We use a 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code to study the polarimetric and photometric variability from stationary corotating interaction regions (CIR) in the wind of massive stars. Our CIRs are approximated by Archimedean spirals of higher (or lower) density formed in a spherical wind originating from the star and we also made allowance for a bright Gaussian spot at the base of the CIR. Comparing results from our code to previous analytical calculations in the optically thin case, we find differences which we attribute mainly to a better estimation of the total unpolarized flux reaching the observer. In the optically thick case, the differences with the analytical calculations are much larger, as multiple scattering introduces additional complexities including occultation effects. The addition of a Gaussian spot does not alter the shape of the polarization curve significantly but does create a small excess in polarization. On the other hand, the effect can be larger on the light curve and can become dominant over the resulting CIR, depending on the spot parameters and density of the wind.

Recombination line profile shapes are derived for ionized spherical stellar winds at radio wavelengths. It is assumed that the wind is optically thick owing to free-free opacity. Emission lines of arbitrary optical depth are obtained assuming that the free-free photosphere forms in the outer, constant expansion portion of the wind. Previous works have derived analytic results for isothermal winds when the line and continuum source functions are equal. Here, semi-analytic results are derived for unequal source functions to reveal that line shapes can be asymmetric about line center. A parameter study is presented and applications discussed.

La résolution numérique directe des problèmes de transport de photons en interaction avec un milieu matériel est très coûteuse en mémoire et temps CPU. Pour pallier ce problème, une méthode consiste à construire des modèles réduits dont la résolution est moins coûteuse. La littérature abonde de ce genre de modèles : modèles probabilistes (Monte-Carlo), modèles aux moments (M₁, PN), modèles aux ordonnées discrètes (SN), modèles de diffusion... Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux modèles PN dans lesquels l'opérateur de transport est approché par projections sur une base tronquée d'harmoniques sphériques. Ces modèles ont l'avantage d'être arbitrairement précis sur la dimension angulaire et ne présentent pas les défauts connus des autres méthodes (bruit stochastique, "effets de raies") pouvant briser les éventuelles symétries du problème. Ce dernier point est capital pour la simulation d'expériences de fusion par confinement inertiel (FCI) où la symétrie sphérique joue un rôle important dans la précision des résultats. Nous étudions donc dans cette thèse la structure mathématique des modèles PN ainsi que leur discrétisation dans le cas d'une géométrie 1D sphérique.Nous commençons par le cas du transport linéaire dans le vide. Même dans ce cas simple, les équations du modèle PN contiennent des termes sources d'origine géométrique dont la discrétisation s'avère délicate. Jusqu'à présent, les différents schémas utilisés étaient insatisfaisants pour les raisons suivantes : (1) mauvais comportement au voisinage de r = 0 (phénomène de "flux-dip"), (2) non préservation des équilibres stationnaires, (3) pas de preuve formelle de stabilité. À la lumière de récents travaux, nous proposons une nouvelle discrétisation qui capture exactement les états d'équilibres. Nous démontrons en particulier la stabilité en norme L² du schéma. Nous étendons par la suite ce schéma au cas du transport de photons dans un milieu matériel figé et nous nous intéressons au comportement du schéma en limite diffusion (propriété "asymptotic-preserving").Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons au couplage entre rayonnement et hydrodynamique. Devant l'absence de consensus sur les modèles "transport" d'hydrodynamique radiative issus de la littérature, nous établissons une étude comparative de ceux-ci basée sur leurs propriétés mathématiques. