Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-20T16:42:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TatieleTamaraGehrke.pdf: 3347128 bytes, checksum: 0f23c0cadd61c9ebaa70b9288b0db807 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TatieleTamaraGehrke.pdf: 3347128 bytes, checksum: 0f23c0cadd61c9ebaa70b9288b0db807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / The purpose of this dissertation is to answer the following problem: How the proposition and resolution of problems created from the observations collected through the realization of a Mathematical Trail in the environment in which the students live can contribute to the teaching and learning of geometric solids with students of the third year of High School? The objective is to investigate if the proposition and resolution of problems created from the observations collected through the accomplishment of a Mathematical Rail in the environment in which the students live contributes to the teaching and learning of the geometric solids with students of the third year of High School. The subjects that participated in the research were students of the 3rd year of the High School of the State School of Secondary Education Presidente Afonso Pena, in the city of Paraíso do Sul / RS. The research was qualitative, based on the ideas of Van Hiele on the development of geometric thinking and Problem Solving. The instruments used involved a diagnostic test, the accomplishment of the Mathematical Trail, the didactic sequence elaborated by the students based on the data collected on the trail and the didactic sequence elaborated by the teacher-researcher, besides a class diary in which the events occurred in Classroom and the documents produced in the productions and resolutions of the problems. The activities developed in the didactic sequences were planned taking into account the levels of Van Hiele, in order to assist in the development of geometric reasoning. After the activities developed and the results analyzed, it was found that the students felt involved with the proposed activities, especially in relation to the Mathematical Trail, from which they could observe and create problems according to their observations in a familiar environment. In addition, it can be concluded that the Problem Solving methodology was valid because it enabled the students to carry out a collective and collaborative work, in addition to favoring the construction of knowledge in a participatory manner. / Com esta dissertação, busca-se responder o seguinte problema: Como a proposição e resolução de problemas criados a partir das observações coletadas por meio da realização de um Trilho Matemático no ambiente em que os estudantes vivem podem contribuir para o ensino e aprendizagem dos sólidos geométricos com estudantes do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio? O objetivo é investigar se a proposição e resolução de problemas criados a partir das observações coletadas por meio da realização de um Trilho Matemático no ambiente em que os estudantes vivem contribui para o ensino e aprendizagem dos sólidos geométricos com estudantes do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio. Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa foram estudantes do 3° ano do Ensino Médio da Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Presidente Afonso Pena, do município de Paraíso do Sul/RS. A pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo, fundamentada nas ideias de Van Hiele sobre o desenvolvimento do pensamento geométrico e na Resolução de Problemas. Os instrumentos utilizados envolveram um teste diagnóstico, a realização do Trilho Matemático, a sequência didática elaborada pelos estudantes com base nos dados coletados no trilho e a sequência didática elaborada pela professora-pesquisadora, além de diário de aula no qual foram registrados os acontecimentos ocorridos em sala de aula e os documentos produzidos nas produções e resoluções dos problemas. As atividades desenvolvidas nas sequências didáticas foram planejadas levando em consideração os níveis de Van Hiele, com intuito de auxiliar no desenvolvimento do raciocínio geométrico. Após as atividades desenvolvidas e os resultados analisados, constatou-se que os estudantes se sentiram envolvidos com as atividades propostas, especialmente em relação ao Trilho Matemático, a partir do qual puderam observar e criar problemas de acordo com suas observações num ambiente familiar. Além disso, pode-se concluir que a metodologia Resolução de Problemas foi válida, pois possibilitou aos estudantes a realização de um trabalho coletivo e colaborativo, além de favorecer a construção do conhecimento de forma participativa.

