that the phytoremediation system has on the overall degradation of PAHs at the site. Bromide, a conservative, non-reactive tracer, was injected in solution along with dissolved oxygen. Twelve push-pull tests (PPTs) were performed, of which three did not include naphthalene in the injection solution, so that the developed method could be evaluated, tested, and yield an initial set of rates to make seasonal and spatial varying in-situ comparisons. Method comparison used for rate analysis found the highest confidence in the method of Snodgrass and Kitanidis (1998) for zero order rates and the method of Haggerty et al. (1998) for first order rates. The largest zero and first order rates, 2.43 mgnaphthalene/L-hr and 1.25 1/hr, respectively, occurred at treed regions in June. Zero and first order winter rates at treed regions were greater by a factor of at least 2.5 when compared to non-treed regions. Degradation rates at treed regions were found to steadily increase by over four times from winter to summer. Results validate that decay variations attributed to phytoremediation can be detected with the push-pull method. PPTs performed at the Oneida site verified observed trends determined from six years of monitoring data, microbial characterization, and microcosm studies. / Master of Science
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Estudo de sondas orgânicas e estratégias de marcação fluorescente de DNA: da fotoquímica básica à microscopia óptica de super-resolução / Study of organic probes and strategies for DNA fluorescent labelling: From basic photochemistry to super-resolution optical microscopyLauer, Milena Helmer 12 May 2016 (has links)
A microscopia de fluorescência é uma das técnicas mais poderosas disponíveis atualmente, uma vez que proporciona uma combinação excepcional de alta sensibilidade na detecção, alta especificidade, além de ser consideravelmente não invasiva. Avanços recentes permitiram a detecção em resolução de subdifração, o que eleva sua potencialidade de investigação de um maior número de sistemas e, consequentemente, de avanço científico. O estudo de novas sondas fluorescentes é de fundamental importância para a aplicação em métodos avançados de microscopia óptica. Na primeira vertente da pesquisa, Capítulo 2, foi realizado o estudo fotofísico de uma série de compostos bisarilados derivados do anidrido maleico e de maleimidas sintetizados pela reação de Heck-Matsuda. Visando o aprimoramento do design dessas moléculas, foi realizada a ciclização fotoquímica de tais compostos, resultando em moléculas com anéis condensados, nomeados como derivados de fenantreno, as quais proporcionaram maior estabilidade fotoquímica. A dinâmica do estado excitado remete ao efeito push-pull, em que há um deslocamento de carga notável, mas não completo. Para os compostos com a substituição 4-hidroxifenil foi observado um processo de deslocamento de carga combinado com uma transferência de próton no estado excitado assistida por solvente. Ademais, o estudo dos compostos derivados de fenantreno em microscopia confocal demonstrou que as propriedades locais do solvente afetam a dinâmica de relaxação de fluorescência em diferentes meios condensados e que os mesmos são passíveis de serem aplicados a técnicas avançadas de microscopia de fluorescência. A segunda vertente desta tese, Capítulo 3, explora um sistema biológico em nível de uma única molécula. Especificamente, este capítulo concerne à investigação de uma metodologia ótima para a marcação fluorescente de DNA em sequência específica, através de microscopia de fluorescência com super-resolução. As reações foram conduzidas utilizando uma metodologia de marcação de duas etapas, de acordo com o princípio mTAG. Na primeira etapa, grupamentos contendo alquino terminal, azida ou amina primária são transferidos do cofator análogo ao S-adenosil-L-metionina para o DNA através de uma enzima metiltransferase. Foi utilizada a enzima M.TaqI, a qual tem como alvo a sequência 5\'- TGCA -3\' para modificação. Na segunda etapa é realizado o acoplamento do fluoróforo aos sítios funcionais do plasmídeo (pUC19) através de reações químicas bioortogonais, tais como reação click catalisada por cobre (CuAAC), reação click na ausência de cobre (SPAAC) e acoplamento do grupo amina primária com NHS-éster. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia direta de uma etapa, na qual o fluoróforo é diretamente transferido do cofator análogo para o DNA em uma única etapa reacional. Para acompanhar o desempenho das reações foi desenvolvido um ensaio single-molecule para a contagem do número de moléculas de corante ligadas a plasmídeos individuais. A topologia dos plasmídeos após a marcação foi investigada por imagens de AFM em alta resolução. A combinação de ambas as análises demonstrou que a reação SPAAC assim como a reação direta de uma etapa promoveram uma marcação fluorescente quase completa e a técnica de AFM confirmou que o acoplamento de fluoróforos não induziu danos à estrutura dos plasmídeos, os quais preservaram sua morfologia nativa, superenrolada. Além disso, os plasmídeos marcados foram aplicados com sucesso a procedimentos de transfecção em células de mamíferos, indicando que o DNA reteve sua capacidade de codificar informação genética, mesmo na presença de fluoróforos ligados. / Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most powerful techniques currently available, since it provides the unique