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux propriétés suivantes : (1) conservation de l'énergie et de l'impulsion, (2) précision des effets comobiles, (3) existence d'une entropie mathématiques compatible et (4) restitution de la limite diffusion. Notre étude se réduit aux modèles dits "mixed-frame" et une attention particulière est toujours portée sur l'approximation "PN" de l'opérateur de transport. Nous identifions des défauts (conservation ou entropie) sur des modèles existants et proposons une correction entropique conduisant à un modèle PN satisfaisant toutes les propriétés mathématiques listées ci-dessus. / Computational costs for direct numerical simulations of photon transport problemsare very high in terms of CPU time and memory. One way to tackle this issue is todevelop reduced models that a cheaper to solve numerically. There exists number of these models : moments models, discrete ordinates models (SN), diffusion-like models... In this thesis, we focus on PN models in which the transport operator is approached by mean of a truncated development on the spherical harmonics basis. These models are arbitrary accurate in the angular dimension and are rotationnaly invariants (in multiple space dimensions). The latter point is fundamental when one wants to simulate inertial confinment fusion (ICF) experiments where the spherical symmetry plays an important part in the accuracy of the numerical solutions. We study the mathematical structure of the PN models and construct a new numerical method in the special case of a one dimensionnal space dimension with spherical symmetry photon transport problems. We first focus on a linear transport problem in the vacuum. Even in this simple case, it appears in the PN equations geometrical source terms that are stiff in the neighborhood of r = 0 and thus hard to discretise. Existing numerical methods are not satisfactory for multiple reasons : (1) unaccuracy in the neighborhood of r = 0 ("flux-dip"), (2) do not capture steady states (well-balanced scheme), (3) no stability proof. Following recent works, we develop a new well-balanced scheme for which we show the L² stability. We then extend the scheme for photon transport problems within a no moving media, the linear Boltzmann equation, and interest ourselves on its behavior in the diffusion limit (asymptotic-preserving property). In a second part, we consider radiation hydrodynamics problems. Since modelisation of these problems is still under discussion in the litterature, we compare a set of existing models by mean of mathematical analysis and establish a hierarchy. For each model, we focus on the following mathematical properties : (1) energy and impulsion conservation, (2) accuracy of the comobile effects, (3) existence of a mathematical entropy and (4) behavior in the diffusion limit. Our study reduces to « laboratory frame » models and we are still interested in the PN approximation of the transport operator. We identify defects in entropy structure of existing models and propose an entroy correction which leads to PN-based radiation hydrodynamics models which satisfy all the properties listed above.

Du fait de son impact sur le climat urbain, le suivi temporel du bilan radiatif urbain Q*, avec prise en compte de sa variabilité spatiale, est un axe de recherche en développement. Q* est la différence entre l'éclairement (i.e., rayonnement incident) et l'exitance (rayonnement sortant) sur le domaine spectral qui englobe l'essentiel du rayonnement solaire (i.e., courtes longueurs d'ondes ) et de l'émission thermique terrestre (i.e., grandes longueurs d'ondes). Les images satellites optiques fournissent une information unique et indispensable mais très partielle, car uniquement pour la configuration d'observation (direction de visée et bandes spectrales du capteur satellite), alors que Q* est une quantité intégrée sur toutes les directions de l'espace et sur l'ensemble des courtes (Qsw*) et grandes (Qlw*) longueurs d'onde. Ces intégrations appliquées aux images satellites sont très compliquées du fait de la complexité de l'architecture tridimensionnelle (3D) urbaine, et de l'hétérogénéité spatiale des propriétés optiques et températures des matériaux urbains. Durant cette thèse, une approche originale a été conçue pour effectuer ces intégrations et ainsi obtenir des séries temporelles de cartes de Q* à la résolution spatiale des images satellites utilisées (i.e., Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, etc.). Elle s'appuie uniquement sur un modèle de transfert radiatif 3D, des images satellites et une base de données géométriques urbaine incluant le relief, le bâti (i.e., immeubles, maisons, routes, etc.) et la végétation (i.e., arbres, pelouses, etc.). De manière schématique, le modèle de transfert radiatif DART (www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr/dart), développé au CESBIO, est utilisé en mode inverse pour transformer des images satellites en cartes de propriétés optiques et de température de matériaux urbains, puis en mode direct pour calculer des cartes de bilan radiatif par bande spectrale satellite