In this study, a halophilic archaea Halobacterium salinarium TG13 which is isolated from Tuz Lake in Central Anatolia was characterized biochemically and genetically. Halobacterium salinarium DSM3754 and Halobacterium salinarium S9 strains were used as a reference strain through the experiments. In biochemical characterization / total protein profiles of strains was compared by using 1D SDS PAGE. Total protein profile of the isolated strain has shown differences. The SDS-PAGE profile of the purified purple membrane showed only single band by coomassie staining. Molecular weight and pI values of the protein isolated from Halobacterium salinarium TG13 and Halobacterium salinarium S9 were estimated by 2D SDS-PAGE as 22 kD and 5.4, respectively. Photoactivity of purple membrane of the strains was investigated. pH change of the purple membranes were observed upon illumination. This protein might be corresponded to bacteriorhodopsin. In genetical characterization / polymorphism of genomic DNA of strains was scanned with RAPD-PCR. Plasmid DNA profiles of strains was determined to make use of RFLP technique. RAPD-PCR and RFLP analyses have shown that Halobacterium salinarium TG13 is different strain from reference Halobacterium salinarium strains (H.s. S9 and H.s. DSM3754).

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-01T18:40:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2130474 bytes, checksum: b9156f2bfd2a4a0f4c702f5e05f2d6c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2130474 bytes, checksum: b9156f2bfd2a4a0f4c702f5e05f2d6c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, agente causal da síndrome da morte súbita em soja, é um importante patógeno no Brasil e em outras partes do mundo. Foram obtidos 15 isolados de F. solani f. sp. glycines a partir de 57 fragmentos de raíz de soja coletados em diferentes localidades no Brasil. A diversidade genética destes 15 isolados e de outros 4 isolados cedidos pelo Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, foi avaliada por RAPD. As amplificações com 15 oligonucleotídeos resultaram em 175 fragmentos polimórficos e 5 monomórficos. As distâncias genéticas entre os isolados variaram de 12,2 a 85%, revelando alta variabilidade genética. Não houve agrupamento dos isolados de acordo com seu local de coleta. Esta alta variabilidade genética provavelmente se deve à presença de transposons e de ciclo parassexual do patógeno. Protoplastos de Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines foram obtidos por digestão enzimática do micélio, na presença de MgSO 4 1,2 M como estabilizador osmótico. Foram liberados 2,4 X 10 7 protoplastos/mL após 4 horas de digestão do micélio a 28°C e 80 rpm. A concentração ideal de enzima lítica para a protoplastização foi de 15 mg/mL. A maior taxa de regeneração dos protoplastos foi de 5,5% em meio BDA estabilizado com sacarose 1,0 M. / Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, the causative agent of sudden death syndrome in soybean, is an important pathogen in Brazil and in other parts of the world. Fifteen F. solani f. sp. glycines isolates were obtained out of 57 root fragments collected in different growing regions in Brazil. The genetic diversity of these isolates and that of four isolates obtained from the Department of Plant Sciences of the Federal University of Viçosa were analyzed by RAPD. Amplification with 15 primers resulted in 175 polymorphic and 5 monomorphic DNA fragments. The genetic distances among the isolates ranged from 12.2 to 85%. No grouping was obtained based on geographic localization, certainly because there were not enough differentiation. This high genetic variability is probably due to the activity of transposons and the presence of the parassexual reproduction. Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines protoplasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion of micelium, using 1,2 M MgSO 4 as osmotic stabilizer. Aproximately 2.4 X 10 7 protoplasts/mL were obtained after 4 hours of micelium digestion at 28°C e 80 rpm. The optimum enzyme concentration was 15 mg/mL. The highest protoplast regeneration rate was 5.5% in BDA stabilized with 1,0 M sucrose. