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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Evaluation of Heat Mapping Techniques – the Case of Linköping

Zhao, Pei January 2023 (has links)
Land surface temperature (LST) and mean radiant temperature (MRT) are commonly used as proxies to evaluate urban heat environments. Many scholars use one of them to represent heat exposure when assessing the urban thermal environment. This research fills a research gap by analyzing two meteorological parameters simultaneously through correlation analysis, hotspot analysis, and the distinctive information they respectively express with the results of vulnerable population distribution based on the case of Linköping. Scatter plots are used to explore the correlation between LST and MRT, and hot spot analysis is applied to investigate their spatial patterns through the clusters of hot and cold spots. Furthermore, the distribution of vulnerable populations is assessed and visualized through a vulnerability index. The results show that there is a moderate positive linear correlation between the mean values of LST and MRT for the whole study area. They have different spatial patterns based on the results of the hot spot analysis. The comparison of different meteorological parameters to the vulnerability index also shows variations in high heat risk areas. All of these conclude that LST or MRT could, to some extent, be presented as references to each other; however, they cannot be used interchangeably as proxies for urban heat exposure. When developing urban thermal adaptation strategies, it is necessary for municipalities to select the parameters appropriately according to the purpose and requirements and to understand what the chosen parameters can and cannot convey.
52

Performance analysis and validation of high-temperature cooling panels in passive geothermal system

JImenez Lopez, Carlos January 2018 (has links)
High Temperature Cooling, HTC, is a thermal conditioning strategy, which aims to reducemixing and transfer heat losses. Cooling capacity strongly depends on heat transfer coefficientsand offers a great response and several advantages in terms of efficiency and sustainability.Among the advantages, there is evidence that HTC offers an increment of energy efficiency ofHVAC systems, provision of healthier and more comfortable indoor climate and provide widepotentials for the applications of renewable. This principle leads to a higher energy efficiency ofwater-based radiant cooling systems.This paper intends to focus on the research of the thermal capacity and performance of a newalternative. This is where Cooling Radiant Ceiling Panels, CRCP, becomes a major innovationwithin the sector and begin to take on certain relevance. The cooling capacity curve of thisparticular CRCP panels has been only measured in an idealized room environment according toDIN EN 14240. Thus, further studies of this key parameter through climate chamber testingand Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, CFD, are necessary. CFD particularly focuseson fluids in motion, their behavior and their influences in complex processes such as heat transfer.The fluid motion can be described through fundamental mathematical equations and it isbecoming widely used within the building sector.Two different cases are going to be investigated. The first case will determine the mostoptimal peripheral gap to enhance cooling performance through Natural Convection, NC. Thisstudy states the existence of a peripheral gap around the panels has proven to be inefficientin terms of enhancing natural convection in the climate chamber. The second case is aboutcalculating the cooling capacity as a function of the internal heat loads. The cooling capacity ofthe CRCP panels followed an expected behavior. The R-squared factor of the linear regressionwas found to be 0.986, hence, it does not affect the performance of the CRCP panels dependingon the inclusion of the IHLs.This thesis provides the necessary information for the implementation of CRCP panels anddifferent possible operating environments, including considerations, limitations and recommendationsfor future implementation of this strategy.
53

Modulating Photochromism of Acylated Anthocyanins by Ultraviolet-Visible Excitation and Acylation Patterns for the Expansion of Color Diversification

La, Ellia Hyeseung January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
54

Medições do saldo de radiação em copas de cafeeiros e limeiras ácidas por sistemas de integração espaço-temporal e estimativas por técnicas de modelagem / Measurements of net radiation of the canopy of coffee and acid lime trees in hedgerows by spatiotemporal integration systems and estimates by modelling techniques

