This thesis examines the political career of Marie de Guise in Scotland during the period 1548-1560. Challenging the conventional interpretation of Guise as the defender of Catholicism whose régime climaxed with the Reformation Rebellion, this study shows that she was, on the contrary, a shrewd and effective politique, whose own dynastic interests and those of her daughter took precedence over her personal and religious convictions. Dynasticism, not Catholicism, was the prime motivational force behind her policy and it is from this perspective that her regime is considered. The eight chapters of the thesis focus on two main themes. Firstly, that Marie de Guise's dynasticism, and political career as a whole, were inextricably associated with those of Mary, Queen of Scots, whose Scottish sovereignty, Catholic claim to the English throne and betrothal to the Dauphin of France carried with it notions of Franco- British Imperialism. And secondly, that Marie de Guise's policy in Scotland was dictated by European dynastic politics and, specifically, by the Franco-Scottish alliance of 1548-1560. Significantly more than a betrothal contract, the treaty of Haddington established a 'protectoral' relationship between the 'auld allies' whereby Henri II was able to assume control over Scottish military affairs, diplomacy and foreign policy as the 'protector' of Scotland. Guise's assumption of the regency in 1554 completed the process of establishing French power in Scotland, which was later consolidated, albeit briefly, by the marriage of Mary Stewart to François Valois in 1558. The overall success of Guise's dynastic and domestic policies, however, was limited. International considerations undermined her policies and weakened her administration. Yet the collapse of her regime came not with the outbreak of the Reformation Rebellion or her alleged defeat at the hands of the Congregation. Only with her death, did Marie de Guise's regime and French power in Scotland truly collapse.

The purpose of this study is to examine ordinary people’s resistance against the king and queen between the years of 1718 and 1790 in Sweden. This is done by examining court cases of treasonous and defamatory words used against the king and queen. The criticism and resistance towards the king and queen are analysed and compared to see how men and women in powerful positions were perceived differently. This essay also tries to answer how the dominant elite respond to the resistance. To analyse the everyday resistance, James C. Scott’s theories about hidden and public transcript are used. Criticism against the royal family was illegal in 18th century Sweden and was therefore often spoken in private settings. When the criticism or defamation was spoken in public places, it was often the result of drunkenness, outbursts of strong feelings or mental illness. The resistance found in these words can also be publicly displayed when the sender was disguised, either by anonymous texts or using a physical disguise. The king was the main subject of the critique; in 17 of 21 cases the king was criticised and the queen in 6 cases. These numbers includes cases where both were criticised. Criticism against the king often concerned political issues or a person’s discontent about something. In contrast, the queen was subject to slander against her character. The king was also more often represented as an abstract power figure in the analysed cases. This is connected to the king’s formal power, whereas the queen’s power was more informal. Both the king and queen was criticised for their reckless spending, since society’s divisions affected both men and women. Class also affected how the resistance was performed, where people from higher classes gave written criticism and lower classes tended to express their criticism more spontaneously.

Can a force that escalates conflict, deescalate conflict? Historically, religion has been a force that divides and unites. While most academic research has focused on the horror of religious wars, William Ury’s concept of the Third Side offers an alternate lens. The sovereignty conflict in Hawaii is rooted in a religious narrative meeting this criterion. The purpose of this research was to investigate how the Hawaiian Kingdom Nationals view the role that religion played in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom; and concurrently, how they perceive the role that religion played in reconciling their struggles. To understand how this force harmed and healed the Hawaiian Kingdom Nationals, a mixed method approach of ethnography and transcendental phenomenological was applied. Snowball sampling was used to identify each participant. Subsequently, the primary data were collected through interviews, observations, field notes and Queen Lili‘uokalani’s memoirs. Afterwards, the data were analyzed by implementing a descriptive phenomenological thematic structure revealing four emerging themes: the Lokahi Triangle, Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing, Peacemakers and the Hawaiian Kingdom Still Lives. Finally, these four evolving units illuminate the essence of each Hawaiian Kingdom National’s lived experience: There is a diamond in the Pacific, the aloha state, but it is not in a state of aloha. A storm of betrayal sent a tsunami of shockwaves through time leaving damaged souls in its wake. Yet amid the tumult a Queen’s prayer echoes in the wind. Her legacy is humility and forgiveness for all. In Paradise transformed, the aloha spirit blows in with the island breeze calming the raging seas of injustice.