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-10-09T11:45:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 9861287 bytes, checksum: d1920707baa642d6539a70010fd3dadd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T11:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 9861287 bytes, checksum: d1920707baa642d6539a70010fd3dadd (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Três meios de cultivo foram testados com o objetivo de avaliar o mais indicado para o desenvolvimento e crescimento das variedades Baraka, Bintje e Contenda. Utilizaram-se o meio MS suplementado com sacarose 3% e vitaminas, o meio MS com sacarose 3%, vitaminas e ácido giberélico 1,4 umol/ L e o meio MS modificado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. Plãntulas no meio MS + GAs apresentaram a maior média de número de folhas definitivas e também maior média de comprimento de parte aérea para todas as variedades. Para determinar a concentração ideal de picloram à indução de calejamento, um experimento foi realizado, testando-se as seguintes concentrações: 0,0; 0,0165; 0,165; e 1,65 pmol/L por 32 dias. O melhor resultado foi obtido com 1,65 pmol/ L. Calos foram induzidos, usando-se folha e caule como explantes das variedades comerciais Baraka, Bintje, Contenda, Baronesa e Achat em meio MS suplementado tanto com picloram 1,65 “mol/L quanto com 2,4-D 11,5 umol/L. Após 70 e 90 dias de calejamento, os DNAs das 40 amostras de calos foram analisados num estudo comparativo entre as duas fontes de explantes das cinco variedades e de ambos os reguladores de crescimento. Para isso, 20 “primers” de sequência arbitrária foram testados. Para a variedade Baraka, caule como explante, picloram e 90 dias de calejamento foram os tratamentos que induziram a maior variação somaclonal. Para Bintje, os tratamentos foram folha, picloram e 70 dias. Dos 20 “primers” testados, 14 apresentaram polimorfismo para a variedade Contenda quando submetida ao tratamento que utilizou caule como explante, picloram e 70 dias de calejamento. Dentre os genótipos analisados, a variedade Baronesa apresentou o maior número de fragmentos polimórficos para todos os tratamentos. A variedade Achat mostrou-se mais suscetível a variação somaclonal quando submetida aos tratamentos que utilizaram 2,4-D, 90 dias de calejamento e tanto caule e folha como explante. O maior tempo de cultivo não teve grande influência na variação somaclonal da maioria das variedades, exceto “Baraka” e “Achat'. O fator genótipo foi o mais importante, pois cada variedade teve desempenho distinto do das outras, no que concerne à taxa de variação somaclonal. / No sumario consta o abstract, mas a pagina não esta na tese.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lf_me_sjrp.pdf: 986291 bytes, checksum: e879f8c79aac66ac197646cb214878eb (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / No Brasil, o queijo Mussarela elaborado com leite de búfala, tem uma boa aceitação pelos consumidores e mercado em expansão. Entretanto, poucas são as pesquisas em âmbito nacional sobre a microbiota e influência das bactérias ácido-láticas utilizadas na produção, sobre a qualidade tecnológica deste queijo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compor um banco de culturas representativo da microbiota isolada de queijo Mussarela fabricado com leite de búfala e efetuar a caracterização das bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL). Foram realizadas três coletas em dois laticínios (Laticínios A e B), em diferentes etapas do processo de fabricação, assim como no produto acabado (queijo Mussarela e soro de conservação) recém processado e com 14 e 28 dias de estocagem. Foi feita a contagem de colônias viáveis, isolamento dos mesófilos e termófilos, caracterização morfológica por coloração de Gram e teste de catalase. Foram obtidos 313 isolados que apresentaram características de BAL. As culturas isoladas das amostras do queijo do Laticínio B foram identificadas pela técnica de RAPD e sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e caracterizadas quanto à atividade acidificante, capacidade de utilizarem o citrato, atividade proteolítica e capacidade de produzirem compostos voláteis precursores de aromas. Para os dois laticínios, a população de microorganismos termófilos prevaleceu sobre os mesofilos. Os isolados foram identificados como Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e Leuconostoc mesenteroides. A velocidade máxima de acidificação para os isolados variou de 0,0005 e 0,0305 unidades de pH por minuto após 20 min e 18 h 50 min do início do processo de fermentação, respectivamente para termófilos e mesófilos. O tempo... / In Brazil, the Mozzarella cheese prepared with buffalo milk has a good acceptance and market expansion. However, there are few national studies about microflora and influence of lactic