This doctoral dissertation examines the European Commission’s dawn raid practices in competition cases from a fundamental rights perspective. In recent years the Commission has adopted a new and more aggressive enforcement policy, which reflects the widespread understanding that cartels and abuse of market power are harmful to the economy and should be punished. Given both the considerable gains to be made through anti-competitive practices and the cartel’s nature of secrecy, effective application of the competition rules requires that competition authorities are vested with far-reaching investigatory powers. At the same time, EU fundamental rights protection has been strengthened through the Lisbon Treaty, and the Commission now has to ensure effective application of the EU competition rules while navigating through an array of fundamental rights, such as the right of the defence and the right to privacy. The doctoral dissertation explores whether it is possible to strike a balance between the interests of ensuring effective dawn raids and adequate fundamental rights protection, or whether the Commission has been handed an impossible task. As the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights requires EU fundamental rights protection to meet or exceed the standard set by the ECHR, the research is based on case-law from both the EU Courts and the European Court of Human Rights. The research demonstrates that the European Court of Human Rights has adopted a flexible approach towards inspections at business premises; it does not require an ex ante review of inspection decisions and accepts rather intrusive investigatory measures, provided that and as long as the procedural safeguards surrounding such measures are considered adequate. This way, the court manages to strike a balance between efficiency concerns and the rights of undertakings. As for the EU system, the EU Courts are not providing judicial review to the extent required by the ECHR. While inspection decisions may be challenged, the possibilities to challenge measures taken on their basis, or have those measures suspended, are limited. This discrepancy between EU and ECHR law – which is of seemingly limited nature – may affect the legitimacy of the entire dawn raid procedure as the granting of far-reaching investigatory powers must be counterbalanced by effective judicial control to ensure that measures adopted by the Commission are neither disproportionate nor arbitrary. Absent an effective judicial control of measures taken on the basis of inspection decisions, the procedural safeguards surrounding dawn raids cannot be considered adequate, and it is possible that the powers of the Commission may need to be restricted accordingly. The research also demonstrates that some of the limitations in the legal professional privilege – such as the exclusion of correspondence with non-EU lawyers or legal advice that lacks connection with the subject-matter of the investigation – do not serve the interests of a proper administration of justice and may therefore be questioned.

On June 1, 1866, one thousand heavily-armed Irish-American Fenian insurgents invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River from Buffalo, NY. The next day near the town of Ridgeway, 800 Fenians battled with 850 Canadian volunteer soldiers, including a small company of 28 University of Toronto students who ended up taking the brunt of the attack. The Battle of Ridgeway (or Lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge) ended with a disastrous rout of the Canadians who in their panicked retreat left their dead and wounded on the field. It was the last major incursion into Canada, the last battle in Ontario and the first modern one fought by Canadians, led in the field exclusively by Canadian officers, and significantly fought in Canada. The Fenian Raid mobilized some 22,000 volunteer troops and resulted in the suspension of habeas corpus in the colonial Province of Canada by its Attorney General and Minister of Militia John A. Macdonald, but the battle which climaxed this crisis is only prominent by its obscurity in Canadian historiography. Almost everything known and cited about Ridgeway springs from the same sources—four books and pamphlets—three of them published in the summer of 1866 immediately after the event and the remaining one in 1910. This dissertation argues that the history of the battle was distorted and falsified by these sources and by two military board of inquiries staged to explicitly cover up the extent of the disaster. This study investigates the relationship between the inquiries and the contemporary author-historians of two of the sources: Alexander Somerville, an investigative journalist in Hamilton, Ontario, a recent immigrant from Britain with a controversial history; and George T. Denison III, a prominent young Toronto attorney, a commander of a troop of volunteer cavalry, a former Confederate secret service agent, author-commentator on Canada’s military policy and presiding judge on both boards of inquiry. This study describes the process by which Ridgeway’s history was hidden and falsified and its possible scope and significance in Canadian historiography. New archival and published sources are identified, assessed and assembled for a newly restored and authenticated micro-narrative of the battle.