This thesis has looked at the proximate mechanisms by which eusociality is maintained in colonies of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata. Unlike other typical primitively eusocial species, the R, marginata queen is remarkably docile and non-interactive and hence cannot possibly use aggression to maintain her status. Recent evidence hints at pheromonal queen signalling through the Dufour’s gland. Hence, queen-worker difference in Dufour’s gland composition has been studied in details. Queens and workers differ with respect to overall composition of Dufour’s glands, categories of compounds, and individual compounds as well. The Dufour’s gland compounds may be having a bouquet effect in queen signalling, with individual compounds being less important than the overall composition. The queen pheromone also appears to be an honest signal of fertility, as compounds that differ consistently between queens and workers are correlated with ovarian development of queens, and solitary foundresses and potential queens, who are intermediate between queens and workers in ovarian development, are intermediate in their Dufour’s gland profile as well. When the queen is removed from a colony, one of the workers (potential queen, PQ) shows high aggression, and if the queen is not returned, goes on to become the next queen of the colony. The aggression of PQ comes down as a function of time since queen removal, and correlated with this, the ovaries of PQ increase. Dufour’s gland profile of PQ is similar to workers immediately after queen removal, but comes closer to queens with passage of time. This hints at an interesting transition in maintenance of eusociality from “queen control” by aggression to “queen signal” by pheromone during the queen establishment phase. It has generally been assumed that one set of chemicals can carry multiple information, namely queen signal and colony signal. Initial statistical analysis of chemical composition data showed that perhaps both caste and colony signals can be conveyed by the Dufour’s gland compounds, but detailed analysis cast some doubt on this, as the Dufour’s gland compounds could not be separated into non-overlapping subsets with respect to importance in caste and colony discrimination. A bioassay showed that the wasps do not make colony discrimination from Dufour’s gland compounds. This suggests that the ability to statistically differentiate groups of organisms from their chemical profiles does not guarantee similar discrimination by the organisms themselves, emphasising the need for bioassays to resolve such issues.

The Silver Queen polymetallic vein system south of Houston, B.C., can be treated as a 2-dimensional problem for purposes of reserve/resource estimation. Complexities in obtaining reserve/resource estimates arise from (i) uncertainties in geological interpolation and extrapolation of the vein system, (ii) uncertainties in the distinction between vein and highly altered wallrock in some old drill logs, (iii) complex and multivariable geological character of the vein, (iv) a limited number of exploration drill holes and (v) a different support for drift and drill hole data. Each of these problems has been considered in detail. The study comprises geological analysis, data analysis, point kriging (analysis of thickness and metal distribution) block kriging and comparison of reserve/resource estimation by various procedures including ordinary kriging, inverse squared distance weighting, and polygonal methods. A novel component of the investigation is the use of correlograms (in reality, 1 minus the correlogram) as a substitute for the variogram in geostatistical estimates. This procedure was tested as a means of defining continuity of DDH and Drift assay data of differing support. Ordinary kriging of large polygonal blocks provides metal contents more or less comparable to but locally more conservative than polygonal results reported in a recent feasibility study. Differences are in part due to the use of somewhat different data for the two procedures. The effect of the volume of the selective mining unit on the recovered tonnage and grade is described and limitations of the indirect lognormal method are presented. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of / Graduate