Q*Δλ. L'intégration spectrale des cartes Q*Δλ donne alors les cartes Q* recherchées. Toute série temporelle de carte Qsw* est alors générée efficacement à partir de cartes d'albédo direct (i.e., black sky albedo) et diffus (i.e., white sky albedo) pré- calculées par DART avec la base de données géométrique urbaine et des cartes de propriétés des matériaux dérivées de l'image satellite la plus proche. Ces cartes sont complétées par des données externes thermiques pour la construction des séries temporelles. Cette approche a été conçue et mise au point avec 3 villes de géométries et propriétés optiques très diverses : Londres (Royaume-Uni), Bâle (Suisse), et Héraklion (Grèce). Le projet H2020 URBANFLUXES de la Communauté Européenne a utilisé les cartes de Q* simulées pour estimer les flux urbains de chaleur anthropogénique via le calcul du bilan énergétique urbain à partir d'images satellites. La précision de l'approche développée a été évaluée via l'écart relatif EL des luminances des images DART et satellites (EL < 2% pour toute bande spectrale) et via l'écart relatif EQ* des bilans Q* simulés et mesurés par les tours de flux. En 2016, |EQ*|< 4.5% pour la série temporelle de 321 cartes de Q* de Bâle, et |EQ*|< 4.4% pour les 278 cartes de Q* de Londres. Cette possibilité de dériver d'images satellites des cartes précises de Q* est très prometteuse au vu de la disponibilité croissante des bases de données urbaines et des séries temporelles d'images satellites à haute résolution spatiale, et de l'amélioration des modèles de transfert radiatif 3D. / Optical remote-sensing imagery provide a unique and very needed information, but still a partial one, because only in the observation configuration of the satellite sensor (i.e. viewing direction and spectral bands), whereas Q* is an integrated quantity over all the directions and over the whole shortwave (Qsw*) and longwave (Qlw*) spectral domain. These integrations applied to satellite images are very complicated because of the complexity of the urban tri-dimensional (3D) architecture, and because of the urban materials temperature and optical properties spatial heterogeneity. Over the course of this PhD, an innovative approach has been conceived in order to achieve those integrations and thus obtain temporal series of Q* maps at the spatial resolution of the used satellite sensors (i.e. Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, etc.). This approach is using solely a 3D radiative transfer model, satellite images, and a geometrical urban database including the topology, the urban constructions (i.e. buildings, roads, etc.) and the vegetation (i.e. trees, gardens, etc.). Schematically speaking, the radiative transfer model DART (www.cesbio.ups-tlse/dart), developed at CESBIO, is used in inverse mode in order to transform satellite images into urban materials optical properties and temperature maps, and then in direct mode in order to compute radiative budget Q*Δλ maps for each spectral band of the used satellite sensor. Then, the spectral integral of those Q*Δλ maps leads to the desired Q* maps. Each temporal series of Qsw* maps is then generated efficiently from direct albedo maps (i.e. black sky albedo) and diffuse (i.e. white sky albedo) pre-computed using DART from the geometrical urban database of the considered city and optical properties derived from the closest satellite image. These maps are complemented by external thermal data for the computation of the temporal series. This method has been conceived and refined using 3 cities with very varying geometries and optical properties: London (United- Kingdom), Basel (Switzerland), and Heraklion (Greece). The H2020 project URBANFLUXES of the European Community used the simulated Q* maps in order to estimate the urban anthropogenic heat fluxes using the derivation of urban energy budget computed from satellite imagery. The precision of the developed method has been estimated using the relative error ER between the radiance images simulated by DART and measured by satellite sensors (ER<2% for any spectral band) and the relative error EQ* between Q* simulated and measured by flux towers. For the year 2016, |EQ*|< 4.5% for 321 Q* maps over Basel, and |EQ*|< 4.4% for 278 London Q* maps. This capacity of deriving from satellite imagery precis Q* maps is really promising in light of the always increasing availability of urban geometrical databases, of high resolution temporal series of satellite images, and of the improvement of 3D radiative transfer modeling.

Thesis. 1975. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 164-170. / by Gerald F. Herman. / Sc.D.

