viii, 214 p. / In this study, I examine the various techniques used by poets to provide consolation. With Tennyson's In Memoriam, I explore the relationship between formal and thematic consolation, i.e., the ways in which the use of formal elements of the poem, particularly rhyme scheme, is an attempt by the poet to attain and offer consolation. Early in his laureateship after the Duke of Wellington's funeral, Tennyson wrote "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington," but this poem failed to meet his reading audience`s needs, as did the first major work published after Tennyson was named Poet Laureate: Maud. I argue that form and theme are as inextricably linked in Maud as they are in In Memoriam, and in many ways, Maud revises the type of mourning exhibited in In Memoriam. Later, I examine in greater detail the hallmarks of Victorian mourning. Although most Victorians did not mourn for as long or as excessively as Queen Victoria, the form her mourning took certainly is worth discussion. I argue that we can read Tennyson's "Dedication" to Idylls of the King and his "To the Mourners" as Victorian funeral sermons, each of which offers explicit (and at times, contradictory) advice to the Queen on how to mourn. Finally, I discuss the reactions to Tennyson's death in the popular press. Analyzing biographical accounts, letters, and memorial poems, I argue that Tennyson and his family were invested in the idea of "the good death"; Tennyson needed to die as he had lived--as the great Laureate. / Committee in charge: Richard Stein, Chair; Tres Pyle, Member; Deborah Shapple, Member; Raymond Birn, Outside Member

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T14:11:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andrerodriguesdesouza.pdf: 1851529 bytes, checksum: c9b62f26af4296734a019aad8efb36dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T12:57:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrerodriguesdesouza.pdf: 1851529 bytes, checksum: c9b62f26af4296734a019aad8efb36dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T12:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrerodriguesdesouza.pdf: 1851529 bytes, checksum: c9b62f26af4296734a019aad8efb36dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Em sociedade simples como vespas do gênero Polistes, rainhas podem regular a atividade de operárias. Contudo, investigações recentes demonstraram que esse não é o único padrão para o gênero. Existem espécies onde a atividade das operárias não depende da rainha. Essas descobertas motivam estudos com outras espécies para encontrar sistemas intermediários, que podem auxiliar no entendimento da evolução da organização social em vespas sociais. Neste estudo é demonstrado que rainhas de P. versicolor não monopolizam a regulação da atividade colonial e a estimulação física das operárias ao forrageio. Além disso, membros da colônia utilizam a agressão como mecanismo de estímulo ao forrageio. Esses resultados sugerem que a regulação da atividade de operárias em P. versicolor está mais próxima de um sistema descentralizado, auto-organizado e independente da rainha. / Regulation of worker activity in the social wasp Polistes versicolor : In simple societies like Polistes wasps, queens can regulate worker activity. However, recent investigations have shown that this is not the only pattern for this genus. There are some species in which some aspects of worker activity is not queen dependent. These findings motivate studies with other species to find intermediate systems, which may aid in understanding the evolution of work organization in social wasps. Firstly, it was demonstrated that queens of P. versicolor don`t monopolize colony activity initiation and don’t stimulate worker foraging. In addition, colony members use aggression as a mechanism of foraging stimulation. These results suggest that regulation of worker activity seems to be close to a decentralized, self-organized, queen independent system.