Simon, Jones 16 June 2010 (has links)
A energia radiante absorvida pelas copas tem aplicação em estudos de fotossíntese e transpiração de plantas arbóreas. Sua determinação não é simples. Nas últimas duas décadas tem sido realizados trabalhos sobre interceptação de radiação por espécies arbóreas isoladas ou em renques, envolvendo tanto radiação de ondas curtas como de ondas longas (saldo de radiação, Rn). Uma técnica de medida de Rn utiliza radiômetros movendo-se em torno da copa de uma árvore (geometria esférica de medida) ou ao longo de copas de um renque (geometria cilíndrica). Uma alternativa é o uso de modelagem físico-matemática para estimativa de Rn, que também exige medidas para testar modelos. Considerando os poucos trabalhos nessa linha de pesquisa, o presente estudo objetivou: a) avaliar o desempenho de sistemas móveis de integração espaçotemporal de medidas de Rn em renque de um cafezal e de um pomar de limeira ácida localizados no Campus Luiz de Queiroz, USP, Piracicaba, SP; b) estabelecer relações do saldo de radiação das copas de cafeeiros (Rnc) e limeiras ácidas (Rnl) com o saldo de radiação de gramado (Rng) e irradiância solar global (Rg); c) avaliar o desempenho de três modelos físicomatemáticos de estimativa de Rn por comparação com as medidas realizadas com varredura da copa pelos saldo-radiômetros movimentando-se ao longo dos renques (geometria cilíndrica de medidas). Os estudos foram realizados nas quatro estações do ano e em três no pomar, iniciandose respectivamente no outono e no verão de 2008. Os sistemas integradores forneceram valores diários de magnitude coerentes com os de calor latente de vaporização da copa determinados por medidas de transpiração de uma árvore. O desempenho do sistema de grande porte utilizado no pomar exige testes adicionais. O curso diário de Rn em cada posição dos radiômetros em torno da copa mostraram padrões diferenciados conforme orientação do renque e época do ano. No cafezal foram encontradas muito boas relações de Rnc com Rg e Rng nas escalas de 15min, horária e diurna, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no inverno, na escala diurna, para Rng. Para o pomar, as relações de Rnl com Rg e Rng foram boas nas três escalas temporais, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no outono na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Beer apresentou altos índices de confiabilidade nas épocas do ano, nas escalas horária e diurna; e no pomar se mostrou confiável para inverno, mas não no verão na escala diurna e na escala horária apresentou menor confiabilidade. O modelo de Pilau apresentou boa confiabilidade para o cafezal no outono e menor confiabilidade nas demais estações, enquanto na escala horária verificou-se boa confiabilidade no outono e inverno; para o pomar, o desempenho foi satisfatório para inverno nas duas escalas temporais e insatisfatório para verão na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Oyarzun mostrou-se confiável na escala diurna, e menos confiável na escala horária no verão; para o pomar, apresentou boa confiabilidade em ambas escalas temporais no inverno e baixa confiabilidade no verão. / The amount of radiant energy absorbed by the canopy of trees has great application in photosynthesis and transpiration research. Studies of radiation interception by the canopies of an isolated or a sequence of trees in hedgerows have been carried out by a technique which employs moving radiometers around an isolated tree (spherical geometry of measurement) or along a part of a hedgerow (cylindrical geometry). This technique allows spatiotemporal integration of the values. Crop Modeling is an alternative approach to estimate the radiation balance of canopies (Rn). The present study had the following objectives: a) to evaluate the performance of systems for spatiotemporal integration of Rn measurements in hedgerows of a coffee and an acid lime crops at the Luiz de Queiroz Campus of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; b) to establish relations of the net radiation of the coffee (Rnc) and of acid lime plants (Rnl) canopies with grass net radiation (Rng) and incoming solar radiation (Rg); c) to evaluate the performance of three models of Radiation Balance (Rn), by comparing modem results with measurements by the moving radiometers along the planting row (cylindrical geometry). The coffee experiment was carried out all year long starting in the fall of 2008 while for the orchard only three seasons were tested starting in the summer 2008. Measurements of Rn by the moving systems were considered reliable, but it is recommended further testing of that of the orchard. The daily course of Rn for each measurement around the canopy showed different patterns for the two crops, in agreement with planting row orientation and season. Concerning to relations of Rnc with Rg and Rng integrated for 15min, hourly and diurnal periods, they were very good for the coffee crop in the three timescales, excepting for the 15min and hourly timescales in the summer and for the Rng for the diurnal period in the winter. For the orchard, the relations of Rnl with Rg and Rng were good, excepting for the summer in the 15min and hourly and in autumn for the diurnal timescales. The Beer´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop; while for the orchard it showed to be reliable in the winter, but not in the summer for the diurnal period; for the hourly periods it was less reliable. The Pilau´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop for both the diurnal and hourly periods during the fall, but less reliability in the other seasons; for the orchard, its performance was reliable for the winter in the two timescales and not reliable for the summer in the diurnal scale. The Oyarzun´s model showed to be reliable in the diurnal timescale and less reliable in the hourly timescale for the summer; for the orchard, it showed good reliability for the winter and little reliability for the summer.
55

