L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation du rayonnement thermique dans un réacteur nucléaire au cours d'un accident grave conduisant à la dégradation des crayons combustibles. Un réacteur étant refroidi par de l'eau, le rayonnement se fait en présence de vapeur et de gouttes d'eau. Le modèle de rayonnement est construit à partir d'expériences de dégradation de crayons fossiles, réalisées sur le réacteur expérimental PHEBUS.Les configurations géométriques accidentelles de grappes de 21 crayons dégradés ont pu être caractérisées en trois dimensions à partir d'images issues de tomographies. Les propriétés radiatives homogénéisées de ces configurations ont été complètement caractérisées à partir de la fonction de distribution cumulée d'extinction Gext et de la fonction de phase de diffusion p. Ces fonctions ont été précisément calculées par une méthode de Monte Carlo. Gext, qui n'est pas de type exponentiel, ne suit pas la loi de Beer. p dépend fortement des angles d'incidence et de diffusion. A partir de l'équation de transfert radiatif généralisée à des milieux non Beeriens, introduite par Taine et al., un tenseur des conductivités radiatives a été déterminé par une méthode de perturbations, en supposant dans une première étape la phase fluide transparente. Les conductivités radiatives axiales et radiales ont été exprimées avec précision en fonction de la porosité, de la surface spécifique et de l'absorptivité locale du milieu poreux. Dans une deuxième étape, une équation de transfert radiatif à trois températures a été établie. Dans ce modèle, les effets de la phase fluide sur le rayonnement ont été couplés aux effets des parois. Les propriétés radiatives de la vapeur et des gouttes d'eau sont calculées en utilisant respectivement le modèle CK et la théorie de Mie, dans les conditions thermohydrauliques typiques des accidents de réacteur. Les flux radiatifs s'expriment en fonction de flux conductifs couplés caractérisés par des conductivités radiatives associées aux champs de températures de chaque phase. Les puissances volumiques échangées par rayonnement entre les phases sont aussi calculées à partir de ce modèle. / This work aims at modelling thermal radiation in a nuclear reactor, in the course of a severe accident leading to its degradation. Because the reactor coolant is water, radiative heat transfer occurs in presence of steam and water droplets. The 3D geometry of a fuel bundle with 21 damaged rods has been characterized from tomography images. The degradation of the rods has been simulated in the experimental small-scale facility PHEBUS.The homogenized radiative properties of the considered configurations with a transparent fluid phase have been completely characterized by both the extinction cumulated distribution function Gext and the scattering phase functions p. Gext strongly differs from the exponential function associated with the Beer law and p strongly depends on both the incidence and the scattering directions. By using the radiative transfer equation generalized for non Beerian porous media by Taine et al. the radiative conductivity tensor has been first determined with a transparent fluid phase, by a numerical perturbation method. Only the diagonal radial and axial components of this tensor are not equal to zero. They have been fitted by a simple law only depending on the porosity, the specific area and the wall absorptivity. In a second step, a radiative transfer equation based on three temperatures is established. This model takes into account a semi transparent fluid phase by coupling the radiative properties of fluid and solid phases. The radiative properties of water steam and droplets are calculated respectively with the CK approach and Mie theory, in typical thermal hydraulics conditions of reactor accidents. The radiative fluxes verify the Fourier law and are characterized by radiative coupled conductivity tensors associated with the temperatures of each phase. The radiative powers exchanged between phases per unit volume are also calculated from this model.

