The objective of this thesis is to automate the design of round-robin arbiter logic. The resulting arbitration logic is more than 1.8X times faster than the fastest prior state-of-the-art arbitration logic the author could find reported in the literature. The generated arbiter implemented in a single chip is fast enough in 0.25ьm CMOS technology to achieve terabit switching with a single chip computer network switch. Moreover, this arbiter is applicable to crossbar (Xbar) arbitration logic. The generated Xbar, customized according to user specifications, provides multiple communication paths among masters and slaves. As the number of transistors on a single chip increases rapidly, there is a productivity gap between the number of transistors available in a chip and the number of transistors per hour a chip designer designs. One solution to reduce this productivity gap is to increase the use of Silicon Intellectual Property (SIP) cores. However, a SIP core should be customized before being used in a system different than the one for which it was designed. Thus, to reconfigure the SIP core, either an engineer must spend significant effort altering the core by hand or else an enhanced CAD tool can automatically customize the core according to customer specifications. In this thesis, we present SIP generator tools for arbiter and Xbar generation. First, we introduce a Round-robin Arbiter Generator (RAG). The RAG can generate a hierarchical Bus Arbiter (BA) which is faster than all known previous approaches. RAG can also generate a hierarchical Switch Arbiter (SA) which is faster than all known previous approaches. Using a 0.25ьm TSMC standard cell library from LEDA Systems, we show the arbitration time of a 32x32 SA and demonstrate that our SA meets the time constraint to achieve terabit throughput. Furthermore, using a novel token-passing hierarchical arbitration scheme, our 32x32 SA performs better than the Ping-Pong Arbiter and Programmable Priority Encoder by factors of 1.8X and 2.3X, respectively, with less power dissipation. Finally, we present an Xbar switch Generator (X-Gt) tool that automatically configures a crossbar for a multiprocessor System-on-a-Chip (SoC). An Xbar is generated in Register Transfer Level (RTL) Verilog HDL.

Les réactions de gonflements internes (RGI) sont des pathologies qui dégradent le béton de certains ouvrages tels que des barrages en étant à l'origine de gonflements. Electricité De France (EDF) doit assurer la sûreté des personnes et des biens situés à l'aval de ses structures. Ce travail a pour but d'améliorer la modélisation des phénomènes physiques liés à ces dégradations notamment l'interaction entre le produit gonflant et le squelette solide. La contrainte intraporeuse générée par la pression du produit peut créer un endommagement. Dans le modèle proposé, la fissuration peut avoir lieu à deux échelles : - Au niveau microscopique c'est le produit gonflant qui comble le volume libre autour du site de réaction avant de mettre en traction le matériau jusqu'à fissuration, ce qui provoque une baisse des caractéristiques du matériau (résistances en traction et en compression, module d'Young). Un critère de plasticité anisotrope et une loi d'écrouissage positif sont proposés pour modéliser ce phénomène. - Au niveau macroscopique, des gradients de gonflements peuvent se développer à l'intérieur d'ouvrages dont les états de contraintes et les conditions d'humidité et de température ne sont pas homogènes. Une fissuration localisée peut alors s'initier. Elle est la source de risques de dislocations des structures pouvant mener à leur ruine, de concentrations de contraintes dans les aciers structuraux, de chemins facilités pour les agents agressifs extérieurs et pour l'eau, composé essentiel au développement rapide de ces pathologies. La prise en compte des couplages hydro-poro-mécaniques est nécessaire à la simulation de ces phénomènes. Cette fissuration est modélisée par un critère plastique de Rankine anisotrope dont l'énergie dissipée par la fissuration est régularisée par la méthode d'Hillerborg. Après avoir présenté ce modèle, il est validé et appliqué à différentes échelles pour des états de contraintes et des conditions environnementales diverses, sur : - des éprouvettes soumises à des contraintes et des blocages multi-axiaux, - des poutres de laboratoire plus ou moins armées subissant des gradients d'humidité