acid bacteria, used in production, on the technological quality of this cheese. The aim this study was to compose a representative bank of the microbial cultures isolated from Mozzarella cheese produced with buffalo milk and to characterize the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Three collections were performed in two dairy (Dairy A and B) at different stages of the manufacturing process as well as the finished product (Mozzarella cheese and whey conservation) newly processed and with 14 and 28 days of storage. It was followed a count of viable colony, isolation of mesophiles and thermophiles, morphological characterization by Gram staining and catalase test. It was obtained 313 isolates that exhibited characteristics of LAB. The cultures isolated of the cheese samples of the cheese from the Dairy B were identified by RAPD and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and characterized by acidifying activity, ability to utilize citrate, proteolytic activity and ability to produce volatile compounds that are flavor precursors. At two dairies, the population of thermophilic microorganisms was higher than mesophylic. The isolates were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The top speed of acidification for the isolates ranged from 0.0005 and 0.0305 pH units per minute after 20 minutes and 18:50 of the beginning of the fermentation process, respectively for thermophiles and mesophiles. The time required to reach the pH 5.0 ranged from 4h50min to 60h the beginning of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Neurocysticercosis (NC) is a polymorphic disease and the immune response in human carrier is heterogenic. In this study, 35 primers were used for amplifications by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of Taenia solium metacestodes, from five different geographic areas in Brazil: 1) Distrito Federal (DF), Center West; 2) Barreiras (BA), Northeast and Southeast; 3) Hydro Basin of the Mosquito River (North of Minas Gerais, RM-MG), 4) São Paulo (SP) and 5) Uberaba (Minas Gerais, UB-MG). Metacestodes saline crude extracts of four populations (DF, BA, RM-MG e SP) were used for the detection of specific IgG antibodies by ELISA and Western Blotting (WB). A total of 157 serum samples of three groups, (G1): 49 NC patients; (G2): 68 patients with other helminthiasis: hydatidosis (10), taeniasis (20), strongyloidiasis (20), schistosomiasis (10) and hymenolepiasis (8); and (G3): 40 healthy individuals; were analyzed by ELISA. From these, the 98 serum samples were assayed by WB; G1 (49), G2 (39) and G3 (10). The genetic distances, in disagreement percentage, between the metacestode populations were calculated from of 15 RAPD markers and showed 49.5% (DF), 48% (BA), 38.5% (UBMG) and 28% (RM-MG and SP) of genetic distances. Six primers identified polymorphic fragments and the primers 26 (GGGTTTGGCA) and 29 (TCGCCAGCCA) allowed a better differentiation of populations. The fragments of 1000, 500 and 326 pb (pairs of bases) in the UB-MG and of 600 and 244 pb in RM-MG were amplified by primer 26. The fragments generated by primer 29 were 500, 800 and 1191 pb, 300 and 1377 pb, 1000 pb and 244 and 434 pb in SP, UB-MG, DF and BA populations, respectively. In G1, the positivity by ELISA was: 90% (DF), 69% (BA), 71% (MG) and 67% (SP). The DF extract was more antigenic than others (p=0.02). In WB, the 64-68 kDa antigens were recognized in all extracts, exclusively, in serum samples from active NC patients (p=0.001). Variation in banding pattern was detected between the extracts (p<0.05). In G2, the serum samples of hydatidosis patients presented from 70 to 90% positivity by ELISA in antigenic extracts (p<0.05); however, the bands recognition pattern in WB was different from that presented in G1 samples. The 77 kDa band was significantly identified in hydatidosis samples (p=0.0001). In conclusion, the T. solium populations analyzed showed genetic variability and antigenic differences. / A neurocisticercose (NC) constitui doença polimórfica, apresentando heterogeneidade da resposta imune no hospedeiro humano. Nesse estudo, o teste Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) foi utilizado com 35 primers na detecção de polimorfismo em metacestódeos de Taenia solium provenientes de cinco áreas geográficas distintas do Brasil: 1) Distrito Federal (DF), região Centro-Oeste; 2) Barreiras (BA), região nordeste e da região sudeste: 3) Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Mosquito (norte