Cette thèse étudie le transfert de chaleur par rayonnement observé dans les conditions d'écoulement raréfié, en régime hypersonique qui seraient rencontrés au cours d'une mission d'aérocapture dans l'atmosphère de Titan. Des estimations précises du rayonnement hors-équilibre dans des écoulements à grande vitesse tels que ceux autour des corps de re-entrée, sont indispensables pour la conception de systèmes de protection thermique plus efficace. Parce que la masse du système de protection thermique est une fraction importante de la masse totale du véhicule, il ya un grand intérêt dans la conception de systèmes plus légers et plus efficaces. Les expériences en vol sont coûteuses et contraignantes, c'est pourquoi l'essai en laboratoire dans des installations capables de produire des écoulements hypersoniques est nécessaire. Malheureusement, les échelles de longueur généralement impliquées dans les expériences en vol sont trop grandes pour être testées dans des installations expérimentales et donc des modèles réduits de véhicules 'aeroshells' sont généralement testés. Les tubes d'expansion de l'université de Queensland - X1, X2 et X3 - ont été largement utilisés pour la modélisation à l'échelle réduite des écoulements hypersoniques (Morgan 2001). Pour les installations d'essais au sol telle que la soufflerie X2, une mise à l'échelle binaire est utilisée pour tester des modèles à échelle réduite de véhicules de vol, ce qui constitue le paramètre le plus important à respecter afin de reproduire un vol à haute vitesse. La mise à l'échelle binaire, appelé aussi 'mise à l'échelle 'ƒÏL', exige que le produit de la densité et de la longueur caractéristique du véhicule soit conservé entre le vol et les conditions expérimentales. Toutefois, il a été montré par Capra (2007) que le transfert de chaleur par rayonnement ne suit pas cette même loi de mise à l'échelle, et la similitude n'est pas crée pour les cas en vol où le transfert de chaleur par rayonnement et par convection sont fortement couplés. Cela peut entraîner d'importantes erreurs dans les estimations des propriétés d'écoulement associée et l'estimation du transfert de chaleur due au rayonnement. L'installation X2 a été modifiée en 2006 pour permettre l'expérimentation à basse pression en mode tube à choc non-réfléchi. L'utilisation d'un tube à choc non-réfléchi a permis la mesure du transfert de chaleur par rayonnement à la densité réelle en vol et supprimé les problèmes d'échelle liés à la mesure des rayonnements sur les véhicules en modèle réduit, au moins pour une partie de l'écoulement. Des mesures ont été effectuées dans la région immédiatement située derrière le choc et le long de la ligne médiane de l'écoulement de base, où le choc reste plan. Les écoulements externes, tels que ceux entourant une capsule de re-enntrée, n'ont pas été reproduits. La limite de basse pression d'exploitation était d'environ 10 Pa, limitée par la croissance de la couche limite sur les murs. / This thesis investigates the radiative heat transfer encountered in rarefied, hypervelocity flow conditions such as would be experienced during an aerocapture mission to Titan. Accurate estimates of the nonequilibrium radiation involved in high speed operations such as reentry are essential in order to design these thermal protection systems more efficiently. Because the mass of the thermal protection system is a large fraction of the overall vehicle mass, there is great interest in designing lighter and more efficient systems. Flight experiments are expensive and restrictive, hence laboratory testing is needed in facilities that are capable of producing hypervelocity flow. Unfortunately, as the size of a typical flight vehicle is too large to reasonably test in experimental facilities, subscale models of the aeroshell vehicles are generally tested. The University of Queensland's expansion tube facilities - X1, X2 and X3 - have been widely used for subscale modelling of hypersonic flowfields (Morgan 2001). Ground testing facilities such as the X2 facility take advantage of binary scaling to test small scale models of flight vehicles, which is the most important parameter to match in order to reproduce high speed flight. Binary scaling, also called 'ƒÏL' scaling, requires that the multiplication of density and the characteristic length of the vehicle be balanced between flight and experimental conditions. However, it was shown by Capra (2007) that radiative heat transfer does not follow this same scaling factor, and true similarity with flight is not created for flows where the radiative and convective heat transfer are strongly coupled. This can result in significant errors in the estimates of the associated flow properties and the estimation of the heat transfer due to radiation. The X2 facility was modified in 2006 to allow experimentation at low pressures in nonreflected shock tube mode. Nonreflected shock tube operation allowed the taking of true-flight density measurements of the radiative heat transfer and removed the scaling problems involved in radiation measurements for model vehicles, at least for part of the flowfield. Measurements were made in the region immediately behind the shock along the centreline of the core flow, where the shock remained planar. External flow fields, such as those surrounding a reentry capsule, were not reproduced. The low density operating limit was approximately 10 Pa, limited by boundary layer growth on the walls.