importants, - des barrages dans des conditions réelles construits dans les années 1950. Les résultats obtenus avec le modèle permettent de retrouver les déplacements, les contraintes et les résistances de ces structures après vieillissement. Pour les poutres atteintes de réaction alcali-silice, les résultats numériques obtenus montrent notamment une prise en compte réaliste des contraintes induites par la présence d'armatures, ce qui est confirmé par la validation du comportement à rupture. Néanmoins, des difficultés de calage subsistent pour les poutres subissant la réaction sulfatique interne. Elles sont issues des grandes amplitudes d'expansion et des couplages diffusion-fissuration qui rendent spécifique le comportement de ces structures par rapport à des structures subissant des expansions moins importantes. Ce modèle est un outil pour la requalification des ouvrages dans le but d'assurer leur sûreté. Il peut également servir de base de calcul à la simulation de diverses réhabilitations et travaux de confortements. / Internal swelling reactions (ISR) damage the concrete of structures such as dams. Electricité De France (EDF) must ensure the safety of the people and goods located below the dam. This work aims to improve the modeling of the physical phenomena related to these damages, especially the interaction between the swelling product and the solid skeleton. The intraporous stress generated by the product pressure can create cracking, which, in the proposed model, can occur at two scales: - At a microscopic scale, the swelling product fills the gaps around the reaction site, which induces cracking and a decrease of the materials' characteristics (tensile and compression strengths, Young's modulus). Numerically, an anisotropic plastic criteria and a hardening law allow modelling this phenomenon. - At a macroscopic level, swelling gradients can develop inside concrete structures whose stress states and climatic conditions (humidity and temperature) are not homogeneous. A localized cracking can begin. It is a source of structure dislocation risks and stress concentrations in structural reinforcement. It may ease the way in for outside aggressive agents and water, an essential component for these reactions. Hydro-poro-mechanical couplings need to be taken into account when simulating these phenomena. The cracking is modelled by a Rankine plastic criterion whose dissipated energy is regularized by the Hillerborg's method. After presenting the model, several stress states and environmental conditions are applied to the model in order to validate it on: - samples under multi-axial stresses and restraints, - plain and reinforced beams submitted to moisture gradients in laboratory, - 1950s dams in real conditions. The results of the model make it possible to reproduce the displacements, the stresses and residual strength of these structures after aging. For the beams submitted to alkali aggregate reaction, the numerical results show a relevant prediction of the stress induced by reinforcement, confirmed by the failure behaviour. Nevertheless, the model encounters calibration difficulties for beams affected by delayed ettringite formation. They come from large swelling amplitude and diffusion-cracking coupling which are inherent to these structure behaviours. This model is a tool for concrete structure requalification in order to ensure their safety. It can also be a basis for diverse rehabilitations and reinforcement works simulation.

Of key importance for metamodelling are appropriate modelling formalisms. Most metamodelling languages permit the development of metamodels that specify tree-structured models enriched with semantics like constraints, references and operations, which extend the models to graphs. However, often the semantics of these semantic constructs is not part of the metamodel, i.e., it is unspeci ed. Therefore, we propose to reuse well-known compiler construction techniques to specify metamodel semantics. To be more precise, we present the application of reference attribute grammars (RAGs) for metamodel semantics and analyse commonalities and differences. Our focus is to pave the way for such a combination, by exemplifying why and how the metamodelling and attribute grammar (AG) world can be combined and by investigating a concrete example - the combination of the Eclipse Modelling Framework (EMF) and JastAdd, an AG evaluator generator.