A pesquisa que intitulamos - Ektheósis Arsinoes: o culto de Arsinoe II Filadelfo, tem como objetivo analisar as razões, formato e alcance do culto religioso criado por Ptolomeu II Filadelfo para honrar a sua irmã-esposa. Sabe-se que a visão que os autores antigos e estudiosos modernos têm a respeito da rainha Arsinoe II era controversa no passado e continua a ser nos dias atuais. Da rainha ambiciosa a esposa devotada, poucos documentos existem sobre a sua passagem no Egito na década de 280/270 a.C. quando ela se tornou rainha durante o governo de seu irmão, embora a grande maioria dos testemunhos data do período que se segue à sua morte. Quem foi Arsinoe II Filadelfo? Por que Ptolomeu II estabeleceu um culto em memória de sua irmã-esposa? A importância de Arsinoe II pareceu residir na imagem de devoção popular que se criou em torno de sua pessoa, e que acabou favorecendo e prestigiando a dinastia Lagida. A nossa pesquisa se baseia em primeiro lugar na análise das fontes materiais, mas também das fontes textuais tanto do século III a.C. quanto de séculos posteriores. Partimos de uma exposição do fundo histórico em que se baseou e se constituiu a monarquia ptolomaica. Em seguida, refletimos brevemente sobre o papel e o status das rainhas helenísticas e faraônicas na antiguidade. No último capítulo, nos respaldando nos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da arqueologia do culto propostos por Colin Renfrew, fazemos uma longa digressão acerca das razões que levaram Ptolomeu II a estabelecer um culto para Arsinoe II nas esferas grega e egípcia da população. / This research, entitled - Ektheósis Arsinoes: Arsinoe II Philadelphus cult, has as its aim to analyze the reasons, the shape and the diffusion of the religious cult created by Ptolemy II Philadelphus to honor his sister-wife. It is well known that the historical character of Queen Arsinoe II has been controversial since the beginning of studies on Ptolemaic Egypt. From ambitious queen to dedicated wife, there are few documents regarding her life in Egypt in the decade of 280/270 B.C. when she became queen during her brother's reign. The majority of the testimonies are dated to the period after her death. Who was Arsinoe II Philadelphus? Why did Ptolemy II established a cult in memory of his sister-wife? Arsinoe's II importance seems to reside on the image of popular devotion created around her, which ended up favoring and giving prestige to the Lagid dynasty. Our research is based, first of all, on the analysis of material sources, as well as on the written sources both from the 2nd century B.C. and from later centuries. We begin with the discussion of the historical background of the ptolemaic monarchy. Next, we briefly establish some thoughts on the role and the status of the Hellenistic and Pharaonic queens in antiquity. In the last chapter, using Colin Renfrew's theoretical and methodological principles regarding cult archaeology, we make a long digression over the reasons that led Ptolemy II to establish a cult for Arsinoe II both within the Greek and the Egyptian population.

M.A. (Latin) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Det är dominans av män på ledande positioner i organisationer och på arbetsplatser. Det sägs bero på att de egenskaper som anses manliga enligt normen också tycks vara dem som är bättre lämpade för ledarskap. De enligt normen kvinnliga egenskaperna anses inte vara lika passande utan snarare exempel på det som inte eftertraktas hos en ledare (Powell, 2011, s. 3). Denna studie undersöker mäns perceptioner av kvinnliga ledaregenskaper. För att utföra studien och besvara syftet skapades frågeställningarna: ”Stämmer mäns, verksamma inom byggbranschen, perceptioner överens med stereotypen för kvinnliga ledaregenskaper? “ och “Skiljer sig perceptionerna beroende på ifall männen haft en kvinnlig respektive manlig ledare?” Könsstereotyper skapar psykologiska hinder för kvinnor att ta sig upp på ledande positioner. Detta leder till att kvinnor inte tror på att de kan nå dessa positioner (Wynn, 2017, s. 646; Leicht et. al., 2017). Överlag har kvinnor svårare att nå dessa positioner, detta faktum gäller även om de psykologiska hindren bortses från. Detta fenomen kallas för ”glastaket” och innebär att det finns en viss gräns gällande hur högt upp kvinnor kan klättra i hierarkin. Ett annat hinder som även kommer diskuteras är Queen-B fenomenet. Det innebär att kvinnor som lyckats komma förbi glastaket distanserar sig från och förminskar andra kvinnor för att kunna bibehålla sin position högst upp på företagsstegen. Empiriinsamlingen genomfördes med strukturerade intervjuer där respondenterna är män verksamma för kvinnliga respektive manliga ledare, samt kvinnor på ledande position på tre byggföretag belägna och verksamma inom Stockholms län. Resultatet som studien genererar är att erfarenhet grundar individers personliga perceptioner, medan ingen erfarenhet tyder på att individer förlitar sig på omgivningens uppfattningar och normer. Empirin lutar åt att män med kvinnliga ledares perceptioner om kvinnliga ledaregenskaper avviker från stereotyperna, medan män med manliga ledares perceptioner stämmer överens med dessa.