On June 1, 1866, one thousand heavily-armed Irish-American Fenian insurgents invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River from Buffalo, NY. The next day near the town of Ridgeway, 800 Fenians battled with 850 Canadian volunteer soldiers, including a small company of 28 University of Toronto students who ended up taking the brunt of the attack. The Battle of Ridgeway (or Lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge) ended with a disastrous rout of the Canadians who in their panicked retreat left their dead and wounded on the field. It was the last major incursion into Canada, the last battle in Ontario and the first modern one fought by Canadians, led in the field exclusively by Canadian officers, and significantly fought in Canada. The Fenian Raid mobilized some 22,000 volunteer troops and resulted in the suspension of habeas corpus in the colonial Province of Canada by its Attorney General and Minister of Militia John A. Macdonald, but the battle which climaxed this crisis is only prominent by its obscurity in Canadian historiography. Almost everything known and cited about Ridgeway springs from the same sources—four books and pamphlets—three of them published in the summer of 1866 immediately after the event and the remaining one in 1910. This dissertation argues that the history of the battle was distorted and falsified by these sources and by two military board of inquiries staged to explicitly cover up the extent of the disaster. This study investigates the relationship between the inquiries and the contemporary author-historians of two of the sources: Alexander Somerville, an investigative journalist in Hamilton, Ontario, a recent immigrant from Britain with a controversial history; and George T. Denison III, a prominent young Toronto attorney, a commander of a troop of volunteer cavalry, a former Confederate secret service agent, author-commentator on Canada’s military policy and presiding judge on both boards of inquiry. This study describes the process by which Ridgeway’s history was hidden and falsified and its possible scope and significance in Canadian historiography. New archival and published sources are identified, assessed and assembled for a newly restored and authenticated micro-narrative of the battle.

No description available.