Les cellules dendritiques (CD) et l'interleukine-7 (IL-7) sont deux facteurs essentiels au développement et à l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T. Une anomalie de la production ou de la signalisation de l’IL-7 est associée à un défaut de la thymopoïèse en plus d’une profonde lymphopénie. Parallèlement, la déficience des CD, entraine une rupture de la tolérance au soi menant au développement de maladies auto-immunes et une altération de l’homéostasie des Lymphocyte T. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés globalement à la contribution de l’IL-7 et des CD dans la reconstitution et l'homéostasie des lymphocytes dans deux contextes thérapeutiques différents. Premièrement, il a été démontré que le traitement avec l'imatinib (médicament utilisé pour traiter la leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC)) induisait une diminution du nombre de lymphocytes T chez les patients atteints de LMC. À partir de notre étude in vitro sur des cellules mononuclées du sang périphérique (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) (PBMC) humaines cultivées en présence d’imatinib avant d’être stimuler par l’IL-7 à différentes concentrations, nous avons mis en évidence une perturbation de la signalisation de l’IL-7 dans les lymphocytes T suite à une interférence avec l’imatinib. À l’aide de notre modèle murin traité à l’imatinib, nous avons également montré in vivo, une altération de l’homéostasie des lymphocyte T. La modulation négative de l’homéostasie des LT par l’imatinib est également accompagnée d’une diminution dramatique de la proportion des CD, ce qui pourrait également faire décliner le pool des lymphocyte T. Deuxièmement, dans un contexte de greffe de moelle osseuse (MO) syngénique, nous avons analysé la contribution de l’IL-7 produite par les CD, dans la thymopoïèse et l’homéostasie des lymphocyte T. Pour évaluer la contribution de l’IL-7 produite par les cellules hématopoïétiques dans la reconstitution et l’homéostasie lymphocytaire T, nous avons généré des chimères de MO avec une production d’IL-7 exclusivement limitée aux cellules stromales, par greffe de MO IL-7-/- dans des souris Rag -/-. Les souris Rag -/- transplantées avec des cellules de MO IL-7 - /- développent une maladie auto-immune systémique létale à 4-5 semaines post greffe. Nos résultats suggèrent fortement une contribution cruciale de l’IL-7 produite par les CSH (Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques) dans la reconstitution immunitaire après greffe de MO. L’ensemble de nos travaux contribue à élargir la compréhension de la biologie de l'axe IL-7/ IL-7Rα et des CD dans le développement et l’homéostasie des lymphocytes T. / Dendritic cells (DCs) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) are two factors essential for the development and homeostasis of T lymphocytes. An abnormality in the production or signaling of IL-7 is associated with a defective thymopoiesis and severe lymphopenia. DCs deficiency leads to a breakdown in self-tolerance leading to the development of autoimmune diseases and impaired T cells homeostasis. In this thesis, we have focused on the contribution of IL-7 and DCs in the reconstitution and homeostasis of lymphocytes in two different therapeutic contexts. Firstly, imatinib (drug used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)) has been shown to induce a decrease of T lymphocytes number in patients with CML. From our in vitro study on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured in the presence of imatinib before stimulation by IL-7 at different concentrations, we demonstrated a disruption of IL-7 signaling in T cells following interference with imatinib. Using our imatinib-treated mouse model, we also showed in vivo impaired T cells homeostasis. The negative modulation of T lymphocytes homeostasis by imatinib is also accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the proportion of DCs, which could also decline T cells pool. Secondly, we used murine syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models to study the contribution of IL-7 produced by DCs in thymopoiesis and T cells homeostasis. To assess the role of IL-7 produced by DCs in T cell reconstitution and homeostasis, we generated BM chimeras with IL-7 production exclusively limited to stromal cells, by BMT of IL-7 - / - into Rag - / - mice. Rag - / - mice transplanted with IL-7 -/- BM cells develop a lethal systemic autoimmune disease post-transplant at 4-5 weeks post-BMT. Our results strongly suggest a major contribution of Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)-produced IL-7 in immune reconstitution after BM transplantation. Our work contributes to expanding our understanding of the biology of the IL-7 / IL-7Rα axis and DCs in T cell development and homeostasis.