Determinação de índices de ajuste no controle de sistema de condicionamento de ar do tipo \'teto frio\'. / Determination of adjustment indexes in control of \"cooling ceiling\" air conditioning system.

Ikeda, Marcelo Jun 14 May 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho é um estudo para a determinação de índices de ajuste em medidas efetuadas por sensores de temperatura do ar utilizadas em algoritmos de controle do sistema de automação do sistema de condicionamento de ar do tipo \"Teto Frio\". É um trabalho experimental baseado na coleta de dados de diversas variáveis ambientais em um laboratório que utiliza este tipo de sistema. Esse laboratório possui um sistema de climatização misto composto por circuitos de água gelada que percorre serpentinas instaladas em placas metálicas de forro, para troca de calor por radiação (retirada de calor sensível) e circuitos de ar, com distribuição de ar pelo teto, para troca de calor por convecção (retirada de calor latente). Seu funcionamento é controlado por um sistema de automação (hardware e software) específico. Este estudo pretende determinar índices de ajuste que, introduzidos nos algoritmos de controle do sistema de automação, corrijam as leituras de temperatura do ar realizadas no ambiente por sensores do sistema posicionados em locais que, embora esteticamente sejam os mais adequados, funcionalmente, não o são. Os resultados, concluídos através de método estatístico e recursos de representação gráfica, promoverão além do melhor entendimento das condições térmicas do ambiente oferecidas pelo sistema de \"teto frio\", a otimização da operação do sistema, isto é, a melhoria do conforto para os ocupantes e a conservação de energia. / The present work is a study to determine adjustment indexes in measurements made by air temperature sensors used in control algorithms of automation system applied to \"Cooling Ceiling\" air conditioning system. It is an experimental work based on data collection of several environmental variables at a laboratory which uses this kind of system. This laboratory owns a mixed air conditioning system compounded by chilled water circuits which pass through coils installed on metal ceiling tiles, for heat exchange by radiation (sensitive heat withdrawal), and air circuits with distribution by ceiling, for heat exchange by convection (latent heat withdrawal). Its functioning is controlled by a specific automation system (hardware and software). This study intends to determine adjustment indexes which, added in system control algorithms correct the air temperature readings accomplished in the environment by system sensors located in places that, although aesthetically are more suited, functionally are not. The results, concluded through statistic methods, and graphic representation researches, will promote beyond better understanding of thermal conditions of environment offered by this cooling ceiling system, optimization of system operation, that are a better comfort for the occupants and the energy saving.
56

Développement d'optiques multicouches pour la spectrométrie X large bande du rayonnement émis par les plasmas / Development of multilayer optics for X-ray broadband spectrometry of plasma emission