Cette thèse a pour objectif la compréhension des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur parconduction et rayonnement, dans les isolants thermiques fibreux du bâtiment, en vue de leuroptimisation. Nous avons étudié trois matériaux fibreux très différents : la laine de verre(matériau minéral), la ouate polyester (matériau synthétique) et la laine de chanvre (matériauvégétal).Dans un premier temps, les propriétés radiatives ont été identifiées par la méthode inversebasée sur les mesures expérimentales de réflexion et transmission hémisphériques etbidirectionnelles. Des échantillons de laine de verre, d’ouate polyester et de chanvre ont étéétudiés en utilisant un spectromètre FTIR. La méthode inverse permet, par le biais d’unmodèle moindres carrés, de déterminer les propriétés radiatives du matériau fibreux : albédo,épaisseur optique et coefficients de la fonction de phase. La conductivité radiative de chaquematériau est déterminée par l’approximation de Rosseland.Ensuite, concernant les propriétés thermophysiques globales des matériaux, des mesuresfluxmétriques ont été réalisées à l’aide d’un dispositif développé au LGCgE de Béthune. Cesmesures ont été comparées aux résultats d’une modélisation numérique basée sur la résolutiondes équations couplées de transfert radiatif et de l’énergie. / This thesis aims to understand the phenomenon of heat transfer by radiation and conductionof thermal building insulators. Three insulating materials were studied in this work: glasswool (mineral material), the wadding polyester (synthetic material) and wool hemp (plantmaterial).At a first step, the radiative properties have been identified by the inverse method based onexperimental measurements of hemispherical reflectance and transmittance and bidirectional.Samples of glass wool, wadding polyester and wool hemp were studied using an FTIRspectrometer. The inverse method allows, by means of a model least squares, thedetermination of the radiative properties of the medium: albedo, optical thickness andcoefficients of the phase function. The radiative conductivity of each material is determinedby the Rosseland approximation.Then, on global thermophysical properties of materials, heat flux measurements wereperformed using a device developed at LGCgE of Bethune. These measurements werecompared with the results of numerical modeling based on solving the coupled equations ofradiative transfer and energy.

Estruturas que estão sujeitas a altas temperaturas absolutas, à convecção natural, ou ainda, estruturas que trocam calor na ausência de um meio físico, apresentam relevante transferência de calor por radiação térmica. Este fenômeno é importante para diversas aplicações e processos, como, por exemplo, no funcionamento de coletores solares, satélites, fornos industriais, motores a combustão e usinas nucleares. O presente trabalho de mestrado apresenta a aplicação do método da otimização topológica (MOT) no projeto de estruturas que trocam calor substancialmente por radiação térmica no interior de confinamentos, através da distribuição de material refletor ou de aquecedores. Por meio do MOT, cuja principal característica é a liberdade de distribuição do material dentro de um domínio inicial, é possível adicionar ou remover material de uma determinada região do domínio, criando ou desfazendo fronteiras, de forma livre, visando à obtenção de um projeto otimizado. O algoritmo de otimização é baseado no Método das Assíntotas Móveis (MMA) e é complementado pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), para a análise do fenômeno de radiação em confinamentos. Ambos são implementados através do software Matlab. Os casos considerados são o da distribuição de material refletor de radiação térmica ou de aquecedores, sujeitos a uma eventual restrição nas quantidades destes materiais, sobre uma superfície plana, de forma a extremizar-se a irradiação ou a minimizar-se a temperatura em determinada área específica do domínio de projeto. Este problema depende, dentre outros fatores, da geometria da superfície e dos ângulos dos raios incidentes sobre ela. / Structures subjected to high absolute temperatures or to natural convection, as well structures that exchange heat in the absence of a physical medium present significant heat transfer through thermal radiation. This phenomenon