The evolution of WWW leads to continuous growth of demands that are placed on web applications that results in creating sophisticated web architectures. To minimize the complexity behind their design, software frameworks were introduced. There are hundreds of web frameworks, hence the choice of the right framework can be seen as searching for the holy grail. This thesis investigates the possibility of creating and validates usefulness of a classification scheme which organizes well-known object-oriented design patterns found in popular web frameworks: Apache Struts, Ruby on Rails, CakePHP and Zend Framework. The proposed classification scheme is based on two criteria: purpose and scope. The classification of such patterns that capture design rationale behind the decisions and best practices, is potentially important for building or restructuring a generic web framework, for capturing expertise knowledge and for orientation purposes in the problem domain - web engineering. The methodology used in this thesis is based on case studies and the identification of design patterns in web frameworks uses manual approaches. The results revealed popular design patterns in web frameworks and that the proposed classification scheme in a form of a 2D matrix must be refined, because relationships among design patterns in web frameworks are important and have a tendency to be formed as complex hierarchies. It is proposed to use a classification scheme in a form of a map or a tree when refining the scheme.

Phenomenon called Web 2.0 was described in this work, including its origins and following criticism. Changes that it brought were described using its applications and used technologies. Library 2.0 concept was introduced and either its advantages and disadvantages were evaluated. Contemporary situation concerning Web 2.0 technologies usage in libraries and their catalogues was described. Oportunity to use libraries data was accented and possible ways of getting them were explored. Simple uniform interface was created and demonstrated.

The topic of this master's thesis is a comparison of web Rapid Application Development frameworks Ruby on Rails and Spring Roo. The paper focuses on creating extensive overview of pros and cons of the subjected tools from the web developer's point of view to enhance his awareness about the subject, also to come up with new questions for further analysis or even convince him to use one of the frameworks in the real projects. Firstly, the paper contains a theoretical overview of the common conceptions for better understanding of the following parts and then specific principles for each of the selected frameworks. Secondly, there is a practical part. On one hand it demonstrates the implementation of a reference application using both platforms to illustrate the practical distinctions. On the other hand, it also contains an overall comparison based on the defined methodology. Altogether, it should form a comprehensive comparison of the selected frameworks for web developers interested in Ruby and Java platforms.

The aim of the diploma thesis was the conceptual design of a service lift driven by the rigid chain. The introduction part focuses on a general description of lifts and existing issues. The following chapters contain the created lift design, construction of important design elements and functional calculations. In the conclusion, evaluation compared with hydraulic lifts and evaluation of speed of the lift, starting and braking to exact stop are performed.

Rephotography has been a popular research topic in the photography field for a long time. The purpose of rephotography itself is to repeatedly take photographs of the same scene at a different time. As a result, the sequence of rephotographs with the reference, often historical, the picture provides a compelling visualization of the evolution of the subject or capture its changes in time. However, the act of rephotography is difficult for the rephotographers as they have to cope with the ambiguous motions in six degrees of freedom and with the changes of the subject itself or its surrounding environment.        This thesis aims to create a mobile application that would help its users to capture a rephotograph more accurately and allow them to share the scenes amongst other users. The designed application uses available on-device sensors to navigate the user to the location and guide the user during the rephotography process to capture a precise rephotograph. Furthermore, the application contains user interface elements designed explicitly for rephotography. Moreover, the work describes topics about user interface design, iOS application development, and designing and deploying backend API for the mobile application.