combination of a high sensitivity in detection, a high specificity, and a considerable non-invasiveness. Recent developments have allowed the detection at a sub-diffraction resolution, which elevates its potentiality to investigate several systems and hence to go further in science. The study of new fluorescent probes is crucial for the application in advanced methods in optical microscopy. In the first extent of this research, Chapter 2, a photophysical study of maleic anhydride and maleimide derivatives, synthesized by the Heck-Matsuda reaction, was performed. Aiming at the improvement of the design of these molecules, a photochemical cyclization was carried out, resulting in molecules with condensed rings, termed as phenanthrene derivatives, which promoted more photochemical stability. The excited state dynamics rely on the push-pull effect, in which a notable, but not complete, charge shift takes place. For the compounds with a 4-hydroxyl substituent, a charge shift combined with an excited state solvent-assisted proton transfer was observed. Additionally, the confocal microscopy study of the phenanthrene derivatives showed that the local properties of the solvent modulate the fluorescence relaxation dynamics in condensed media and hence such dyes can be potential candidates for use in advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques. The second extent of this thesis, Chapter 3, explores a biological system at the single-molecule level. Specifically, this chapter concerns to an investigation of an optimal sequence-specific DNA fluorescent labelling, using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The reactions were performed using a two-step methodology, according to the mTAG approach. In the first step, moieties containing a terminal alkyne, azide, or primary amine group are transferred from an S-adenosyl-L-methionine analogue cofactor to the DNA by a methyltransferase enzyme. Herein, the enzyme M.TaqI was used, which targets the 5\'- TCGA -3\' sequence for modification. In the second step, a fluorophore is coupled to the functional sites of the plasmid (pUC19) using bio orthogonal reactions, such as the click reaction catalysed by copper (CuAAC), the copper-free click reaction (SPAAC), and the amino-to-NHS-ester coupling reaction. A direct one-step approach in which the fluorophore is directly transferred to the DNA from the analogue cofactor in a single reaction step, was also developed. A single-molecule assay was developed for counting the number of fluorophores associated with the individual plasmids. The topology of the plasmids after labelling was also investigated by high-resolution AFM imaging. Combining both analysis, the SPAAC as well as the direct one-step reactions were found to promote near-complete labelling and the AFM showed that the fluorophore coupling did not damage the structure of the plasmids and that their native, supercoiled, morphology was preserved. Moreover, labelled plasmids were successfully applied for transfection into mammalian cells, implying that the DNA retained its ability to encode genetic information, even while carrying bound fluorophores.
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Síntese de derivados da curcumina com propriedade push-pull ligados a carboidratosGonçalves, Carolina Passarelli January 2017 (has links)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Anderson Orzari Ribeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2017. / Uma estatistica do IARC (Agencia Internacional de Pesquisa sobre o Cancer) preve que 19,5 milhoes de pessoas serao afetadas pela doenca no ano 2025. Diferentes tipos de cancer podem ser tratados por cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia ou transplante de celulas. O composto 1,5-bis-(4-hidroxi-3-metoxifenil)-1,4-pentadien-3-ona (HB1) foi estudado pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa e exibiu destacada atividade antitumoral nos testes in vitro contra varias celulas tumorais humanas e mostrou uma taxa de toxicidade muito baixa. Outro composto importante obtido foi o composto 3-((Z)-3-cloro-3-(4-iodofenil) alilideno)pentano-2,4-diona (C21), que mostrou atraves de testes in vitro tambem uma elevada atividade antitumoral contra a celula tumoral B16F10 (IC50 = 0,73 ¿Êg/mL, na concentracao de 1 ¿Êg/mL apos 24 horas de tratamento) e baixa toxicidade contra celulas normais. Uma estrategia para aumentar a atividade antitumoral e a combinacao de hidratos de carbono com substancias biologicamente ativas. Um exemplo do efeito de associado a hidrato de carbono sao as interacoes especificas entre carboidratos e lectinas na parede celular, que contribuem para muitos processos de reconhecimento intercelular. O primeiro objetivo desta proposta foi a sintese de analogos de curcumina ligados a porcoes C-Glicosidicas. Iniciou-se com a C-Ramnosilacao utilizando a reacao de tricloroacetimidatos de tetra-O-benzil-rhamnosilo com fenois ricos em eletrons na presenca de triflato de trimetilsililo (TMSOTf) para obter ligacoes C-glicosidicas. Atraves da analise por RMN foi possivel observar a formacao do composto O- Glicosilado (15), o que e tambem muito interessante. A fim de obter os compostos (24) e (25) e subsequentemente obter novos compostos C-Glicosilados (28, 30, 35, 43 e 46) foram feitas varias reacoes sinteticas a partir da D-Galactose. O primeiro passo foi a acetilacao de todos os grupos hidroxilo livres e, em seguida, o