Effets de stresseurs environnementaux sur la fertilite des males chez l'abeille domestique apis mellifera l. en relation avec la fécondite de la reine. Dans un contexte de déclin des colonies d’abeilles mellifères, un appauvrissement de la qualité des reines, se traduisant par une production anormale de couvain et des renouvellements prématurés de reines, a été rapporté par les apiculteurs du monde entier. Partant de ce constat, l’hypothèse avait été émise qu’une atteinte de la fertilité des mâles (faux-bourdons), exposés aux stresseurs environnementaux, pouvait être responsable des défaillances observées chez les reines au sein des ruchers. Dans le but de vérifier cette hypothèse, des approches novatrices pour élever des faux-bourdons, en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire et en conditions semi-contrôlées, ont été développées. Les approches mises en oeuvre ont permis de démontrer que l’insecticide systémique Fipronil, la microsporidie pathogène Nosema ceranae et leur association avaient la capacité de générer des perturbations physiologiques de différents types chez les faux-bourdons incluant des altérations de la qualité des semences. De plus, les effets obtenus après les expositions à ces stresseurs ont montré que la fonction de reproduction de ces individus était particulièrement sensible à l’ensemble des stresseurs étudiés. L’insémination instrumentale de jeunes reines, avec des semences de mâles exposés au Fipronil, a mis en lumière une baisse de leur potentiel reproducteur résultant d’une diminution non seulement du nombre mais aussi de la viabilité des spermatozoïdes stockés dans la spermathèque. Considérant que le contenu de la spermathèque conditionne leur capacité à pondre et leur longévité, ces reines sont donc plus disposées à présenter des signes de défaillance pouvant se répercuter sur le fonctionnement général de leur colonie. Ainsi, les troubles de la reproduction induits par une baisse de la fertilité des mâles, exposés à une multitude de stresseurs environnementaux, pourraient en partie expliquer le déclin des colonies d’abeilles. De ce fait, une évaluation des effets reprotoxiques des substances auxquelles les mâles sont potentiellement exposés, pourrait être envisagée dans un cadre règlementaire à venir. Ainsi, les méthodes et les approches innovantes développées dans le cadre de ce travail pourraient représenter des bases pertinentes pour élaborer de nouveaux tests toxicologiques qui pourraient être utilisés dans la procédure d’enregistrement des pesticides. / In a context of honey bee decline, an impoverishment of queen quality, resulting in abnormal brood production and early queen renewal, has been observed worldwide. Hence, the assumption was made that fertility impairment of drones exposed to environmental stressors could explain the queen failure observed in apiaries. In order to test this assumption, original approaches to rear drones were developed in laboratory and semi-field conditions. These approaches enabled to show that the systemic insecticide Fipronil, the pathogen microsporidia Nosema ceranae and their combination disrupt drone physiology in different ways, including an impairment of the semen quality. In addition, results have highlighted the high sensitivity of the reproductive function of drone to all of these stress factors. The instrumental insemination of young queens with semen of drones exposed to Fipronil has shown a decrease in the reproductive potential of queens that resulted from a lower number and viability of spermatozoa stored in their spermatheca. Consequently, considering that the spermathecal content determines the egg-laying ability and the lifespan of queens, the risk of queen failure and colony dysfunction is higher. Thus, reproductive disorders, linked to a fertility decline of drones continuously exposed to numerous environmental stressors, could explain, at least in part, the phenomenon of honey bee decline. Thereby, an assessment of the reproductive toxicity of pollutants, including pesticides, to which drones are potentially exposed, should be considered in a future regulatory framework. In this way, the innovative methods and approaches developed in the frame of this work could represent pertinent bases to elaborate new toxicological tests that could be used in the registration procedure of pesticides.

At certain stages of a bumblebee colony life cycle workers lay eggs. Not all workers reproduce, however, since many continue to forage and care for the nest. This leads to questions regarding what differentiates a reproductive worker from a non-reproductive one. It is hypothesized that a form of reproductive competition takes place, where the most behaviourally dominant worker becomes reproductively dominant. The behaviour of orphaned Bombus impatiens pairs was recorded and aggression, social interactions, egg-laying, and ovarian development were identified. Experiment 1 examined the association between aggression and egg-laying. Contrary to the hypothesis, the most aggressive worker did not lay more eggs. When the ovarian development of workers was manipulated and two workers with developed ovaries were paired (Experiment 3), they were more aggressive than pairs with discouraged ovarian development. This provides support for the supposition that aggression and reproduction are related, however, it is only partial support as worker pairs with encouraged ovarian development did not lay more eggs. Since aggression is believed to be only one part of behavioural dominance, Experiment 2 studied the association between social interactions and aggression and reproduction. Results showed that when two socially active bees were paired they were more aggressive than pairs including one or two socially inactive bumblebees. No significant difference in ovarian development between socially active pairs and socially inactive pairs was found. Brood presence was also predicted to affect reproductive control. Experiment 1 found egg-laying and aggression were more likely to co-occur in the absence of brood. Results from Experiment 2 supplemented the first experiment since the absence of brood increased rates of aggression and ovarian development in pairs. Whereas the results confirm aggression has a role in worker reproduction the findings also reveal that behavioural dominance does not equate to reproductive dominance under all conditions. The primary contributions of this thesis were the development of a method to distinguish behavioural dominance from reproductive dominance and determining their relationship under different environments (brood presence) and experimental manipulations (ovarian development). These contributions further define dominance in Bombus impatiens.