Les AMF à base fer se distinguent par la présence d'un couplage entre la transformation de phase et le glissement plastique. Pour caractériser leur comportement thermomécanique, des essais cycliques de chargement mécanique effectués à différentes températures et à différents niveaux de chargement, suivis par chauffage, ont été effectués. Ceux ci nous ont permis de distinguer les spécificités des AMF à base fer comme la non linéarité des interactions inter et intragranulaires, l'évolution des contraintes critiques avec la température, l'effet de la déformation plastique sur celle de transformation et l'activation de la transformation inverse uniquement par chauffage. En s'inspirant des résultats de ces essais, une loi de comportement, intégrant toutes ces spécificités, est proposée. Elle dérive d'une expression de l'énergie libre de Gibbs issue de considérations micromécaniques. Elle présente deux variables internes, la fraction volumique de martensite pour décrire la transformation de phase et le taux de plasticité pour le comportement plastique. Cette loi a été implémentée dans le code éléments finis Abaqus via la subroutine UMAT. Elle a été validée par comparaison des simulations numériques avec les résultats expérimentaux. Suite à cette validation, des applications en AMF à base fer ont été étudiées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la capacité du modèle à être utilisé comme outil de dimensionnement de structures en AMF à base fer / The Fe-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) present a specific thermomechanical behaviour compared with classical SMAs. In this PhD thesis, experimental thermomechanical tests were performed in order to study such behavior. The applied loading is a tension followed by a significant heating. The loading cycle is repeated at different constant temperatures and maximum stresses. The experimental results show a coupling between two non linear inelastic mechanisms: phase transformation and plasticity. The reverse transformation activated only during heating, the effect of plastic strain on the transformation one, were also analysed. Taking into account all these specificities, a finite element numerical tool adapted to Fe-based SMA structural analysis is proposed. It is based on a developed constitutive model which describes the effect of phase transformation, plastic sliding and their interactions on the thermomechanical behavior. Two scalar internal variables were considered to describe phase transformation and plastic sliding effects. This model was derived from an assumed expression of the Gibbs free energy taking into account, in addition to mechanical and chemical quantities, the non linear interaction quantities related to inter- and intra-granular incompatibilities. The numerical tool derived from the implicit resolution of the non linear partial derivative constitutive equations was implemented in the Abaqus finite element code via the UMAT subroutine. After verification tests for homogeneous and heterogeneous thermo-mechanical loadings, two examples of Fe-based SMA applications were studied. They correspond to Fe-based SMA tightening systems: a fish plates for crane rails and a ring for tubes connection

The Swedish city of Uppsala is growing and will be expanded. To manage the increase in traffic, a tramway is being planned. It is vital to make the construction and the tramway tracks sustainable. This is explored to study carbon dioxide emissions related to tramway track materials as well as their wear and service life. This project investigates sustainability, the tramway track constituents, rail steel, the rails' wear, rail surface treatments that could minimize wear and increase service life, materials surrounding the rails, and the production of the most used materials in tramway tracks. A literature study is conducted to compare different options for materials and treatments. The municipality of Uppsala's climate goals, technical standards and regulations, articles and studies about the mentioned topics, amongst other sources, are considered and compared. The results include a rough estimation of the material consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Asphalt tracks have the lowest emissions of the different surrounding material options. The steel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for the vignole rails are less than for grooved rails and the concrete consumption for grass tracks is slightly less compared to edilon tracks. It is also possible to switch from regular perlitic rail steel to bainitic rail steel when needed. Laser hardening, UNSM, and thermal plasma hardening decrease the rails' wear (rates) considering increased surface hardness. / Uppsala är en växande stad och därför ska Södra staden byggas ut. Spårvagnstrafik planeras för att hantera den kommande trafikbelastning. Det är viktigt att göra konstruktionen av spårvägen till spårvagnen så hållbar och miljövänlig som möjligt. Detta utreds i denna rapport för att undersöka koldioxidutsläpp från spårvägens material samt dess slitage och livslängd. Rapporten undersöker hållbarhet, hur spårvägarna ser ut och dess olika delar, rälstål, rälernas slitage, ytbehandlingar till rälarna som kan minimera slitage och öka livslängden, samt tillverkningen av de mest förekommande materialen i spårvagnars spårvägar. En litteraturstudie genomförs för att jämföra olika materialvals- och behandlingsalternativ. Uppsala kommuns klimatmål, tekniska standarder och regelverk, artiklar och studier om de nämnda ämnena, bland andra resurser, används och jämförs. Studiens resultat inkluderar en grov uppskattning av materialåtgången och koldioxidutsläpp. Det blir minst koldioxidutsläpp från asfaltsspår när det gäller de omgivande materialen. Stålåtgången och koldioxidutsläppen för vignolräler är mindre än för gaturäler och betongåtgången blir lite mindre för grässpår jämfört med edilonspår. Det är även möjligt att byta från vanligt perlitiskt rälstål till bainitiskt rälstål vid behov. Laserhärdning, UNSM och termisk plasma härdning minskar rälernas slitage med avseende på framförallt ökningar av ythårdhet.