grupo hidroxilo protegido com acetilo anomerico foi substituido por grupo bromo por tratamento com brometo de hidrogenio para obter o composto (17). Atraves da glicosilacao de Helferich, converteu-se o glicosido bromado (17) no galactopiranosido (18) um alilglicosido, que atraves das condicoes Zemplen proporcionou a obtencao do composto (19), que foi subsequentemente protegido pela reacao de benzilacao dando o composto (20). A desalquilacao anomerica foi realizada utilizando catalisada com cloreto de paladio (II), formando o produto (21), que foi convertido na lactona (22) pela oxidacao com o reagente de Dess-Martin. Com a reacao de Grignard, obteve-se o hemiacetal (23) e finalmente com trietilsilano e BF3.OEt2, obteve-se o composto (24) por reducao com rendimento significativo. A desprotecao total para grupos benzilas foi realizada por tricloreto de boro e o composto (25) foi sintetizado em uma hora com alto rendimento. / A statistic of IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) predicts that 19.5 million people will be affected by the disease in the year 2025th. Different types of cancer are treated by surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. The compound 1,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one (HB1) has been studied by our working group and exhibited high antitumoral activities regarding in vitro screening against several human tumor cell lines and showed very low toxicity rate. Another important compound obtained, was the compound 3-((Z)-3-chloro-3-(4-iodophenyl)allylidene)pentane-2,4-dione (C21), which has shown through in vitro tests also high antitumor activity against tumoral cell B16F10 (IC50 = 0.73 he specific interactions between carbohydrates and lectins on the cell wall, which contribute to many intercellular recognition processes. The first target of this proposal was the synthesis of curcumin analogues linked to C-Glycosidic moieties. It was started with the C-rhamnosylation using the reaction of tetra-O-benzyl-rhamnosyl trichloroacetimidates with electron-rich phenols in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate (TMSOTf) to get C-glycosidic linkages. Unfortunately the C-Glycosylated compound was not obtained. Through NMR analysis it was possible to observe the formation of the O-Glycosylated compound (15), which seems to be
also very interesting. In order to obtain the compound (24) and (25) and subsequently obtaining new C-Glycosylated compounds (28, 30, 35, 43 and 42) were made several synthetic reactions starting from D-Galactose. The first step was the acetylation of all free hydroxyl groups presents and then, the anomeric acetyl-protected hydroxy group was replaced by bromo group via hydrogen bromide treatment to obtain the compound (17). Through glycosylation Helferich the brominated glycoside (17) was converted into the galactopyranoside (18) an allyl-glycoside, which through Zemplen conditions afforded the compound (19), which was subsequently protected by benzylation reaction giving the compound (20). The anomeric dealkylation was performed using palladium (II) chloride-catalyzed, forming the product (21), which was converted into the lactone (22) by Dess-Martin periodinane oxidation. With the Grignard reaction, the hemiacetal (23) was obtained and finally with triethylsilane and BF3.OEt2, the compound (24) was obtained through reduction with significant yield. The total deprotection for benzyls groups was performed by boron trichloride and then de compound (25) was synthesized in one hour with high yield.
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Estudo de sondas orgânicas e estratégias de marcação fluorescente de DNA: da fotoquímica básica à microscopia óptica de super-resolução / Study of organic probes and strategies for DNA fluorescent labelling: From basic photochemistry to super-resolution optical microscopyMilena Helmer Lauer 12 May 2016 (has links)
A microscopia de fluorescência é uma das técnicas mais poderosas disponíveis atualmente, uma vez que proporciona uma combinação excepcional de alta sensibilidade na detecção, alta especificidade, além de ser consideravelmente não invasiva. Avanços recentes permitiram a detecção em resolução de subdifração, o que eleva sua potencialidade de investigação de um maior número de sistemas e, consequentemente, de avanço científico. O estudo de novas sondas fluorescentes é de fundamental importância para a aplicação em métodos avançados de microscopia óptica. Na primeira vertente da pesquisa, Capítulo 2, foi realizado o estudo fotofísico de uma série de compostos bisarilados derivados do anidrido maleico e de maleimidas sintetizados pela reação de Heck-Matsuda. Visando o aprimoramento do design dessas moléculas, foi realizada a ciclização fotoquímica de tais compostos, resultando em moléculas com anéis condensados, nomeados como derivados de fenantreno, as quais proporcionaram maior estabilidade fotoquímica. A dinâmica do estado excitado remete ao efeito push-pull, em que há um deslocamento de carga notável, mas não completo. Para os compostos com a substituição 4-hidroxifenil foi observado um processo de deslocamento de carga combinado com uma transferência de próton no estado excitado assistida por solvente. Ademais, o estudo dos compostos derivados de fenantreno em microscopia confocal demonstrou que as propriedades locais do solvente afetam a dinâmica de relaxação de fluorescência em diferentes meios condensados