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Current mainstream computing systems have become increasingly complex. Most of which have Central Processing Units (CPUs) that invoke multiple threads for their computing tasks. The growing issue with these systems is resource contention and with resource contention comes the risk of encountering a deadlock status in the system. Various software and hardware approaches exist that implement deadlock detection/avoidance techniques; however, they lack either the speed or problem size capability needed for real-time systems. The research conducted for this thesis aims to resolve issues present in past approaches by converging the two platforms (software and hardware) by means of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Presented in this thesis are two GPU-based deadlock detection algorithms and one GPU-based deadlock avoidance algorithm. These GPU-based algorithms are: (i) GPU-OSDDA: A GPU-based Single Unit Resource Deadlock Detection Algorithm, (ii) GPU-LMDDA: A GPU-based Multi-Unit Resource Deadlock Detection Algorithm, and (iii) GPU-PBA: A GPU-based Deadlock Avoidance Algorithm. Both GPU-OSDDA and GPU-LMDDA utilize the Resource Allocation Graph (RAG) to represent resource allocation status in the system. However, the RAG is represented using integer-length bit-vectors. The advantages brought forth by this approach are plenty: (i) less memory required for algorithm matrices, (ii) 32 computations performed per instruction (in most cases), and (iii) allows our algorithms to handle large numbers of processes and resources. The deadlock detection algorithms also require minimal interaction with the CPU by implementing matrix storage and algorithm computations on the GPU, thus providing an interactive service type of behavior. As a result of this approach, both algorithms were able to achieve speedups over two orders of magnitude higher than their serial CPU implementations (3.17-317.42x for GPU-OSDDA and 37.17-812.50x for GPU-LMDDA). Lastly, GPU-PBA is the first parallel deadlock avoidance algorithm implemented on the GPU. While it does not achieve two orders of magnitude speedup over its CPU implementation, it does provide a platform for future deadlock avoidance research for the GPU.

Software components provide essential means to structure and organize software effectively. However, frequently, required component abstractions are not available in a programming language or system, or are not adequately combinable with each other. Invasive software composition (ISC) is a general approach to software composition that unifies component-like abstractions such as templates, aspects and macros. ISC is based on fragment composition, and composes programs and other software artifacts at the level of syntax trees. Therefore, a unifying fragment component model is related to the context-free grammar of a language to identify extension and variation points in syntax trees as well as valid component types. By doing so, fragment components can be composed by transformations at respective extension and variation points so that always valid composition results regarding the underlying context-free grammar are yielded. However, given a language’s context-free grammar, the composition result may still be incorrect. Context-sensitive constraints such as type constraints may be violated so that the program cannot be compiled and/or interpreted correctly. While a compiler can detect such errors after composition, it is difficult to relate them back to the original transformation step in the composition system, especially in the case of complex compositions with several hundreds of such steps. To tackle this problem, this thesis proposes well-formed ISC—an extension to ISC that uses reference attribute grammars (RAGs) to specify fragment component models and fragment contracts to guard compositions with context-sensitive constraints. Additionally, well-formed ISC provides composition strategies as a means to configure composition algorithms and handle interferences between composition steps. Developing ISC systems for complex languages such as programming languages is a complex undertaking. Composition-system developers need to supply or develop adequate language and parser specifications that can be processed by an ISC composition engine. Moreover, the specifications may need to be extended with rules for the intended composition abstractions. Current approaches to ISC require complete grammars to be able to compose fragments in the respective languages. Hence, the specifications need to be developed exhaustively before any component model can be supplied. To tackle this problem, this thesis introduces scalable ISC—a variant of ISC that uses island component models as a means to define component models for partially specified languages while still the whole language is supported. Additionally, a scalable workflow for agile composition-system development is proposed which supports a development of ISC systems in small increments using modular extensions. All theoretical concepts introduced in this thesis are implemented in the Skeletons and Application Templates framework SkAT. It supports “classic”, well-formed and scalable ISC by leveraging RAGs as its main specification and implementation language. Moreover, several composition systems based on SkAT are discussed, e.g., a well-formed composition system for Java and a C preprocessor-like macro language. In turn, those composition systems are used as composers in several example applications such as a library of parallel algorithmic skeletons.