Os mapas da cidade de São Paulo, produzidos no período compreendido entre o final do século XIX e meados do século XX, revelam uma cidade em plena transformação e desenvolvimento, com aumento dos seus limites através das obras de infraestrutura, como linha férrea e de bondes, implantação dos sistemas de distribuição de água e principalmente, energia elétrica, além da construção de novas pontes, loteamentos e arruamentos de chácaras, abertura de ruas, avenidas e praças. A influência dos trilhos (trens e bondes) na estruturação territorial da cidade de São Paulo foi avaliada através da análise de mapas históricos e auxiliada pela cartografia digital. Atualmente, com os recursos técnicos disponíveis, os mapas históricos podem ser estudados de forma sistematizada buscando-se obter uma visão de conjunto a respeito das transformações no espaço geográfico ao longo do tempo. A cartografia digital, apoiada nos softwares de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), representa essa possibilidade oferecendo recursos para armazenamento, manipulação, e visualização dos dados geográficos. / The maps of the city of São Paulo produced within period from the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth century, reveal a city undergoing transformation and development, increasing the limits of the urban through infrastructure works such as railway and trams, implementation of water distribution systems and especially electricity, in addition to building new bridges, roads and subdivisions of small farms, open streets, avenues and squares. The influence of the rails (trains and trams) in the territorial structure of the city of São Paulo was evaluated through analysis of historical maps and assisted by digital mapping. Currently, with the available technical resources, historical maps can be studied in a systematic way seeking to get an overview about the changes in geographical space over time. The digital cartography supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software provides resources for storage, manipulation, and visualization of geographic data.