The Arctic climate has changed significantly in the last decades, experiencing a dramatic loss of sea ice and stronger than global warming. The Arctic surface temperature and the growth or melt of sea ice is determined by the local surface energy budget. In this context, clouds are of essential importance as they strongly interact with the radiative fluxes and modulate the surface energy budget depending on their properties, the surface types, and atmospheric thermodynamics. For the quantification of changes in the radiative energy budget (REB) associated with the presence or absence of clouds, the concept of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) is commonly used. This concept is defined as the differences between the REB in cloudy and cloud-free conditions, two atmospheric states which can not be observed at the same location and time. Consequently, either radiative transfer simulations or observations in both states have to be related, both of which complicate the derivation of CRF. A review of available studies and their approaches to derive the CRF reveals conceptual differences as well as deficiencies in the handling of radiative processes related to the surface albedo. These findings call into question the current state of CRF assessment in the Arctic based on the few available studies, but also their comparability. By combining atmospheric radiative transfer simulations with a snow albedo model, two processes that control the surface albedo during the transition from cloud-free to cloudy conditions and their role in the derivation of CRF are discussed. The broadband surface albedo of snow surfaces typically increases in the presence of clouds due to a spectral weighting of downward irradiance toward shorter wavelengths. For more absorbing surface types such as white ice and melt ponds, which are common in summer, there is a strong shift between the albedo of direct and diffuse illuminated surface, which diminishes the surface albedo depending on the cloud optical thickness and solar zenith angle. In this thesis, a hypothesis on the impact of those surface-albedo--cloud interactions on the annual cycle of shortwave CRF is discussed, but an application to inner Arctic conditions remains an open issue. An improved method to derive the shortwave CRF is proposed and an application to two airborne campaigns in the marginal sea ice zone northwest of Svalbard (Norway) illustrates the role of surface-albedo--cloud interactions in the Arctic in spring and early summer. For the longwave CRF, conceptual differences and the general interpretation of the different CRF estimates are discussed and illustrated for a case study. Radiative transfer simulations of a rarely observed annual cycle of thermodynamic profiles in the inner Arctic are used to study both longwave CRF approaches and the impact of thermodynamic profiles on the longwave CRF. Making use of airborne low-level flights in the MIZ and other available datasets, common seasonal radiative states on sea ice and case studies of warm air intrusions and cold air outbreaks are illustrated. The CRF is analyzed as a function of the observed cloud/surface regime, which is extended by radiative transfer simulations characterizing the conditions in this region and seasons.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第12813号 / 論理博第1539号 / 新制||理||1577(附属図書館) / 31300 / (主査)教授 嶺重 慎, 准教授 前田 啓一, 教授 長田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第20538号 / 地環博第159号 / 新制||地環||32(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 須崎 純一, 准教授 西前 出, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Accurately determining the solar abundance of beryllium is a key to calibrate transport processes at the base of convective zone, which in turn is an improvement upon existing solar models and general understanding of the physical processes within the Sun. To determine an abundance, assumptions about the solar atmosphere must be made. While it is common to assume local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) due to the simplicity this brings to the calculations, it is more accurate to assume non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE), because it better resembles the physics of the solar atmosphere, where observed spectral lines form. Non-LTE calculations require a model atom that will provide important information about the atom to the radiative transfer code in order to preform necessary calculations. In this project, the solar abundance of beryllium was studied with main purpose of calculating the non-LTE abundance correction to be applied on already known LTE abundances. This was done by creating a comprehensive model atom of beryllium, containing essential information about the atom’s states as well as radiative and collisional transitions coupling those states. Simulations using radiative transfer code were performed and their results analysed to compute non-LTE abundance correction for the solar 3D LTE abundance A(Be) = 1.38. Resulting correction was computed to be equal to +0.03, which, when applied on the LTE abundance,does not affect the abundance significantly, contrary to the -0.060 correction of Korotin &amp;Kučinskas (2021). A possible reason for this result might be that the model atom includes additional collisional transitions (Kaulakys collisions), omitted in Korotin+.