The ICI system consists of materials which guide the teacher in analyzing his own teaching behavior, so that he can gain an objective understanding of his strengths and weaknesses. With the system the only observer is the teacher himself; it is he who will view and analyze the tapes. The classroom thus becomes the learning place for the teacher, as well as for his pupils. The problem of dealing with the actual process of teaching is quite different from the construction and testing of curriculum content. In this case the focus is on the strategy of presentation, rather than the content of. the presentation. This means that 1) an observational system to help the process of classroom interaction, ! and 2) a set of guidelines to help judge the effectiveness of different teaching strategies, or styles, are needed. Some observation systems have been designed as· research tools to aid the study of differences between teaching styles and to find out what actual teaching behavior is like; while other systems have been designed as practical tools for teachers themselves to use in analyzing their own teaching behavior. This "self-analysis" may be done for the purpose of simply finding out what one does in the classroom, or it may be part of a self-improvement procedure. ICI has been designed to help teachers improve their teaching through the analysis of videotaped recordings of their own teaching. The present study is concerned with testing the effectiveness of the ICI package in helping teachers improve their own teaching.

Ingeniero Civil Industrial / En esencia, la industria televisiva basa su operación en la emisión de contenidos para capturar audiencia, la que a su vez atrae a avisadores que contratan ventanas de tiempo para emitir publicidad. Desde punto de vista del televidente, la publicidad es poco atractiva por lo que su inclusión repercute en una disminución de la audiencia. El desafío de los programadores consiste en balancear la emisión de los contenidos que generan la audiencia con los avisos publicitarios que lo disminuye pero que sustenta económicamente el negocio. Este trabajo se concentrará en el estudio del efecto que tiene la duración de una tanda publicitaria en el rating y sus implicancias en la programación televisiva, teniendo como principal objetivo determinar el esquema de tandas, definiendo duración y número de cortes de modo que se maximice la audiencia comercial. Como se ha indicado, los espacios publicitarios no son atractivos para el público, sin embargo, la intensidad con que la presencia de publicidad en pantalla afecta el comportamiento de elección de canales de los televidentes depende de cómo la publicidad es programada. Por ejemplo, es de esperar que la tasa a la que decae el rating justo después del inicio de comerciales sea diferente a la que observamos más adelante. Metodológicamente, la investigación consiste en dos componentes fundamentales: primero la investigación estadística de la relación tiempo de avisaje y niveles de audiencia y luego la elaboración de una herramienta que, condicional en la relación rating y tiempo de publicidad, permita diseñar tandas de mejor desempeño sujeta a emitir todo el avisaje que ha sido previamente contratado. Dado el comportamiento que presenta el rating durante la tanda publicitaria, con bajas a partir del segundo minuto, la optimización arroja como resultado generar tandas de un minuto de duración, lo que es irreal en la práctica. Se propone incluir una penalización por corte comercial, de este modo en base a la valoración de la continuidad del programa se obtendrá la duración de la tanda correspondiente a cada categoría.