de Minas Gerais, RM-MG), 4) São Paulo (SP) e 5) Uberaba (Minas Gerais, UB-MG). Os extratos salinos totais de metacestódeos de quatro populações (DF, BA, RM-MG e SP) foram utilizados na detecção de anticorpos IgG específicos pelo ELISA e Western Blotting (WB). As 157 amostras de soro de três grupos (G) de indivíduos: G1: 49 pacientes com NC; G2: 68 pacientes com outras helmintíases, sendo hidatidose (10), teníase (20), estrongiloidíase (20), esquistossomose (10) e himenolepíase (8) e G3: 40 indivíduos saudáveis (controles); foram analisadas pelo ELISA. Foram ensaiadas 98 amostras de soro: G1 (49), G2 (39) e G3 (10) pelo WB. As distâncias genéticas, por porcentagem de desacordo, foram de 49,5% (DF), 48% (BA), 38,5% (UB-MG) e 28% (RM-MG e SP) nas populações de metacestódeos, calculadas a partir de 15 marcadores de RAPD. Seis primers geraram fragmentos polimórficos nos isolados analisados, sendo que os primers 26 (GGGTTTGGCA) e 29 (TCGCCAGCCA) permitiram melhor diferenciação entre as populações, o primer 26 gerou os fragmentos de 1000, 500 e 326 pb (pares de bases) na amostra de UB-MG, e de 600 e 244 pb em RM-MG. O 29 gerou fragmentos em quatro das populações analisadas, sendo 500, 800 e 1191 pb em SP, 300 e 1377 pb em UBMG, 1000 pb no DF e 244 e 434 pb na BA. No G1, as freqüências de positividade no ELISA, foram: 90% (DF), 69% (BA), 71% (MG) e 67% (SP), sendo o extrato do DF mais antigênico que os demais (p = 0,02). No WB, o peptídeo de 64-68 kDa foi reconhecido em todos os extratos, exclusivamente, em amostras de pacientes com NC ativa (p=0,001). Detectou-se variação no padrão de reconhecimento de bandas entre os extratos (p<0,05). No G2, as amostras de soro de pacientes com hidatidose apresentaram de 70 a 90% de positividade no ELISA frente aos extratos analisados (p<0,05); porém, o padrão de reconhecimento de bandas no WB diferiu do apresentado pelas amostras do G1, sendo que a banda de 77 kDa foi significativamente identificada pelas amostras de pacientes com hidatidose (p=0,0001). Concluiu-se que as populações de T. solium analisadas nesse estudo, apresentaram variabilidade genética e diferenças de antigenicidade. / Doutor em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas

A rubelose é uma doença que atinge galhos e ramos, e é causada pelo fungo Erythricium salmonicolor, o qual infecta várias espécies vegetais, tais como citros, seringueira, e macieira. Esta doença vem chamando a atenção dos citricultores devido à redução de até 10% da produção de citros, a qual é preocupante para o Brasil, o maior produtor de laranja do mundo. Entretanto, a diversidade do fungo E. salmonicolor em cultivares brasileiras ainda não foi avaliada. Desta maneira, este trabalho teve como objetivos: i) avaliar a variabilidade genética, por meio de RAPD, de isolados do fungo E. salmonicolor provenientes de diferentes regiões citrícolas de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, ii) avaliar a compatibilidade vegetativa e fusão de hifas deste fungo e iii) selecionar bactérias endofíticas com potencial para o controle deste fungo fitopatogênico. Após a análise por RAPD, foram observados 6 grupos distintos (A, B, C, D, E, F), os quais não apresentaram correlação com o local de origem e espécie hospedeira. No teste de compatibilidade vegetativa houve encontro de hifas em todos os cruzamentos e 84% destes apresentaram fusão entre as hifas. Foi verificada compatibilidade entre linhagens, embora não tenha sido observada correlação com os haplótipos. No teste de antagonismo, 8 isolados bacterianos inibiram E. salmonicolor. Entretanto, foi observada diferença na interação entre as bactérias e diferentes isolados de E. salmonicolor, visto que bactérias diferentes inibiram os dois genótipos do fungo, revelando a variabilidade genética entre estas linhagens que pertencem a diferentes haplótipos. Os resultados observados neste trabalho indicam a importância de futuros estudos sobre a fase sexual de E. salmonicolor, uma vez que a anastomose de hifas precede a formação de heterocário, responsável pelos processos de recombinações sexuais e parassexuais, que geram variabilidade genética em fungos filamentosos. / The fungus Erythricium salmonicolor is the causal agent of pink disease, which infects branches of many host plants, such as citrus, rubber, and apple. This disease may be a serious problem in Brazil, since it can reduce the citrus production up to 10%. Brazil is the major world citrus producer, therefore this problem is alarming. The genetic diversity