is important for several applications and processes, such as in the operation of solar collectors, satellites, industrial furnaces, combustion engines and nuclear plants. The present work shows the application of topology optimization to the design of structures that exchange heat substantially by thermal radiation within an enclosure, through the distribution of reflective material or heaters. However, the design of such radiant enclosures is not trivial and it is necessary to use robust and systematic design tools, such as optimization techniques. Topology optimization is a numerical method which allows finding the layout, or topology, of a structure such that a prescribed objective is maximized or minimized subjected to design constraints. The optimization algorithm, based on the method of moving asymptotes (MMA), and the finite element method for analysis of the phenomenon of radiation in enclosures, are implemented using $Matlab^\\circledR$. The cases considered are the distribution of thermal radiation reflective material or heaters, subjected to a volume fraction constraint of these materials on a flat surface, in order to extremize the irradiation or to minimize the temperature in a specified region of the design domain. This problem depends, among other factors, on the geometry of the surfaces that exchange heat through thermal radiation.

O trabalho apresenta uma modificação do modelo do número de onda cumulativo (CW – Cumulative Wavenumber) para atender ao balanço de energia na determinação da transferência radiante de gases participantes não uniformes. De um modo geral, o modelo CW fornece resultados que se mostram precisos para o divergente do fluxo de calor radiante (ou taxa volumétrica de geração de energia) quando comparados à solução benchmark (integração linhapor- linha). No entanto, conforme é apresentado nesta pesquisa, uma hipótese importante feita pelo modelo o torna não conservativo e, não garantindo o balanço de energia radiante quando um meio não uniforme é considerado. Como conseqüência, o fluxo de calor radiante pode apresentar desvios consideráveis em relação à solução exata. O modelo do número de onda cumulativo modificado (CWM) foi desenvolvido de forma a manter o mesmo valor para a taxa volumétrica de geração de energia, mas satisfazendo ao balanço de energia radiante. O modelo CWM é aplicado juntamente com o método das ordenadas discretas para resolver a transferência de calor radiante em sistemas unidimensionais formados por placas planas infinitas e paralelas, contendo camadas uniformes e não uniformes de gases típicos da combustão de metano ou óleo combustível. As paredes são negras para a radiação térmica. A aquisição de dados das linhas de absorção espectrais é feita pela utilização dos bancos de dados HITRAN e HITEMP. São apresentados os bancos de dados, bem como a forma em que é efetuada a extração destes e, posteriormente, a elaboração dos espectros de absorção das espécies químicas. São analisados meios uniformes (isotérmicos e homogêneos) primeiramente, evidenciando que o modelo original (CW) não apresenta problemas nesses casos. Posteriormente, meios não uniformes (nãoisotérmicos e homogêneos; ou não-isotérmicos e não homogêneos) são avaliados. Os resultados para ambos os modelos, CW e CWM, são comparados com a solução linha-por-linha (LBL). Casos com diferentes perfis de temperatura e concentração da espécie química são considerados. A solução a partir da nova metodologia se apresentou mais dispendiosa computacionalmente devido ao acréscimo de novos passos iterativos. Os resultados mostram que o CWM leva a resultados mais precisos para o fluxo de calor radiante, satisfazendo ao balanço de energia com um desvio que se deve principalmente à discretização espacial da equação de transporte radiante. / This work presents a modification of the cumulative wavenumber (CW) method to determine the radiative transfer in non-uniform participating gases to enforce the radiative energy balance to be satisfied. In particular, the CW model leads to results for the divergent radiative heat flux (or radiative volumetric heat source) that proved accurate in comparison to the benchmark solution ( LBL integration) for non-isothermal medium. However, as will be shown in this work, one important assumption of the method prevents it of