The Queen Charlotte Islands are located east of the seismically active Queen Charlotte transform fault zone which separates the Pacific and North American plates. The fault zone is the locus of significant seismic activity and is distinguished bathymetrically by two steep scarps bounding a 15 to 25 km wide terrace. To better define regional seismicity characteristics, 16 portable seismographs and 6 ocean bottom seismographs were operated for 9 weeks and 5 days, respectively, during June to August 1983. Three hundred and seventeen events were detected; 130 events that were recorded on 3 or more stations have been located. Twenty' events were identified as possible blasts. Ninety-two of the located earthquakes lie along the Queen Charlotte transform fault zone, most within the 1949, Ms = 8.1, earthquake rupture zone along the inner scarp of the terrace. However, several earthquakes are located on the terrace and a few are aligned with the outer scarp where no activity has previously been observed. Most of the activity is well constrained to be less than 15 km in depth. Two areas of low seismicity were observed along the fault zone. Only two earthquakes occurred in the documented seismic gap bound on the north by the 1949 rupture zone and on the south by the 1970 M = 7.0 earthquake. They were both at -the southern tip of the gap. A similar region of low activity was observed for the fault along Graham Island. No major seismicity (M > 4.0) has been located in this region since the 1949 earthquake. Composite fault plane mechanism solutions were determined for five clusters of events along the fault zone. Events to the northwest of Graham Island are consistent with strike-slip motion along a fault in the direction of the Queen Charlotte transform fault. The four remaining clusters were located along Moresby Island. The mechanisms for these are dominated by thrust faulting with a component of compressional stress trending north-south. These events are interpreted as the result of oblique convergence between the Pacific and North American plate. Significant seismicity was located east of the main Queen Charlotte transform fault zone. Eighteen earthquakes, the largest ML = 3.8, were located in northeastern Graham Island and adjacent Hecate Strait - Dixon Entrance area. None could be associated with known faults. The focal depth of these events is well constrained within the crust so they could not be associated with a subducted plate. A composite fault plane mechanism solution determined for some of these earthquakes indicates a thrusting mechanism with north-south trending compressional stress. One event with a well constrained solution at a shallow focal depth occurred in southeastern Hecate Strait. This event could be associated with crustally pervasive faults identified in Hecate Strait. A magnitude scale based on the coda length of the earthquake signal was determined. Magnitudes were calculated for 265 of the events recorded during the study. For the complete data set a b-value of 0.55 ± 0.05 was determined. This value is significantly lower than values from other studies in the Canadian Cordillera, indicating that a greater percentage of the total number of earthquakes occurs at the higher magnitudes. However, the short period of recording and large magnitude seismic activity (4 earthquakes with ML > 3.8 in 9 weeks) might have biased the estimate toward a low value. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The level of organic maturation, thermal history, and source rock potential of Mesozoic and Tertiary strata in the Queen Charlotte Islands have been investigated with vitrinite reflectance measurements (%Ro rand)> numerical modelling (modified Arrhenius and Lopatin models), and Rock-Eval pyrolysis (source rock potential). The level of organic maturation increases from north to south and is primarily controlled by high heat flow associated with plutonism on Moresby Island. Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic strata are overmature on Moresby Island with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 2.40 to 5.80 %Ro rand Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary strata are immature to overmature on Graham Island with values ranging from 0.15 %Ro rand (Skonun Formation) to 2.43 % Ro rand (Haida Formation). Constant and variable geothermal gradient thermal regimes were numerically modelled with modified Arrhenius and Lopatin methods. Numerical modelling (assuming constant geothermal gradients) predicts high paleogeothermal gradients (45 to 90 °C/km) for up to 180 million years from the Late Triassic to the Tertiary. Variable paleogeothermal gradient modelling (utilizing a 30 °C/km background geothermal gradient) predicts peak geothermal gradients ranging up to 150 °C/km during Yakoun (183-178 Ma) and Masset (35-10 Ma) volcanism. The timing of hydrocarbon generation was estimated with numerical modelling. The levels of organic maturation for Mesozoic and Tertiary strata reflect the timing of plutonism and associated high heat flow. Triassic strata from west Graham Island and Cretaceous strata from north and south Graham Island entered the oil window during the Early Miocene and are still in the oil window. Jurassic strata in central Graham Island and north Moresby Island entered the oil window during the Bajocian and remain within the oil window. The Skonun Formation is generally immature except for strata at west Graham Island (Port Louis well) and at northeast Graham Island (basal strata in the Tow Hill well) which entered the oil window during the Late Miocene. Mean total organic carbon (TOC) contents are generally low (0.06 %) to moderately high (3.6 %) for Mesozoic and Tertiary strata. Some organic-rich horizons with TOC values up to 11.2 % occur in Upper Triassic (black limestone member of the Kunga Group) and Lower Jurassic (Sandilands and Ghost Creek Formations) source strata. Mesozoic and Tertiary strata generally contain gas prone Type III organic matter except for the Lower Jurassic Ghost Creek Formation and the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Kunga Group which contain oil and gas prone Type II organic matter and significant amounts of oil prone Type I organic matter. Lateral variations in TOC and the quality of organic matter (QOM) for Triassic and Jurassic strata are primarily related to the level of organic maturation. The strata have poor to good hydrocarbon source potential on Graham Island. High heat flow associated with plutonism on Moresby Island has overmatured the strata resulting in poor source potential on Moresby Island. Hydrocarbon source potential for Cretaceous and Tertiary strata is primarily controlled by the level of organic maturation and depositional patterns. The Cretaceous Haida and Honna Formation generally contain terrestrially derived Type III organic matter with poor to fair gas source potential. The Skidegate Formation contains a mixture of Types II and III organic matter with decreased (terrestrial) Type III organic matter input and increased Type II (marine) organic matter input relative to the Haida Formation. Cretaceous strata from Moresby Island are generally overmature and have poor source potential whereas equivalent strata from Graham Island are immature to overmature and have fair to moderate gas source potential. Generally immature coal and lignite from the Tertiary Skonun Formation have poor to fair gas source potential. Resinite horizons containing hydrogen-rich organic matter have good oil and gas source potential where mature. Siltstone and shale facies of the Skonun Formation contain moderate amounts of Type II organic matter and have good hydrocarbon source potential. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Natural resource management models simplify reality for the purpose of planning or management. In much the same way, an uncertainty model simplifies the many uncertainties that pervade the natural resource management model. However, though a number of uncertainty models have been developed, there has been little work on verifying such models against the uncertainty they purport to represent. The central research question addressed by this work is 'can a natural resource management uncertainty model be verified in order to evaluate its utility in real-world management?' Methods to verity uncertainty models are developed in two areas: uncertainty data models, and uncertainty propagation through process models. General methods are developed, and then applied to a specific case study: slope stability uncertainty in the southern Queen Charlotte Islands. Verification of two typical uncertainty data models (of classified soils and continuous slope) demonstrates that (in this case) both expert opinion inputs and published error statistics underestimate the level of uncertainty that exists in reality. Methods are developed to recalibrate the data models, and the recalibrated data are used as input to an uncertainty propagation model. Exploratory analysis methods are then used to verify the output of this model, comparing it with a high-resolution mass wastage database—itself developed using a new set of tools incorporating uncertainty visualisation. Exploratory data analysis and statistical analysis of the verification shows that, given the nature of slope stability modelling, it is not possible to directly verify variability in the model outputs due to the existing distribution of slope variability (based on the nature of slope modelling). However, the verification work indicates that the information retained in uncertaintybased process models allows increased predictive accuracy—in this case of slope failure. It is noted that these verified models and their data increase real-world management and planning options at all levels of resource management. Operational utility is demonstrated throughout this work. Increased strategic planning utility is discussed, and a call is made for integrative studies of uncertainty model verification at this level. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