Cette thèse a été dirigée par le Professeur Kauffmann de l’Université de Franche-Comté. Le co-directeur de l’Ecole Royale Militaire était le Docteur Johan Gallant et les essais à l’Institut franco-allemande de recherches de Saint-Louis (ISL) étaient encadrés par le Docteur Markus Schneider.Un lanceur à rails conventionnel est composé de deux rails conducteur connecté par un projectile. L’interaction entre le champ magnétique induit par le courant dans les rails et le courant dans le projectile résulte en une force électromagnétique accélérant. Dans cette thèse on utilise un projectile avec deux ponts de courant. Pour un lanceur à rails conventionnel la méthode la plus efficace pour augmenter la force sur le projectile est d’augmenter le courant dans les rails. Mais la densité de courant est limitée. L’échauffement des contacts entre les rails et les ponts de courant par l’effet Joule et la force de frottement, peut résulter dans la transformation d’un contact solide dans un contact plasma, ce qui est à éviter. Une possibilité d’adresser ce problème est d’ajouter des ponts de courant pour améliorer la distribution de courant. Une autre possibilité est d’appliquer un champ magnétique extérieur généré par un circuit extérieur qui nous permet d’augmenter la force électromagnétique sans augmenter le courant dans le circuit intérieur. Dans cette thèse l’objectif est d’étudier la distribution de courant et de température dans un projectile à deux ponts de courant pour un lanceur augmenté. Comme les deux ponts de courants et les rails du circuit intérieur forment un circuit fermé, le champ augmenté va induire un courant de circulation qui influence la distribution de courant entre les brosses. Le premier modèle de simulation est un modèle global du lanceur en PSpice qui nous permet de déterminer les courants globaux, la force électromagnétique, la position et la vitesse du projectile et la température moyenne des brosses. Le modèle global prend en compte l’effet de peau dû à la vitesse et est validé par des résultats expérimentaux. Le deuxième modèle est un modèle local en ANSYS, un code à éléments finis, pour un projectile fixe. Ce modèle permet une étude locale de la distribution de courant et de température. Un modèle pour la zone de contact entre les rails et la brosse est introduit. Le modèle local est utilisé pour calculer les coefficients de l’équation de force dans le modèle global. Les résultats des deux modèles de simulation sont cohérents.Le lanceur LARA, utilisé pour les essais, a une longueur de 1.5 m et un calibre de 15 mm. On disposait de trois bancs de condensateurs pour l’alimentation du lanceur en configuration non-augmenté et augmenté. Les vitesses à la bouche obtenues varient entre 48 et 214 m/s. Pour la détermination de la distribution de courant nous avons utilisé une méthode proposée par [SCH05a]. Cette méthode est une combinaison d’une mesure de tension entre deux pins dans les rails et dans une boucle. Nous avons constaté que les signaux obtenus avec cette méthode, appliquée dans ce régime de vitesse, sont perturbés par les courants de Foucault induits avant le projectile et les résultats ne répondent pas à nos attentes. Une méthode analytique basée sur la mesure de tension dans la boucle a été développée. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés avec les simulations. Nous avons constaté une bonne correspondance entre les valeurs des courants maximaux dans les rails calculés avec PSpice et les valeurs expérimentales, mais le courant calculé avec PSpice est plus faible dans la phase décroissante du courant. Les erreurs sur la vitesse sont inférieures à 10 %. Les deux modèles de simulation et les essais montrent que la brosse avant porte la plus grande partie du courant. La dernière partie de cette thèse est une étude paramétrique avec ANSYS pour l’avant-projet du circuit intérieur d’un lanceur à rail existant. / This thesis was supervised by Professor Jean-Marie Kauffmann of the University of Franche-Comté. The co-director at the Royal Military Academy was Dr. Johan Gallant and the experiments at Franch-German Research Institute ISL were directed by Dr. Markus Schneider. A conventional electromagnetic railgun is composed of two conducting rails connected by a projectile. The magnetic field generated by the current in the rails interacts in the projectile resulting in an electromagnetic force accelerating the projectile. The projectile used in this thesis is two brush projectile. For a conventional railgun the most efficient way to increase the force on the projectile is to increase the current in the rails. But the current density is limited. The heating of the sliding contacts between the brushes and the rails due to the Joule losses and the friction can cause the contacts and can result in contact transition which we want to avoid. One way to reduce the heating is to add more current brushes to obtain a better current distribution between the brushes. Another way is to add an extra pair of rails and create an additional magnetic field. This augmenting field allows us to increase the electromagnetic force without increasing the current through the projectile. In this thesis the current and heat distribution in a two brush projectile in a parallel augmented railgun is studied through simulations and experiments. Because the current brushes and the inner rails form a closed loop, the augmenting field will induce a loop current and influence the current distribution between the brushes. The first simulation model is a global model of the railgun in PSice which allows us to predict the global currents as well as the average temperature in the brushes, the force on the projectile and the position and the velocity of the projectile. The model takes into account the velocity skin effect and was validated based on experiments. The second model is a finite element model in ANSYS for a fixed projectile. This model allows a local study of the current and temperature distribution in the projectile. A model for the contact between the rails and the projectile is introduced. The local model is used to calculate the time-dependent coefficients for the force equation used in the global model. Both simulation models are compared and a good correspondence is found. The LARA railgun of ISL with a length of 1.5 m and a square caliber of 15 mm has been used for the experiments. A maximum of three capacitor banks was used for the non-augmented and the augmented configuration. The muzzle velocities obtained in the experiments vary between 48 and 214 m/s. To determine the current distribution between the brushes a technique proposed by [SCH05a] has been used. It is based on the measurement of the voltage between two pins in the rails in combination with the voltage in a loop. When applied to this velocity range, the eddy currents in front of the projectile hamper the interpretation of the signals and the results are not what we expected. An analytical method for the determination of the current distribution based on the voltage in the loop was introduced. The results are then compared with the results of the simulations. The maximum current in the rails found with PSpice shows a good correspondence with the experiments, the calculated decrease of the current is slightly overestimated. The errors on the velocities are less than 10%. Both simulation models and experiments show that the brush towards the breech carries the greater part of the current for the non-augmented as well as the augmented railgun. In the last part a parametric study is carried out with ANSYS for the preliminary design of an augmenting circuit for an existing railgun.