e que os mesmos são passíveis de serem aplicados a técnicas avançadas de microscopia de fluorescência. A segunda vertente desta tese, Capítulo 3, explora um sistema biológico em nível de uma única molécula. Especificamente, este capítulo concerne à investigação de uma metodologia ótima para a marcação fluorescente de DNA em sequência específica, através de microscopia de fluorescência com super-resolução. As reações foram conduzidas utilizando uma metodologia de marcação de duas etapas, de acordo com o princípio mTAG. Na primeira etapa, grupamentos contendo alquino terminal, azida ou amina primária são transferidos do cofator análogo ao S-adenosil-L-metionina para o DNA através de uma enzima metiltransferase. Foi utilizada a enzima M.TaqI, a qual tem como alvo a sequência 5\'- TGCA -3\' para modificação. Na segunda etapa é realizado o acoplamento do fluoróforo aos sítios funcionais do plasmídeo (pUC19) através de reações químicas bioortogonais, tais como reação click catalisada por cobre (CuAAC), reação click na ausência de cobre (SPAAC) e acoplamento do grupo amina primária com NHS-éster. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia direta de uma etapa, na qual o fluoróforo é diretamente transferido do cofator análogo para o DNA em uma única etapa reacional. Para acompanhar o desempenho das reações foi desenvolvido um ensaio single-molecule para a contagem do número de moléculas de corante ligadas a plasmídeos individuais. A topologia dos plasmídeos após a marcação foi investigada por imagens de AFM em alta resolução. A combinação de ambas as análises demonstrou que a reação SPAAC assim como a reação direta de uma etapa promoveram uma marcação fluorescente quase completa e a técnica de AFM confirmou que o acoplamento de fluoróforos não induziu danos à estrutura dos plasmídeos, os quais preservaram sua morfologia nativa, superenrolada. Além disso, os plasmídeos marcados foram aplicados com sucesso a procedimentos de transfecção em células de mamíferos, indicando que o DNA reteve sua capacidade de codificar informação genética, mesmo na presença de fluoróforos ligados. / Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most powerful techniques currently available, since it provides the unique combination of a high sensitivity in detection, a high specificity, and a considerable non-invasiveness. Recent developments have allowed the detection at a sub-diffraction resolution, which elevates its potentiality to investigate several systems and hence to go further in science. The study of new fluorescent probes is crucial for the application in advanced methods in optical microscopy. In the first extent of this research, Chapter 2, a photophysical study of maleic anhydride and maleimide derivatives, synthesized by the Heck-Matsuda reaction, was performed. Aiming at the improvement of the design of these molecules, a photochemical cyclization was carried out, resulting in molecules with condensed rings, termed as phenanthrene derivatives, which promoted more photochemical stability. The excited state dynamics rely on the push-pull effect, in which a notable, but not complete, charge shift takes place. For the compounds with a 4-hydroxyl substituent, a charge shift combined with an excited state solvent-assisted proton transfer was observed. Additionally, the confocal microscopy study of the phenanthrene derivatives showed that the local properties of the solvent modulate the fluorescence relaxation dynamics in condensed media and hence such dyes can be potential candidates for use in advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques. The second extent of this thesis, Chapter 3, explores a biological system at the single-molecule level. Specifically, this chapter concerns to an investigation of an optimal sequence-specific DNA fluorescent labelling, using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The reactions were performed using a two-step methodology, according to the mTAG approach. In the first step, moieties containing a terminal alkyne, azide, or primary amine group are transferred from an S-adenosyl-L-methionine analogue cofactor to the DNA by a methyltransferase enzyme. Herein, the enzyme M.TaqI was used, which targets the 5\'- TCGA -3\' sequence for modification. In the second step, a fluorophore is coupled to the functional sites of the plasmid (pUC19) using bio orthogonal reactions, such as the click reaction catalysed by copper (CuAAC), the copper-free click reaction (SPAAC), and the amino-to-NHS-ester coupling reaction. A direct one-step approach in which the fluorophore is directly transferred to the DNA from the analogue cofactor in a single reaction step, was also developed. A single-molecule assay was developed for counting the number of fluorophores associated with the individual plasmids. The topology of the plasmids after labelling was also investigated by high-resolution AFM imaging. Combining both analysis, the SPAAC as well as the direct one-step reactions were found to promote near-complete labelling and the AFM showed that the fluorophore coupling did not damage the structure of the plasmids and that their native, supercoiled, morphology was preserved. Moreover, labelled plasmids were successfully applied for transfection into mammalian cells, implying that the DNA retained its ability to encode genetic information, even while carrying bound fluorophores.
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