satisfying the radiative energy balance when a non uniform medium is considered. As consequence, the radiative heat flux can present considerable deviation of the correct solution. The modified cumulative wavenumber (CWM) model was developed to keep the same value of the radiative volumetric heat source, but also to satisfy the radiative energy balance. The CWM model is applied together with the discrete ordinates method to solve the radiation heat transfer in a one-dimentional slab containing a uniform/non-uniform layer of typical gases from the methane or fuel oil combustion. The walls are black for the thermal radiation. The HITRAN and HITEMP are used to extract the spectral lines information that is required for modeling. The database are briefly presented as well as the procedure that is used to extract the data and the spectra drawing. Firstly, uniform media (isothermal and homogeneous) are analyzed proving that the original model (CW) presents accurate results in those cases. Next, non-uniform media (non-isothermal and homogeneous; or non-isothermal and non-homogeneous) are taken into account. The results of both the CW and the CWM modeling are compared to the benchmark line-by-line (LBL) integration. Different temperature and concentration profiles are considered. The solution obtained from the new model presents an increase in the computational time due to the insertion of new iterative loops. The results show that the CWM leads to accurate estimation of both the radiative heat flux and volumetric heat source, satisfying the radiative energy balance with an error that is mostly due to the spatial discretization of the radiative transfer equation.

No presente trabalho é apresentado um estudo do efeito da diluição com inertes sobre as características da transferência de calor por radiação em chamas laminares não pré-misturadas de metano. O trabalho também apresenta um estudo sobre a modelagem do fluxo radiativo proveniente de chamas turbulentas visando à obtenção de fatores de ponderação para o modelo das múltiplas fontes pontuais. Em ambos os estudos, a distribuição do fluxo radiante é obtida através de medições ao longo do eixo da chama e os valores de fração radiante são calculados a partir da integração dessa distribuição. É mostrado qualitativamente que a adição de gás inerte ao combustível propicia a inibição da formação de fuligem. É mostrado quantitativamente que a adição de gás inerte pode reduzir ou ampliar a fração radiante da chama, dependendo do tipo de gás, dos níveis de diluição e do tempo de residência característico da chama. São reportados valores para os fatores de ponderação utilizados no modelo de múltiplas fontes pontuais obtidos experimentalmente a partir de medições nas chamas. O formato da curva formada pelos fatores de ponderação é semelhante para os diferentes níveis de diluição com gás carbônico. A utilização desses fatores de ponderação no modelo de múltiplas fontes pontuais apresenta resultados satisfatórios em comparação com a distribuição dos fluxos radiativos medidos ao longo do eixo da chama. / In this work it is presented a study of the effect of fuel dilution with inerts on the radiative heat transfer characteristics of laminar non premixed methane flames. A study on the radiative flux distribution from turbulent flames is conducted in order to obtain weighting factors for the model of multiple point sources. The distribution of radiative heat flux is obtained by measuring the fluxes along the axis of the flame and the radiant fraction is calculated by the integration of such distribution. It is qualitatively shown that the addition of inert gas in the fuel leads to the inhibition of soot formation. It is quantitatively shown that the addition of inert may decrease or increase the radiant fraction depending on gas type, dilution levels and characteristic residence times of the flame. It is also reported values for the weighting factors used in the model of multiple point sources experimentally obtained from measurements. The shapes of the curves formed by the weighting factors are similar for the different dilution levels of carbon dioxide. The use of these weighting factors in the multi-point source model shows satisfactory results in comparison to the distribution of radiative fluxes measured along the flame axis.

No Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a prática de queimadas está relacionada principalmente com a renovação do pasto e agricultura. Embora o RS não seja o Estado com maior incidência de queimadas no Brasil, centenas de focos são identificados por dados de satélites anualmente. O uso de dados de sensores remotos para identificar focos de queimadas vem sendo utilizado há décadas, com o desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos. Uma técnica que vem sendo utilizada consiste na obtenção da Potência Radiativa do Fogo (PRF), a partir de dados de sensores remotos. A PRF é uma medida da energia radiante liberada no processo de queima de biomassa. Estudos demonstram que a PRF possui uma relação linear positiva com a biomassa em processo de combustão, permitindo gerar valores de coeficientes de consumo de biomassa. O conhecimento dos valores destes coeficientes pode determinar o total de biomassa queimada quando multiplicados pela PRF obtida por sensores remotos, no momento da passagem do satélite, em tempo quase real. A determinação dos coeficientes de consumo, por sua vez, depende da tipologia vegetal submetida à queima. Devido à pequena quantidade de dados sobre as queimadas no RS, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estimar o coeficiente de consumo de biomassa por queima de vegetação campestre no RS, através da utilização da Potência Radiativa do Fogo (PRF), obtida a partir de dados do sensor MODIS e dados de campo de biomassa. A área de estudo escolhida foi o município de André da Rocha, por possuir focos de queimadas identificados pelo MODIS (pelo produto MYD14 - Thermal Anomalies/Fire products), e dados sobre a quantidade de biomassa em áreas frequentemente queimadas. Também foram obtidos dados de experimentos in situ do comportamento do fogo em área campestre no RS. Foi identificada e quantificada a área queimada, a partir do uso de uma cena do satélite Landsat. A obtenção de dados de experimentos de campo e da cicatriz da área queimada permitiu a obtenção da taxa média de consumo de biomassa e a obtenção dos valores de PRF pelo produto MYD14 permitiu obter o valor da PRF média na área de estudo. Pela relação linear existente entre esses dois parâmetros, foi obtido o coeficiente médio de consumo de biomassa. O valor do coeficiente de consumo foi de 0,24 kg/MJ, resultado esse próximo do encontrado por outros autores. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho difere da metodologia utilizada em trabalhos anteriores para a obtenção do coeficiente de consumo de biomassa. De qualquer maneira, o dado obtido é uma estimativa preliminar para novos estudos e experimentos em campo. / In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the practice of burning is mainly related to the renewal of pasture and agriculture. Although the RS is not the state with the highest incidence of fires in Brazil, hundreds of fire focuses are identified by satellite data annually. The use of remote sensing data to identify burning areas has been used for decades with the development of new algorithms. One technique that has been used consists in obtaining the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) from remote sensing data. The FRP is a measure of the radiant energy released in the process of burning biomass. Studies have shown that the FRP has a positive linear relationship with the biomass in the combustion process, allowing to generate coefficient values biomass consumption.The knowledge of the values of these coefficients can determine the total biomass burned when multiplied by FRP obtained by remote sensors at the time of passage of the satellite, in near real time. The determination of the coefficients of consumption, in turn, depends on the type of plant subject to burning. Due to the small amount of data on fires in the RS, the objective of this study is to estimate the coefficient of biomass consumption by burning Campos grassland in RS, by using the FRP obtained from MODIS (from the product MYD14 - Thermal Anomalies / Fire products) and field biomass data. The chosen study area was André da Rocha, for having fires focus identified by MODIS and data from biomass often burned. Experiment data in situ of the fire behavior in campos grassland in RS were also been obtained. The scar burned area was identified and quantified from the use of a Landsat scene. Data of the field and the burned scar area allowed to obtain the average rate of consumption of biomass, and FRP values from MODIS allowed to obtain the average value of the FRP in the study area. The coefficient value was calculated from the linear relationship between these two parameters. The coefficient of consumption obtained was 0.24 kg/MJ, a result close to that found by other authors. The methodology used in this study differs from the method used in previous studies. Anyway the data is a preliminary estimate for new studies and field experiments.