Software components provide essential means to structure and organize software effectively. However, frequently, required component abstractions are not available in a programming language or system, or are not adequately combinable with each other. Invasive software composition (ISC) is a general approach to software composition that unifies component-like abstractions such as templates, aspects and macros. ISC is based on fragment composition, and composes programs and other software artifacts at the level of syntax trees. Therefore, a unifying fragment component model is related to the context-free grammar of a language to identify extension and variation points in syntax trees as well as valid component types. By doing so, fragment components can be composed by transformations at respective extension and variation points so that always valid composition results regarding the underlying context-free grammar are yielded. However, given a language’s context-free grammar, the composition result may still be incorrect. Context-sensitive constraints such as type constraints may be violated so that the program cannot be compiled and/or interpreted correctly. While a compiler can detect such errors after composition, it is difficult to relate them back to the original transformation step in the composition system, especially in the case of complex compositions with several hundreds of such steps. To tackle this problem, this thesis proposes well-formed ISC—an extension to ISC that uses reference attribute grammars (RAGs) to specify fragment component models and fragment contracts to guard compositions with context-sensitive constraints. Additionally, well-formed ISC provides composition strategies as a means to configure composition algorithms and handle interferences between composition steps. Developing ISC systems for complex languages such as programming languages is a complex undertaking. Composition-system developers need to supply or develop adequate language and parser specifications that can be processed by an ISC composition engine. Moreover, the specifications may need to be extended with rules for the intended composition abstractions. Current approaches to ISC require complete grammars to be able to compose fragments in the respective languages. Hence, the specifications need to be developed exhaustively before any component model can be supplied. To tackle this problem, this thesis introduces scalable ISC—a variant of ISC that uses island component models as a means to define component models for partially specified languages while still the whole language is supported. Additionally, a scalable workflow for agile composition-system development is proposed which supports a development of ISC systems in small increments using modular extensions. All theoretical concepts introduced in this thesis are implemented in the Skeletons and Application Templates framework SkAT. It supports “classic”, well-formed and scalable ISC by leveraging RAGs as its main specification and implementation language. Moreover, several composition systems based on SkAT are discussed, e.g., a well-formed composition system for Java and a C preprocessor-like macro language. In turn, those composition systems are used as composers in several example applications such as a library of parallel algorithmic skeletons.

In recent years, generative AI has made significant strides, likely leaving an irreversible mark on contemporary society. The launch of OpenAI's ChatGPT 3.5 in 2022 manifested the greatness of the innovative technology, highlighting its performance and accessibility. This has led to a demand for implementation solutions across various industries and companies eager to leverage these new opportunities generative AI brings. This thesis explores the common operational challenges faced by a small-scale Tech Enterprise and, with these challenges identified, examines the opportunities that contemporary generative AI solutions may offer. Furthermore, the thesis investigates what type of generative technology is suitable for adoption and how it can be implemented responsibly and sustainably. The authors approach this topic through 14 interviews involving several AI researchers and the employees and executives of a small-scale Tech Enterprise, which served as a case company, combined with a literature review.  The information was processed using multiple inductive thematic analyses to establish a solid foundation for the investigation, which led to the development of a Proof of Concept. The findings and conclusions of the authors emphasize the high relevance of having a clear purpose for the implementation of generative technology. Moreover, the authors predict that a sustainable and responsible implementation can create the conditions necessary for the specified small-scale company to grow.  When the authors investigated potential operational challenges at the case company it was made clear that the most significant issue arose from unstructured and partially absent documentation. The conclusion reached by the authors is that a data management system powered by a Retrieval model in a LLM presents a potential path forward for significant value creation, as this solution enables data retrieval functionality from unstructured project data and also mitigates a major inherent issue with the technology, namely, hallucinations. Furthermore, in terms of implementation circumstances, both empirical and theoretical findings suggest that responsible use of generative technology requires training; hence, the authors have developed an educational framework named "KLART".  Moving forward, the authors describe that sustainable implementation necessitates transparent systems, as this increases understanding, which in turn affects trust and secure use. The findings also indicate that sustainability is strongly linked to the user-friendliness of the AI service, leading the authors to emphasize the importance of HCD while developing and maintaining AI services. Finally, the authors argue for the value of automation, as it allows for continuous data and system updates that potentially can reduce maintenance.  In summary, this thesis aims to contribute to an understanding of how small-scale Tech Enterprises can implement generative AI technology sustainably to enhance their competitive edge through innovation and data-driven decision-making.