Emprin, Benoit 28 November 2014 (has links)
Dans le cadre de ses recherches menées sur la fusion par confinement inertiel, le Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives met en œuvre un spectromètre X large bande étalonné en absolu et résolu en temps, appelé Diagnostic de Mesure du rayonnement X. Ce diagnostic, composé de 20 voies de mesure, permet de mesurer l’émissivité spectrale d’un plasma créé par laser entre 50 eV et 20 keV. Nous avons développé des voies de mesure complémentaires aux voies existantes, afin d’obtenir une redondance et une amélioration de la précision de la mesure. Le principe de ces nouvelles voies de mesure repose sur un concept original permettant d’obtenir des fonctions de transfert spectrales bornées et constantes. Deux voies ont été développées pour les gammes spectrales 2 – 4 keV et 4 – 6 keV, utilisant des miroirs multicouches apériodiques réalisés au Laboratoire Charles Fabry en Cr/Sc et Ni/W/SiC/W, respectivement. Ces miroirs ont ensuite été caractérisés sur synchrotrons puis intégrés dans le spectromètre. Les nouvelles voies ont été utilisées durant des campagnes d’expériences laser-Plasma sur l’installation laser OMEGA à Rochester (États-Unis). Elles ont permis de déterminer la puissance rayonnée directement avec une seule voie de mesure par bande spectrale et avec une meilleure précision qu’avec celles utilisées habituellement. Les résultats, en bon accord avec les voies de mesure classiques, permettent de valider l’utilisation des miroirs multicouches apériodiques pour la spectrométrie X large bande. / Within the framework of the research on inertial confinement fusion, the “Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives” has studied and implemented an absolute calibrated time-Resolved broadband soft x-Ray spectrometer, called “Diagnostic de Mesure du rayonnement X”. This diagnostic, composed of 20 measurement channels, measures the emitted radiant power from a laser created plasma in the range from 50 eV to 20 keV. We have developed additional measurement channels to obtain redundancy and an improvement in measurement accuracy. The principle of these new channels is based on an original concept to obtain spectral bounded flat-Responses. Two channels have been developed for the 2 – 4 keV and 4 – 6 keV spectral ranges, using aperiodic multilayer mirrors made at the “Laboratoire Charles Fabry” with Cr/Sc and Ni/W/SiC/W layers respectively. These mirrors were characterized at synchrotron radiation facilities and integrated into the spectrometer. The two new channels were used during laser-Plasma experimental campaigns at the OMEGA laser facility in Rochester (USA). This allowed us to determine directly the radiant power with only one measurement within a certain spectral band, and with a better precision when compared with using standard channels. The results, in good agreement with the standard measurement channels, allowed us to validate the use of aperiodic multilayer mirrors for X-Ray broadband spectrometry.
57

Medições do saldo de radiação em copas de cafeeiros e limeiras ácidas por sistemas de integração espaço-temporal e estimativas por técnicas de modelagem / Measurements of net radiation of the canopy of coffee and acid lime trees in hedgerows by spatiotemporal integration systems and estimates by modelling techniques