Je propose la première étude quantitative des corrections radiatives du modèle EPRL en gravité quantique à mousse de spins. Ce modèle est la proposition la plus élaborée de gravité quantique Lorentzienne 4D dite 'indépendante du fond' ('background independent'). C'est une réalisation, par intégrale de chemin, de la quantification de la Relativité Générale comme somme sur les géométries. L'étude se focalise sur les propriétés et les aspects géométriques de l'analogue du graphe de self-énergie du modèle, connu comme le graphe 'melonique'. Je montre que les contributions dominantes à un tel graphe divergent beaucoup moins que celles de modèles similaires en théorie topologique des champs. De plus, je dérive en détails la dépendance des amplitudes aux données de bords, et montre que ce graphe n'induit pas une renormalisation de la fonction d'onde. Ceci est dû à des raisons reliées aux fondements du modèle. Cependant, il se trouve que l'amplitude se réduit à une telle renormalisation dans la limite de nombres quantiques élevés. Ensuite, je montre les conséquences de ces calculs sur une observable physique : la fonction à deux points de la métrique quantique. Ainsi, je montre comment l'insertion du graphe de self-énergie dans l'intérieur de la mousse de spins utilisée a des effets non-triviaux sur la fonction à deux points, modifiant ses contributions à l'ordre dominant. De façon intéressante, ces effets ne disparaissent pas dans la limite des nombres quantiques élevés. Enfin, je discute les conséquences de ces calculs pour le modèle lui-même, et je souligne et commente les traits généraux qui semblent commun à tout modèle de mousse de spins basé sur le schéma présenté ici. / I present the first quantitative study of radiative corrections within the EPRL model of quantum gravity. This model is the most advanced proposal of Lorentzian 4-dimensional background-independent quantum gravity. It is a realization of the path-integral quantization of general relativity as a sum over geometries. The present study focuses on the properties and geometrical features of the analogue of the self-energy graph within the model, often referred to as the "melon"-graph. Here, I show that the dominating contribution to such a graph is characterized by a degree of divergence much smaller than that of closely related topological quantum field theories. Moreover, I work out in detail the dependence of the amplitude from the boundary data, and find that the self-energy graph does not simply induce a wave function renormaliziation. This happens for reasons deeply related to the model foundations. However, it turns out that the amplitude reduces to a wave function renormalzation in the limit of large quantum numbers. Then, I show the consequences of this calculations on a concrete spinfoam observable: the quantum-metric two-point function. In doing this, I show how the insertion of the self-energy graph in the bulk of the (first-order) spinfoam used in the calculation, has non-trivial effects on the correlation function, modifying its leading order contributions. Most interestingly, this effects do not disappear in the limit of large quantum number. Finally, I discuss the consequences of these calculations for the model itself, and I point out and comment those general features which seem to be common to any spinfoam model based on the present model-building schemes.

Les chocs forts sont présents dans des phénomènes astrophysiques variés. De tels chocs sont fortement influencés par le rayonnement par son couplage avec l’hydrodynamique. Par suite, leur topologie et leur dynamique sont assez complexes. Générer de tels chocs hypersoniques en laboratoire, dans des conditions contrôlées, est ainsi un outil pertinent pour étudier l’influence du rayonnement et pour comparer aux résultats des simulations numériques. Ces chocs sont générés par des lasers intenses et par des moyens électromagnétiques. La première partie du texte est consacré à l’étude numérique et expérimentale de l’interaction de deux chocs induits par laser se propageant en sens contraires. Les expériences ont été menées sur l’installation laser kJ PALS, qui permet de former deux chocs avec des vitesses propres différentes ($\sim$ 30-55 et 10-25 km/s respectivement) dans des gaz rares à pression faible (moins de 1 bar). Des diagnostics ont été installés : interférométrie visible, spectroscopie visible à résolution spatiale et temporelle, spectroscopie XUV intégrée en temps. Nos expériences montrent une forte interaction entre les deux précurseurs radiatifs. Les paramètres physiques du plasma ont été