À partir du début du vingtième siècle, la nature et l’aventure ont été utilisées par intervenants des milieux d’éducation et d’intervention psychosociale (Gass, Gillis, & Russell, 2012; Miles & Priest, 1999; Russell & Hendee, 2000; Tucker & Norton, 2013). Principalement réalisés auprès des groupes ayant des visées éducatives et thérapeutiques, des effets ont été observés sur les individus prenant part à ces programmes aux plans personnel et interpersonnel, notamment sur la perception de soi (Whittington, 2006), l’efficacité personnelle (Ronalds & Allen-Craig, 2008; Török, Kökönyei, Károlyi, Ittzés, & Tomcsányi, 2006), les habiletés sociales et le leadership (Sibthorp, 2003; Stott & Hall, 2003). Ces effets ont mis en valeur la pertinence de ce type d’intervention. Certains éléments sous-jacents aux effets répertoriés ont été identifiés, dont l’importance du groupe dans l’expérience des participants (Deane & Harré, 2014; Scheinfeld, Rochlen, & Buser, 2011), mais il reste encore beaucoup de chemin à parcourir pour comprendre la place que le groupe occupe au sein des expériences de nature et d’aventure. Réputés pour permettre l’examen approfondi des processus s’opérant dans les groupes, les facteurs d’aide (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005) constituent un cadre conceptuel qui ouvre à cette possibilité. Définissant les processus qui agissent au sein d’un groupe comme sous-jacents aux bénéfices individuels retirés par les membres, ce cadre conceptuel permet de comprendre ce que vivent les participants lors d’expériences en contexte de nature et d’aventure. Cette recherche de nature qualitative, menée auprès de 23 personnes provenant d’un milieu collégial, vise à cerner les facteurs d’aide agissant dans un programme à caractère éducatif se déroulant en contexte de nature et d’aventure. Cet objectif général se décline en deux objectifs spécifiques : 1) Identifier quels sont les facteurs d’aide qui émergent en intervention de groupe en contexte de nature et d’aventure et 2) déterminer quelle est leur importance relative, selon la perspective des participants. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une forte présence de la majorité des facteurs d’aide suggérés par Yalom et Leszcz (2005). Les apprentissages interpersonnels, les techniques de socialisation et la cohésion se retrouvent parmi les plus importants. En second lieu, l’altruisme, l’apprentissage par imitation et le partage d’information sont observés. Dans une moindre importance, il est question de la récapitulation corrective de la famille, la catharsis, l’espoir et les facteurs existentiels. Cette importance relative des différents facteurs d’aide pourrait être attribuable à la nature éducative du groupe et l’absence de problématique vécue par les participants. Les résultats indiquent également que le fait de se retrouver en nature, de réaliser des activités qui nécessitent de déployer des stratégies d’adaptation personnelles et de devoir surpasser ses craintes face à de multiples défis ont eu un effet catalyseur sur l’action des facteurs d’aide. Ces résultats font écho aux éléments déjà reconnus au sein des programmes réalisés en contexte de nature et d’aventure, tels que l’expérimentation du défi et du succès par l’entremise de la prise de risque, la dissonance et l’adaptation et la relation entre les intervenants et les membres du groupe (McKenzie, 2003; Panicucci, 2007; Priest, 1999a; Russell & Phillips-Miller, 2002). Le choix des facteurs d’aide comme cadre d’analyse apporte un éclairage nouveau en ce qui concerne la place centrale qu’occupe le groupe dans les interventions en contexte de nature et d’aventure. En ce sens, les résultats de cette thèse ont un caractère novateur. Au sein de la littérature, peu de liens ont été dressés entre les facteurs d’aide et les interventions en contexte de nature et d’aventure (Gass et al., 2012; Williams, 2000). D’autre part, les études sur les facteurs d’aide ont majoritairement été réalisées dans des milieux d’intervention traditionnels et auprès de populations clinique et d’âge adulte (Shechtman, 2003; Shechtman, Bar-el, & Hadar, 1997; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005) tandis que cette étude doctorale a été réalisée en contexte de nature et d’aventure auprès de jeunes adultes. Cette thèse fait la démonstration que les facteurs d’aide peuvent se manifester dans différentes conditions, ce qui laisse envisager des avenues de recherche futures en travail social. / Since the early twentieth century, natural outdoor and adventure settings have been used in education and psychosocial intervention (Gass, Gillis, & Russell, 2012; Miles & Priest, 1999; Russell & Hendee, 2000; Tucker & Norton, 2013). Predominantly utilized by groups with educational and therapeutic aims, some effects on individuals taking part in those programs with personal and interpersonal plans have been reported, notably on selfperception (Whittington, 2006), self-efficacy (Ronalds & Allen-Craig, 2008; Török, Kökönyei, Károlyi, Ittzés, & Tomcsányi, 2006), social skills and leadership (Sibthorp, 2003; Stott & Hall, 2003). These effects demonstrate the relevance of this type of intervention. Certain underlying elements of reported effects have been identified, such as the importance of the group in the experience of participants (Deane & Harré, 2014; Scheinfeld, Rochlen, & Buser, 2011), but there is much left to be understood about the group’s place in natural outdoor and adventure experiences. Considered to allow in-depth examination of operating processes in groups, the Helping Factors model developed by Yalom et Leszcz (2005) provides a conceptual framework that is open to possibility. Defining the processes acting within a group as underlying the individual benefits taken away by members, this conceptual framework permits an understanding of what participants encounter in experiences in natural outdoor and adventure settings. Conducted with 23 college students, this qualitative research aims to identify the active Helping Factors in an educational program that takes place in natural outdoor and adventure settings. This general objective can be broken down into two specific objectives: 1) To identify which Helping Factors emerge in group interventions in experiences in natural outdoor and adventure settings; and (2) to determine their relative importance, according to the perspectives of the participants. The results obtained demonstrate a strong presence of the majority of the Helping Factors proposed by Yalom and Leszcz (2005). Interpersonal Learning, Development of Socializing Techniques and Cohesiveness are found to be among the most important. Secondarily, Altruism, Imitative Behavior and Imparting Information are found. Of lesser importance are Corrective Recapitulation of the Primary Family Group, Catharsis, Hope and Existential Factors. The relative importance of different Helping Factors could be attributable to the educational nature of the group and the absence of problems experienced by the participants. The results equally indicate that the fact of being in nature, of carrying out activities that require personal coping strategies and experimenting with challenge and success through risk-taking have a catalytic effect on the occurrence of Helping Factors. These results resonate with elements that are already recognized in programs implemented in the context of natural outdoor and adventure settings, such as experimenting with challenge and success through risk-taking, adaptive dissonance and the relationships between stakeholders and members of the group (McKenzie, 2003; Panicucci, 2007; Priest, 1999a; Russell & Phillips-Miller, 2002). The choice of Helping Factors as an analytical framework brings new light to the central position that the group occupies in interventions in natural outdoor and adventure settings. In this sense, the results of this thesis are breaking new ground. Within the literature, few links have been made between Helping Factors and interventions in natural outdoor and adventure settings (Gass et al., 2012; Williams, 2000). Furthermore, studies on Helping Factors have been predominantly carried out in traditional intervention environments and with clinical and adult populations (Shechtman, 2003; Shechtman, Bar-el, & Hadar, 1997; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005), whereas this doctoral study focuses on young adults in natural outdoor and adventure settings. This thesis demonstrates that Helping Factors can occur within different conditions, pointing to possible future avenues of research in social work.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / For many years VME has been the platform of choice for high-performance, real-time data acquisition systems. VME’s longevity has been made possible in part by timely enhancements which have expanded system bandwidth and allowed systems to support ever increasing throughput. One of the most recent ANSI-standard extensions of the VME specification defines RACEway, a system of dynamically switched, 160 Mbyte/second board-to-board interconnects. In typical systems RACEway increases the internal bandwidth of a VME system by an order of magnitude. Since this bandwidth is both scaleable and deterministic, it is particularly well suited to high-performance, real-time systems. The potential of RACEway for very high-performance (200 Mbps to 1 Gbps) real-time systems has been recognized by both the VME industry and a growing number of system integrators. This recognition has yielded many new RACEway-ready VME products from more than a dozen vendors. In fact many significant real-time data acquisition systems that consist entirely of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) RACEway products are being developed and fielded today. This paper provides an overview of RACEway technology, identifies the types of RACEway equipment currently available, discusses how RACEway can be applied in high-performance data acquisition systems, and briefly describes two systems that acquiring and capturing real-time data streams at rates from 200 Mbps to 1 Gbps using RACEway.