Jones Simon 16 June 2010 (has links)
A energia radiante absorvida pelas copas tem aplicação em estudos de fotossíntese e transpiração de plantas arbóreas. Sua determinação não é simples. Nas últimas duas décadas tem sido realizados trabalhos sobre interceptação de radiação por espécies arbóreas isoladas ou em renques, envolvendo tanto radiação de ondas curtas como de ondas longas (saldo de radiação, Rn). Uma técnica de medida de Rn utiliza radiômetros movendo-se em torno da copa de uma árvore (geometria esférica de medida) ou ao longo de copas de um renque (geometria cilíndrica). Uma alternativa é o uso de modelagem físico-matemática para estimativa de Rn, que também exige medidas para testar modelos. Considerando os poucos trabalhos nessa linha de pesquisa, o presente estudo objetivou: a) avaliar o desempenho de sistemas móveis de integração espaçotemporal de medidas de Rn em renque de um cafezal e de um pomar de limeira ácida localizados no Campus Luiz de Queiroz, USP, Piracicaba, SP; b) estabelecer relações do saldo de radiação das copas de cafeeiros (Rnc) e limeiras ácidas (Rnl) com o saldo de radiação de gramado (Rng) e irradiância solar global (Rg); c) avaliar o desempenho de três modelos físicomatemáticos de estimativa de Rn por comparação com as medidas realizadas com varredura da copa pelos saldo-radiômetros movimentando-se ao longo dos renques (geometria cilíndrica de medidas). Os estudos foram realizados nas quatro estações do ano e em três no pomar, iniciandose respectivamente no outono e no verão de 2008. Os sistemas integradores forneceram valores diários de magnitude coerentes com os de calor latente de vaporização da copa determinados por medidas de transpiração de uma árvore. O desempenho do sistema de grande porte utilizado no pomar exige testes adicionais. O curso diário de Rn em cada posição dos radiômetros em torno da copa mostraram padrões diferenciados conforme orientação do renque e época do ano. No cafezal foram encontradas muito boas relações de Rnc com Rg e Rng nas escalas de 15min, horária e diurna, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no inverno, na escala diurna, para Rng. Para o pomar, as relações de Rnl com Rg e Rng foram boas nas três escalas temporais, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no outono na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Beer apresentou altos índices de confiabilidade nas épocas do ano, nas escalas horária e diurna; e no pomar se mostrou confiável para inverno, mas não no verão na escala diurna e na escala horária apresentou menor confiabilidade. O modelo de Pilau apresentou boa confiabilidade para o cafezal no outono e menor confiabilidade nas demais estações, enquanto na escala horária verificou-se boa confiabilidade no outono e inverno; para o pomar, o desempenho foi satisfatório para inverno nas duas escalas temporais e insatisfatório para verão na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Oyarzun mostrou-se confiável na escala diurna, e menos confiável na escala horária no verão; para o pomar, apresentou boa confiabilidade em ambas escalas temporais no inverno e baixa confiabilidade no verão. / The amount of radiant energy absorbed by the canopy of trees has great application in photosynthesis and transpiration research. Studies of radiation interception by the canopies of an isolated or a sequence of trees in hedgerows have been carried out by a technique which employs moving radiometers around an isolated tree (spherical geometry of measurement) or along a part of a hedgerow (cylindrical geometry). This technique allows spatiotemporal integration of the values. Crop Modeling is an alternative approach to estimate the radiation balance of canopies (Rn). The present study had the following objectives: a) to evaluate the performance of systems for spatiotemporal integration of Rn measurements in hedgerows of a coffee and an acid lime crops at the Luiz de Queiroz Campus of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; b) to establish relations of the net radiation of the coffee (Rnc) and of acid lime plants (Rnl) canopies with grass net radiation (Rng) and incoming solar radiation (Rg); c) to evaluate the performance of three models of Radiation Balance (Rn), by comparing modem results with measurements by the moving radiometers along the planting row (cylindrical geometry). The coffee experiment was carried out all year long starting in the fall of 2008 while for the orchard only three seasons were tested starting in the summer 2008. Measurements of Rn by the moving systems were considered reliable, but it is recommended further testing of that of the orchard. The daily course of Rn for each measurement around the canopy showed different patterns for the two crops, in agreement with planting row orientation and season. Concerning to relations of Rnc with Rg and Rng integrated for 15min, hourly and diurnal periods, they were very good for the coffee crop in the three timescales, excepting for the 15min and hourly timescales in the summer and for the Rng for the diurnal period in the winter. For the orchard, the relations of Rnl with Rg and Rng were good, excepting for the summer in the 15min and hourly and in autumn for the diurnal timescales. The Beer´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop; while for the orchard it showed to be reliable in the winter, but not in the summer for the diurnal period; for the hourly periods it was less reliable. The Pilau´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop for both the diurnal and hourly periods during the fall, but less reliability in the other seasons; for the orchard, its performance was reliable for the winter in the two timescales and not reliable for the summer in the diurnal scale. The Oyarzun´s model showed to be reliable in the diurnal timescale and less reliable in the hourly timescale for the summer; for the orchard, it showed good reliability for the winter and little reliability for the summer.
58

Thermodynamic aspects and heat transfer characteristics of HiTAC furnaces with regenerators