déduits de ces diagnostics et comparés aux résultats de simulations monodimensionnelles. La seconde partie est consacrée à la conception d’une expérience où le choc est généré de façon électromagnétique. L’optimisation de ce générateur est présentée ainsi que l’environnement expérimental permettant d’étudier des chocs jusqu’à 30 km/s dans des gaz rares peu denses (1 mbar). / Strong shocks are present in various astrophysical phenomena. Such shocks are strongly influenced by the radiation through its coupling with hydrodynamics. Thus their topology and dynamics are quite complex. Generating such hypersonic shocks in the laboratory, with controlled conditions, is thus an adequate tool to study the influence of radiation and to compare them with numerical simulations. Such shocks can be generated by intense lasers and electromagnetic devices.The first part of this dissertation concerns the numerical and experimental study of the interaction of two counter propagating laser-driven shocks. The experiments, performed at the kJ PALS laser facility allowed to generate shocks with different speeds ($\sim$ 30-55 km/s and 10-25 km/s), in noble gases and low pressure (less than 1 bar). Several diagnostics were implemented: visible interferometry, time- and space-resolved visible spectroscopy, and time integrated XUV spectroscopy. Our experiment shows a strong interaction of one radiative precursor onto the second one. The physical parameters of the plasma were deduced from the diagnostics and compared with 1-D simulation results. The second part is devoted to the design of an experiment where the shock is generated electromagnetically. The optimization of this generator is presented and also the full experimental set up which allows studying shock $\sim$ 30 km/s in noble gas at $\sim$ 1 mbar.

Le processus de formation d’étoiles se déroule selon plusieurs phases. Tout d’abord une phase à grande échelle, durant laquelle le nuage moléculaire se fragmente sous l’action de sa propre gravité et de la turbulence en coeurs denses gravitationnellement instables. Dans ces fragments le milieu est optiquement mince, l’énergie libérée par le travail de compression s’échappe sous forme de rayonnement, d’où un processus quasi isotherme. Lorsque le nuage devient optiquement épais à son propre rayonnement, la matière en effondrement forme un objet en équilibre hydrostatique appelé premier cœur dit de Larson. S’ensuit une phase d’accrétion, qui conduit ultimement à la dissociation du dihydrogène. Une partie du travail de compression est alors absorbée par l'énergie de dissociation de la molécule, et non plus convertie en énergie thermique, permettant à l'effondrement de recommencer. Lorsque que toutes les molécules de dihydrogene ont été dissociées, la phase adiabatique recommence et le second cœur de Larson (proto-étoile) est formé.L'ajout des éléments nécessaires au traitement de la magnétohydrodynamique (MHD) non-idéale dans le code à grille adaptative RAMSES constitue la première partie de la thèse. L'étude détaillée des stades ultimes (premier et second cœur de Larson) de la formation des étoiles constitue la seconde partie de la thèse. Cette étude a pu mettre en évidence des effets importants de la MHD non-idéale sur la répartition du champ magnétique et l'efficacité du transport de moment angulaire. / Stars formation occurs in several steps. First a large scale phase during which the molecular cloud undergo fragmentation due to its self-gravity and turbulence. In the gravitationally unstable fragments the medium is optically thin causing all the energy generated by the collapse to escape freely. This is called the isothermal compression phase. When the cloud becomes optically thick to its own radiation, an hydrostatic core forms: the first Larson core. Follow an adiabatic accretion phase ending up ultimately in the dissociation of dihydrogen molecules. Part of the energy from the gravitational collapse is absorbed by the chemical process allowing for another quasi isothermal collapse to start until depletion of dihydrogen molecules. When the adiabatic phase is restored, the second Larson core (proto-star) is formed.Coding the non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) solver in the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES has been the focus for the first part of the thesis. The precise study of the last steps (first and second Larson core) of star formation is the second part of the thesis. This study highlighted the impact of non-ideal MHD on the magnetic field repartition and the efficiency of the angular momentum transport.