of E. salmonicolor from Brazilian plants has not been evaluated, so the aims of this study were i) to evaluate the genetic diversity by RAPD of E. salmonicolor isolates from São Paulo and Minas Gerais; ii) to evaluate the vegetative compatibility and hyphal fusion of this fungus; and iii) to select endophytic bacteria able to inhibit the E. salmonicolor growth. RAPD analysis showed at least 6 distinct haplotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F), which did not have correlation with the isolation site and host plant. Also, vegetative compatibility tests showed that 84% of crosses resulted in hyphal fusion, but this compatibility was not related to the RAPD haplotypes. Eight endophytic bacteria were selected against E. salmonicolor, which could be used for biological control of this pathogen. However it was observed different types of interaction among endophytic bacteria and E. salmonicolor strains, since these bacteria inihibited differentially two fungi isolates. It reveals the genetic variability between these fungi isolates that belongs to different haplotypes These results show the importance of future studies concerning the sexual phase of E. salmonicolor, since the genetic variability seems to be high and this hyphal fusion, which precede the formation of heterokaryon (sexual and parassexual reproduction), could be responsible for the variability in this filamentous fungus.

The objective of this study was to identify DNA markers for each of six added C-genome chromosomes in Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Alceso'-Aegilops caudata L. addition lines using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. DNA from Ae. caudata, T. aestivum, amphiploid of T. aestivum X Ae. caudata, and six disomic addition lines of wheat having a pair of Ae. caudata chromosomes was used as the template for the amplification of RAPD markers with a total of 58 random 10-mer oligonucleotide primers. Two primers, OPC-08 and OPJ-16, produced one intense band each from the amphiploid of T. aestivum X Ae. caudata and Ae. caudata, which was absent in all six addition lines. Each of these two primers produced a chromosome marker that could be tentatively located to the chromosome CA of Ae. caudata. OPJ-02, OPD-12, OPD-02, OPJ-12, OPD-20, and OPJ-14 produced a marker each for CB, CC, CD, CE, CF, and CG, respectively. OPJ-09 produced C-genome chromosome-specific RAPD markers. Also, OPC-05 and OPJ-19 produced RAPDs from both wheat and Ae. caudata genomes.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of subtribe Senecioninae, based on combining sequenced ITS and trnL-F fragments from specimens collected in the field with sequences collected from GenBank, suggest the subtribe is monophyletic, as is Senecio s.str. (including Robinsonia), and suggest an expanded monophyletic section Senecio. Many Senecio species should be removed from the genus, as they are only distantly related to it, emphasising the para- or polyphyletic nature of Senecio as it is currently circumscribed. Area optimisation suggests southern Africa as a possible geographical origin for the genus and section. Harvey’s (1865) sectional classification of South African Senecio species (the only attempt to date to impose infrageneric groupings on these taxa), was tested for monophyly which, however, was not seen in the sections tested. A number of southern African species from Harvey’s sections are suggested for inclusion in an expanded section Senecio. A clade suggested as basal to sect. Senecio, consisting of Senecio engleranus and Senecio flavus, was found to be only distantly related to the section. Resolution of the two species within the clade was not evident; a comparative study was therefore made employing RAPDs, morphometrics and breeding experiments. The two proved to be distinct entities, both genetically and morphologically, although they remain interfertile, suggesting that intrinsic postzygotic barriers between them are weak, and that hybridisation – not found in the wild - is mainly prevented by prezygotic barriers. F1 hybrids created between the two were seen to have intermediate morphologies and RAPD profiles. A single F1 individual self-pollinated to produce a vigorous F2 generation, allowing preliminary surveys of pollen number, pollen fertility and pappus type. Pappus type is seen to be under the control of allelic variations in a single major gene, while pollen numbers and pollen fertility are seen to be under more complex genetic control.