Rafidi, Nabil January 2005 (has links)
Oxygen-diluted Combustion (OdC) technology has evolved from the concept of Excess Enthalpy Combustion and is characterized by reactants of low oxygen concentration and high temperature. Recent advances in this technology have demonstrated significant energy savings, high and uniform thermal field, low pollution, and the possibility for downsizing the equipment for a range of furnace applications. Moreover, the technology has shown promise for wider applications in various processes and power industries. The objectives of this thesis are to analyze the thermodynamic aspects of this novel combustion technology and to quantify the enhancement in efficiency and heat transfer inside a furnace in order to explore the potentials for reduced thermodynamic irreversibility of a combustion process and reduced energy consumption in an industrial furnace. Therefore, theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out. The 2nd law of thermodynamics analyses of OdC systems have been carried out for cases in which the oxidizer is either oxygen (Flameless-oxy-fuel) or air (High Temperature Air Combustion, HiTAC). The analyses demonstrate the possibilities of reducing thermodynamic irreversibility of combustion by considering an oxygen-diluted combustion process that utilizes both gas- and/or heat-recirculation. Furthermore, the results showed that an oxygen-diluted combustion system that utilizes oxygen as an oxidizer, in place of air, results in higher 1st and 2nd law efficiencies. Mathematical models for heat regenerators were developed to be designing tools for maximized heat recovery. These models were verified by heat performance experiments carried out on various heat regenerators. Furthermore, experiments were performed in a semi-industrial test furnace. It was equipped with various regenerative burning systems to establish combustion and heat transfer conditions prevailing in an industrial furnace operating based on HiTAC. The tests were carried out at seven firing configurations, two conventional and five HiTAC configurations, for direct and indirect heating systems. Measurements of energy balance were performed on the test furnace at various configurations in order to obtain the 1st law efficiency. Moreover, local measurements of temperature, gas composition, and heat fluxes in the semi-industrial test furnace were performed to find out the main characteristics of HiTAC flame and the effects of these characteristics on the heating potential, i.e., useful heating in the furnace. In the case of HiTAC, these measurements showed uniformities of chemistry, temperature, temperature fluctuation, and heat fluxes profiles. The values of fluctuations in temperature were small. The high speed jets of the fuel and air penetrated deep into the furnace. The fuel gradually disappeared while intermediate species gradually appeared in relatively high concentrations and at broader regions inside the furnace. These findings indicate: a large reaction zone, low specific combustion intensity in the flame, low specific fuel energy release, and high heat release from this large flame. In addition to the thermodynamic limitations to the maximum temperature of the Oxygen-diluted Combustion, the low specific energy release of the fuel and the high heat release from the flame to its surroundings cause this uniform and relatively moderate temperature profile in a HiTAC flame, consequently suppressing thermal-NO formation. Heat flux and energy balance measurements showed that heating potential is significantly increased in the case of HiTAC compared to that in the conventional case, implying much more energy savings than the apparent heat recovery from the heat regenerators, and consequently much less pollutants emissions. Therefore, it is certain that this large HiTAC flame emits more thermal radiation to its surroundings than the conventional flame does, in spite of the moderate-uniform temperature profile of the flame. This intense heat flux was more uniform in all HiTAC configurations, including the indirect heating configuration, than that of the conventional-air combustion configuration. / QC 20101011
59

Thermodynamic aspects and heat transfer characteristics of HiTAC furnaces with regenerators

Rafidi, Nabil January 2005 (has links)
<p>Oxygen-diluted Combustion (OdC) technology has evolved from the concept of Excess Enthalpy Combustion and is characterized by reactants of low oxygen concentration and high temperature. Recent advances in this technology have demonstrated significant energy savings, high and uniform thermal field, low pollution, and the possibility for downsizing the equipment for a range of furnace applications. Moreover, the technology has shown promise for wider applications in various processes and power industries.</p><p>The objectives of this thesis are to analyze the thermodynamic aspects of this novel combustion technology and to quantify the enhancement in efficiency and heat transfer inside a furnace in order to explore the potentials for reduced thermodynamic irreversibility of a combustion process and reduced energy consumption in an industrial furnace. Therefore, theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out.</p><p>The 2nd law of thermodynamics analyses of OdC systems have been carried out for cases in which the oxidizer is either oxygen (Flameless-oxy-fuel) or air (High Temperature Air Combustion, HiTAC). The analyses demonstrate the possibilities of reducing thermodynamic irreversibility of combustion by considering an oxygen-diluted combustion process that utilizes both gas- and/or heat-recirculation. Furthermore, the results showed that an oxygen-diluted combustion system that utilizes oxygen as an oxidizer, in place of air, results in higher 1st and 2nd law efficiencies.</p><p>Mathematical models for heat regenerators were developed to be designing tools for maximized heat recovery. These models were verified by heat performance experiments carried out on various heat regenerators.</p><p>Furthermore, experiments were performed in a semi-industrial test furnace. It was equipped with various regenerative burning systems to establish combustion and heat transfer conditions prevailing in an industrial furnace operating based on HiTAC. The tests were carried out at seven firing configurations, two conventional and five HiTAC configurations, for direct and indirect heating systems.</p><p>Measurements of energy balance were performed on the test furnace at various configurations in order to obtain the 1st law efficiency. Moreover, local measurements of temperature, gas composition, and heat fluxes in the semi-industrial test furnace were performed to find out the main characteristics of HiTAC flame and the effects of these characteristics on the heating potential, i.e., useful heating in the furnace. In the case of HiTAC, these measurements showed uniformities of chemistry, temperature, temperature fluctuation, and heat fluxes profiles. The values of fluctuations in temperature were small. The high speed jets of the fuel and air penetrated deep into the furnace. The fuel gradually disappeared while intermediate species gradually appeared in relatively high concentrations and at broader regions inside the furnace. These findings indicate: a large reaction zone, low specific combustion intensity in the flame, low specific fuel energy release, and high heat release from this large flame. In addition to the thermodynamic limitations to the maximum temperature of the Oxygen-diluted Combustion, the low specific energy release of the fuel and the high heat release from the flame to its surroundings cause this uniform and relatively moderate temperature profile in a HiTAC flame, consequently suppressing thermal-NO formation.</p><p>Heat flux and energy balance measurements showed that heating potential is significantly increased in the case of HiTAC compared to that in the conventional case, implying much more energy savings than the apparent heat recovery from the heat regenerators, and consequently much less pollutants emissions. Therefore, it is certain that this large HiTAC flame emits more thermal radiation to its surroundings than the conventional flame does, in spite of the moderate-uniform temperature profile of the flame. This intense heat flux was more uniform in all HiTAC configurations, including the indirect heating configuration, than that of the conventional-air combustion configuration.</p>
60