GHOST TREE SOCIAL tells a coming out story of sorts. In terms of style, many of the poems are short, imagistic lyrics, though some are extended catalogues. Specific natural images—lakes, rivers, and snow—are often contrasted with cultural markers. The imagistic poems are thinking through the work of Sylvia Plath. The catalogue poems shift between diaristic, narrative, and critical modes, responding to the poetry of Elizabeth Bishop and the essays of Edouard Glissant. Voice-driven fragments disrupt the more traditional lyric poems. The fragments fall between formal lyrics like confetti from a gay club’s rafters; or the fragments hold the lyric poems in bondage. The lyric poem then re-signifies as form through resonances with the other discursive and poetic form of the fragment. Following critical writers such as Adrienne Rich and Audre Lorde, the re-signification of lyric form reflects the need for new signs for self and community organized queerly as opposed to more typical binary categories—man or woman, living or dead, rich or poor, white or black—where the first term is privileged and the second term often denigrated.

Cuckoo bees behave similarly to the well-known birds, cuckoos - they lay eggs in the nests of other bees. Proposed thesis charts the evolution of host specialization within the strictly cuckoo genus Sphecodes. According to the classical view based on the Red Queen hypothesis, parasites should gradually specialize during evolution to keep pace in the "arms race" with their hosts. Specialization is also perceived as an evolutionary dead end - narrow adaptation prevents change of host. To test these hypotheses phylogeny of tribus Sphecodini based on the partial sequences of five genes was constructed. For each ancestor has been by two methods of mapping ancestral characters (Bayesian method, Maximum Parsimony) specified, whether it was specialist or generalist and which kind of host or hosts it had. The results show that the original strategy of genus Sphecodes is specialization and generalists originated from specialized ancestors only recently. The results also show that the jumps between the hosts are common. These findings are inconsistent with the Red Queen hypothesis as well as with the view that specialization is an evolutionary dead end. Falsity of these hypotheses within the genus Sphecodes established also likelihood ratio test, in which the likelihood of model allowing two-way transition...