Over the past couple of decades, women have conquered most obstacles in their effort to scale the mountains of leadership and management, seemingly only to fall at the last hurdle by purposefully derailing and mistreating each other. As a large percentage of the workforce in the Western hemisphere is composed of women, the likelihood of experiencing a female superior throughout their career is very high for both men and women, giving rise to the threat of dealing with the Queen Bee Syndrome. The antecedent aim of this master thesis paper is to explore the reasons that give rise to and legitimize the so-called Queen Bee phenomenon, which describes a usually senior female holding a higher leadership-position, who actively opposes the rise of other females in male-dominated organizations, in connection to the Millennial Generation. For this purpose, the methodology approach of Grounded Theory was chosen, first and foremost establishing a theoretical framework comprising literature gathered from academic journals, professional and specific print and sources, as well as relevant writings from contemporary and topical media channels, such as the New York Times newspaper, or the Harvard Business Review. Second, a qualitative empirical study was conducted, for which several women from both the Millennial and its predecessor generation were interviewed, in order to explore opinions on perceived biases against female leaders and managers which, among other things may lead to typical Queen Bee behavior, its provenances, and their implications for business women and organizations. The gained insights are culminating in the emergence of a new theory, according to which female Millennials’ inherent narcissistic tendencies may not hinder them to pursue much-needed mentoring relationships with other females and even suggest the possibility of a diminishment of the dreaded female bully-boss paradigm.

This dissertation is a fragment of a larger -project that explores the works of five major oral mythtellers from Haida Gwaii, whose myths were transcribed in 1900 and 1901 by John Swanton: Haayas of the Hliiyalang Qiighawaay (Isaac Haias), Kingagwaaw of the Ghaw Sttlan Llanagaay (Walter Kingagwo), Gumsiiwa of the Xhiida Xhaaydaghaay (Job Moody), Ghandl of the Qayahl Llaanas (Walter McGregor) and Skaay of the Qquuna Qiighawaay (John Sky). While this larger frame constitutes the overall context, the thesis itself focuses on several myths that in their turn form only a small part of a larger whole, a part that is representative and unique at the same time: Skaay's Qquuna Cycle. The focus of the dissertation thus mirrors the structure of Skaay's work, which consists - to use one of Skaay's central images - of a series of boxes within boxes. The method of investigation is polyphonic, that is, a variety of different voices and discourses - including academic monologues, fictional dialogues, narratives, poems, autobiographical accounts, and various quotations - combine in order to do justice not only to the complexity of the myths but also to their inherent openness that allows a myriad of different readings, each of which depends on the concrete situation in which the myth is read or told (including social, historical and political conditions), the cultural background of the listener / reader and his or her familiarity with Haida culture, the individuality and predispositions of the listener/reader, and much more. What is in the innermost box of the myths, the dissertation concludes, will be something different for each listener/reader. Since the most important voice in the polyphonic choir is that of the mythteller, Skaay in this case, the analyzed myths are quoted in full length in Haida. Most of them are accompanied, for copyright reasons, not by Robert Bringhurst's poetic translations (which are easily accessible in Skaay's Being in Being) but by a modified version of Swanton's translations from 1905. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Thanks to the progress in genetic methods in population ecology, many critical discoveries were recently made in the field of reproductive strategies of social insect. Among them is the description of mixed reproductive strategies, combining advantages of sexual reproduction with thelytokous parthenogenesis. The queens of such species produce sterile castes through classical sexual process from fertilized eggs, while future queens develop asexually from unfertilized eggs. This original breeding system was first described in several genera of ants, but it was found very recently, that it is not restricted to social Hymenoptera, since it has been identified also in the phylogenetically remote eusocial clade of termites. Switching between the sexual process and thelytokous parthenogenesis, now known as Asexual Queen Succession (AQS), which enables a continuity of genetically almost identical queen generations after the death of the founding primary queen, was first reported only in one genus of lower termites, i.e. Reticulitermes. Recently, our research group participated at the identification of AQS in four other species from two subfamilies in higher termites. One of these species is Silvestritermes minutus. This species is locally abundant in French Guiana and lives in small, well shaped nests on...