Determinação de índices de ajuste no controle de sistema de condicionamento de ar do tipo \'teto frio\'. / Determination of adjustment indexes in control of \"cooling ceiling\" air conditioning system.

Marcelo Jun Ikeda 14 May 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho é um estudo para a determinação de índices de ajuste em medidas efetuadas por sensores de temperatura do ar utilizadas em algoritmos de controle do sistema de automação do sistema de condicionamento de ar do tipo \"Teto Frio\". É um trabalho experimental baseado na coleta de dados de diversas variáveis ambientais em um laboratório que utiliza este tipo de sistema. Esse laboratório possui um sistema de climatização misto composto por circuitos de água gelada que percorre serpentinas instaladas em placas metálicas de forro, para troca de calor por radiação (retirada de calor sensível) e circuitos de ar, com distribuição de ar pelo teto, para troca de calor por convecção (retirada de calor latente). Seu funcionamento é controlado por um sistema de automação (hardware e software) específico. Este estudo pretende determinar índices de ajuste que, introduzidos nos algoritmos de controle do sistema de automação, corrijam as leituras de temperatura do ar realizadas no ambiente por sensores do sistema posicionados em locais que, embora esteticamente sejam os mais adequados, funcionalmente, não o são. Os resultados, concluídos através de método estatístico e recursos de representação gráfica, promoverão além do melhor entendimento das condições térmicas do ambiente oferecidas pelo sistema de \"teto frio\", a otimização da operação do sistema, isto é, a melhoria do conforto para os ocupantes e a conservação de energia. / The present work is a study to determine adjustment indexes in measurements made by air temperature sensors used in control algorithms of automation system applied to \"Cooling Ceiling\" air conditioning system. It is an experimental work based on data collection of several environmental variables at a laboratory which uses this kind of system. This laboratory owns a mixed air conditioning system compounded by chilled water circuits which pass through coils installed on metal ceiling tiles, for heat exchange by radiation (sensitive heat withdrawal), and air circuits with distribution by ceiling, for heat exchange by convection (latent heat withdrawal). Its functioning is controlled by a specific automation system (hardware and software). This study intends to determine adjustment indexes which, added in system control algorithms correct the air temperature readings accomplished in the environment by system sensors located in places that, although aesthetically are more suited, functionally are not. The results, concluded through statistic methods, and graphic representation researches, will promote beyond better understanding of thermal conditions of environment offered by this cooling ceiling system, optimization of system operation, that are a better comfort for the occupants and the energy saving.

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