This diploma thesis reviews the history of the Melnik region in the end of the Second World War and the resistence of the people. The aim of first body of the thesis is to describe the activity of Mělník natives in Royal Air Force. The materials for this part I got from archives. There are short profiles of fighter pilots, who left the Protectorate of Bohemia and Bohemia. The second part is about the resistance in Melnik region. In this region formed local resistance groups, but at the end of the war was there a cooperation with guerilla forces called "Narodni mstitel." In this thesis are described the soviet air-raids and some air-raids before May 1945. In the last part is described rising of the people in Melnik region, disarming of the enemy and entrance into the new era

This thesis argues that from June 1940 when German soldiers occupied Lorient, France until May 8, 1945 when the Lorient "Pocket" surrendered, although the women of this port city faced drastic changes, they took control of their everyday lives. They did what it took to feed and clothe their families, working, standing in lines, buying on the black market, bartering, demonstrating, and recycling. They developed relationships with German soldiers which ran the gamut. Due to aerial raids in the context of the Battle of the Atlantic, they sought shelter, buried their dead, took care of their wounded, looked for new lodging, and helped each other. They even tried to have some fun. After evacuation in early 1943, scattered to the four winds, in the American held "Lorient Sector," they served as advocates for others and made inquiries to the American 66th Infantry Division Counter-Intelligence Service. At the Liberation women were easy targets for blame, and some from Lorient were punished, notably for "horizontal collaboration" with Germans. When the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Liberation of Lorient was celebrated in 1995, the story of the women of Lorient was essentially left out. / Master of Arts

In 1978 the SADF carried out an airborne assault on Cassinga in Southern Angola. The South Africans claimed that Cassinga was a key SWAPO military headquarters, training camp and logistic base. SWAPO claimed it was a refugee camp and that the approximately 600 people who died in the attack were innocent civilians. The SADF said it had dealt SWAPO a significant military blow; SWAPO said the SADF had carried out a brutal massacre of old people, women and children. This dissertation focuses on the military dimensions of the raid, examining first the military situation in southern Angola and northern Namibia at the time, then looking at Cassinga itself before reviewing the airborne capability of the SADF, considering the decision that was made to launch the attack, describing the planning and preparations, the actual assault, a Cuban counter-attack and the extraction of the South African paratroopers. It concludes with the propaganda claims of both sides before assessing the military significance of the action. / History / M.A.

The air campaign conducted by the RAAF in the North-Western Area during the Second World War has been largely ignored by historians yet it contributed significantly to the outcome of the Pacific war. This thesis sets out to discuss the campaign by considering various factors that impacted on the RAAF in the lead up to and during the course of the Pacific war and their relevance to the campaign. It looks at the way air operations were conducted in the North-Western Area between 1942 and 1945 and describes the role played by the flying squadrons based in the area. Using primary sources such as operational record books, documents and files at archives and libraries and interviews with veterans and experts the thesis found that the campaign was conducted in several phases. It started with the defence of Darwin. In keeping with overall allied strategy the RAAF then went on an offensive into what was then the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) using medium and heavy bombers and mine laying sea planes flying from bases in Australia???s north west. The NEI was vital to the Japanese war effort as a source of essential raw materials such as oil, timber, and rubber. To defend this part of their new empire the Japanese had amassed large military garrisons on the islands. The vessels used to transport troops and materials became the most important targets for the RAAF???s bomber squadrons. As General MacArthur???s forces advanced along the north coast of New Guinea the North-Western Area based units conducted raids into the NEI to deceive the Japanese into thinking an invasion would be launched from Darwin. As the New Guinea campaign gained momentum the RAAF???s task was to protect its western flank, to prevent the Japanese from moving troops and aircraft east to the Philippines. The thesis concludes the campaign was successful because Darwin was defended, it denied the Japanese vital materials for the conduct of the war and it kept hundreds of aircraft and tens of thousands of troops away from the allied advance.