Les oeufs d’escargot terrestre de l’espèce petit-gris Helix aspersa (syn. Cantareusaspersus) peuvent être utilisés pour évaluer l’écotoxicité de substances chimiques pures ou enmélange. La mesure des effets embryotoxiques classiquement réalisée est le succès d’éclosionaprès 15 à 20 jours d’exposition (Druart et al., 2012). Cependant, les mécanismes impliquésdans la mise en place des effets toxiques à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique chezl’embryon ne sont pas connus. Des oeufs d’escargots ont été exposés à des solutions decontaminants métallique (Cd) ou organiques (pesticides: le Round Up® flash, le Corail® et laBouillie Bordelaise) selon deux modalités différentes (en continu sur la totalité dudéveloppement embryonnaire ou sur une période de 24 heures) afin de 1/ déterminer denouveaux paramètres de mesure au cours du développement embryonnaire pouvant rendrecompte d’un effet toxique, 2/ détecter des effets génotoxiques de divers contaminants(solution métallique de Cd ou de formulations commerciales de pesticides) par la méthodeRandom Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) et 3/ d’étudier des systèmes de défense métalspécifiques(métallothionéines).Les paramètres morphologiques et physiologiques suivis au cours d’expositionscontinues au Cd ont montré des effets néfastes sur le rythme cardiaque, la durée del’incubation, la taille et le poids à l’éclosion chez les exposés à la plus forte concentrationtestée. Chez ces derniers des signes de fragmentation de l’ADN ont également été détectés enfin d’exposition. Le couplage de la méthode RAPD avec un système d’électrophorèse hauterésolution (SHR) a permis de détecter des effets génotoxiques suite à des expositionscontinues au Cd, au Round Up® et au Corail®. L’étude par PCR quantitative de l’expressiondes gènes des métallothionéines (MTs) a mis en évidence une expression constitutive des MTsainsi qu’un haut niveau d’expression du gène mixte CdCuMT chez les embryons non exposés.Chez les embryons exposés au Cd durant 24 heures, une surexpression du gène spécifiqueCdMT a été mise en évidence alors qu’aucune augmentation significative des taux detranscrits des 2 autres isogènes étudiés (CuMT et CdCuMT) n’a été démontrée.Les résultats de toxicité du Cd basés sur le taux d’éclosion et l’expression des gènes desMTs ont démontré que des facteurs comme le régime d’exposition (24 heures ou en continu)ou le stade de développement (âge des embryons lors de l’exposition) peuvent modulerl’embryotoxicité des substances chimiques.206Les données obtenues durant cette étude intégrative permettent de proposer un largepanel de paramètres de mesure des effets toxiques des substances chimiques chez l’embryond’escargot terrestre H. aspersa au niveau individuel (rythme cardiaque, taille, durée dedéveloppement et succès d’éclosion) et au niveau moléculaire (expression de gènes dessystèmes de défense, détection des signes de génotoxicité et de la fragmentation de l’ADN)pour l’évaluation de la toxicité des substances chimiques. L’approche RAPD-SHR, bien quenécessitant une certaine expertise pour l’analyse des profils d’amplifications obtenus, apparaîtadaptée pour une détection rapide et efficace du potentiel embryogénotoxiques de substancesvariées (métaux, pesticides. / The land snail species Helix aspersa (syn. Cantareus aspersus) eggs can be used to assess theecotoxicity of chemicals. Measurement of embryotoxic effect is classically based on hatching successafter 15-20 days of exposure (Druart et al., 2012). However, the mechanisms involved in toxic effectsin embryos at different levels of biological organization are not known. Eggs of snails were exposedto solutions metallic contaminants (Cd) or organic (pesticides: Round Up® Flash, Corail® andBordeaux Mixture) in two different regimes (continuous over the entire embryonic development orduring a period of 24 hours), in order to 1 / identify of new endpoints of toxic effect measurementsduring embryonic development, 2 / detect of genotoxic effects of metal solution (Cd) or threepesticides commercial formulations by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA method (RAPD) and 3 /study metal-specific defense systems (metallothionein).Morphological and physiological parameters monitored during Cd continuous exposures showedadverse effects on heart rate, duration of incubation, size and weight of new hatchlings exposed to thehighest concentration tested. In the latter, signs of DNA fragmentation were detected at the end ofexposure. Coupling the RAPD with a high-resolution electrophoresis system (SHR) has enabled todetect genotoxic effects of Cd, Round Up® and Corail® after continuous exposures. Quantitative PCRstudy of metallothioneins (MTs) gene expression has showed constitutive expression of MTs genesand a high level of mRNA for the mixed gene CdCuMT in unexposed embryos. In embryos exposedto Cd for 24 hours, an overexpression of the specific gene CdMT has been demonstrated whereas thetwo other isogenes (CuMT and CdCuMT) didn’t show significant induction of expression rates.The toxicity results based on the hatching rate and MTs genes expression obtained with Cd haveshowed that factors such as the exposure regime (24 hours or continuous) or the stage of development(age of embryos upon exposure) can modulate embryotoxicity of chemicals. This thesis provides awide range of endpoints usable at the individual level (heart rate, height, hatching monitoring) and atthe molecular level (gene expression of defense systems, detection of genotoxicity signs and DNAladdering) for the assessment of the ecotoxicity of chemical substances. The RAPD-SHR, althoughrequiring some expertise to analyze profiles obtained, appears suitable for rapid and efficientdetection of potential embryogenotoxic effects of various substances (metals, pesticides).

O setor agropecuário responde atualmente por cerca de 9,2% do Produto interno bruto (PIB) brasileiro, sendo que a cana-de-açúcar ocupa cerca de 9% da área cultivada, fato que lhe confere especial relevância com relação ao desenvolvimento nacional. Os dois produtos mais importantes desta cultura são o açúcar e o álcool etílico produzido por fermentação com leveduras. Durante o processo de fermentação alcoólica, o fermento sofre inúmeras reciclagens e interferências externas advindas do caldo, do ambiente e de outras fontes, tornando-se vulnerável à contaminação por outros microrganismos e mesmo leveduras indesejáveis. Métodos de monitoramento microbiológico que possibilitem a discriminação das linhagens de forma rápida e inequívoca, além de baratos, são altamente desejáveis. A utilização de meios diferenciais e seletivos, métodos bioquímicos e análise molecular tem se mostrado eficientes, porém são demorados e dispendiosos. A reação ‘killer’ é um fenômeno descoberto há 40 anos em S. cerevisiae, e resultados satisfatórios já foram obtidos na caracterização de leveduras, considerando-se o perfil de sensibilidade ‘killer’. O padrão de sensibilidade às toxinas killer foi utilizado nesse projeto em leveduras industriais (isoladas de processo fermentativo para produção de etanol). Os dados gerados com os testes de sensibilidade às toxinas Killer geraram polimorfismos entre as linhagens, mesmo em nível intra-específico, validando a metodologia na biotipagem das leveduras. As informações obtidas subsidiam o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de biotipagem aplicável para o monitoramento microbiológico na indústria sucro-alcooleira, com a seleção de nove leveduras killer contra as quais as leveduras industriais apresentaram um perfil característico de sensibilidade, dependendo do grupo ao qual pertencem (S. cerevisiae ou não Saccharomyces). Finalmente, vale citar que os testes foram corroborados pelos resultados obtidos com a taxonomia clássica e pelos métodos de biologia molecular com reações de PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) e RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorphism DNA). / Agriculture is an important sector in the economy of Brazil. The sugar cane occupies 9% of the cultivated area in this country. The most important products from the sugar cane industry are sugar and alcohol, the latest produced by fermentative process by yeasts. During the fermentation the yeast population changes due to the interferences coming from the sugar cane juice or other sources, turning the process susceptible to undesirable contaminations. In this way, fast, reliable and cheap methods for microbiological monitoring can be helpful. Selective culture media, biochemical tests and molecular analyses have been used but they are time-consuming or expensive. The killer phenomenon discovered initially in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown interesting results to yeast biotyping. The sensibility pattern to different killer toxins was used to make a "fingerprinting" and successfully separate different strains of yeasts. This method was corroborated by classical taxonomy and molecular biology results (PCR and RAPD-PCR). The results obtained gives support to development of a methodology useful on fermenting microbiologic monitoring with the selection of nine strains of killers yeasts with highly discrimination between industrial bakker yeasts and contaminants of the fermentation process.