Alors qu'il ressort de la volonté de contrôler les agences de notation financière des initiatives nationales et régionales concrètes, elles ne restent toutefois pas harmonisées. Cette situation n'est cependant pas rédhibitoire. A titre d'exemple, alors que l'UE et les États-Unis disposent tous deux d'un système d'enregistrement distinct des agences afin qu'elles puissent exercer sur leur territoire, il apparaît logique de penser, et donc à terme d'envisager, qu'un enregistrement ou une agrégation universelle constituerait un premier pas fort vers l'harmonisation des réglementations. Il est dans ce cadre possible d'affirmer que l'harmonisation des réglementations américaine et européenne pourrait constituer un premier pas vers un cadre supra-étatique de réglementation des agences de notation financière. Il resterait dès lors à définir si ce sont les standards européens qui s'appliqueraient, ou ceux de la réglementation américaine potentiellement moins ambitieuse. Et encore, cette piste de réflexion serait parfaitement juste si il ne fallait pas également prendre en compte la montée des économies des pays émergents qui souhaitent changer la donne. Il serait donc nécessaire de s'accorder avant tout sur un système convenant à tout un chacun, hypothèse fort difficile mais qui mérite des questionnements. En outre, pour contrôler les agences de notation financière de manière efficace et contraignante (ce que n'est malheureusement pas le Code de bonne conduite de l'OICV), il ne faut pas non plus négliger la possibilité de voir émerger un droit international économique issu de standards financiers. Ce processus ne serait ainsi pas seulement bénéfique dans le cadre de la création d'un contrôle international des agences de notation, il le serait également dans le développement d'un droit international financier contraignant. Dans le cadre des agences de notation, le développement des standards financiers s'est fait en réponse aux besoins des autorités de régulation nationales à la recherche d'un équilibre entre le maintien de la compétitivité de leur place financière et la nécessité d'une stabilité du système financier. Ces standards permettent aux institutions de coopération de se positionner comme des autorités internationales de standardisation pour les secteurs concernés. Ils constituent indubitablement la piste de réflexion la plus sérieuse pour un contrôle international efficace des agences de notation financière. / To control credit rating agencies, some national and regional initiatives are concrete, but they do not are harmonized. This situation is not, however, prohibitive. For example, while the EU and the US both have a separate registration system for credit rating agencies to exercise on their territory, it makes sense to think, and therefore ultimately consider, that a universal registration or aggregation would be a strong first step towards regulatory harmonization. It is in this context that the harmonization of US and European regulations could be a first step towards a supra-state regulatory framework for credit rating agencies. It remains to be defined whether European standards would apply, or those of the potentially less ambitious American regulation. And this line of thought would be perfectly fair if it was not also necessary to take into account the rise of emerging countries that want to change the situation. It would therefore be necessary to agree first and foremost on a system that is suitable for everyone, a very difficult hypothesis that deserves questioning. In addition, in order to control credit rating agencies in an effective and binding manner (which is unfortunately not the case for the IOSCO Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies), the possibility of emerging international economic law made from financial standards. This process would thus not only be beneficial in the context of creating international control for credit rating agencies, it would also be beneficial in the development of a international financial law. In the context of credit rating agencies, the development of financial standards has been in response to the needs of national regulatory authorities seeking a balance between maintaining the competitiveness of their financial centers and the need of stability for the financial system. These standards allow cooperation institutions to position themselves as international standardization authorities for the sectors concerned.

Formal job performance evaluation of a church's pastoral staff has been almost nonexistent in many churches. While business and education have been making strides in evaluation techniques during the past three decades, the church is just beginning to notice the need for this kind of accountability and ongoing professional development. In this research, the author applied the evaluation techniques of education to church pastoral staff members. Evaluation can be understood as both a formative process and a summative decision. The steps to planning an evaluation that will be both formative and summative are discussed. Qualifying the ministerial tasks through objective job descriptions will enable the church to quantify the job performance through evaluation. Suggestions are given for developing a ministerial evaluation instrument. In this research a model from educational evaluation was adapted for use in a local church setting. One denomination was selected to demonstrate the process of evaluation development. Denominational governments differ considerably. Therefore, the key stakeholders of the church for the chosen denomination were identified as pastors and church board members. These stakeholders were used as a "panel of experts." The Delphi technique was used to develop consensus from the participants concerning (1) the core skills of ministerial effectiveness and (2) the quality indicators to measure those core skills. This required two rounds, one for identifying the core skills and one for identifying quality indicators. Each round consisted of three surveys. The research identified seven core skills for ministerial effectiveness and a number of quality indicators to measure each core skill. The results were used to demonstrate how an evaluation tool could be developed from the data. This evaluation tool was the consensus of the panel of experts in this study. While the process is a model that could be similar for any church's "panel" of participants, the resulting core skills, quality indicators and evaluation tool would vary for each "panel".

The educational system in America has become a huge, complex business. Administration of the schools is vital to meet the problems involved. A well-qualified administrator is better prepared to overcome obstacles and to make the school system function to the highest degree of efficiency. Recent articles have indicated the general trend toward the county as the administrative unit for the school. As the population groups, so grow the problems of the schools and the county superintendency. / Typescript. / "August, 1957." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Edna E. Parker, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-35).

"The purpose of this study is to collect data concerning the graduates of Climax High School which will determine to some extent the usefulness of training they received, and which will be helpful in the planning of a curriculum for future graduates. This study will cover the graduates of the Climax High School from the year 1940 to 1950 inclusive"--Introduction. / "August, 1951." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: J. Frank Dame, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-52).

"The purpose of this paper is to study the whole problem of reporting pupil progress to parents; to identify and analyze specific methods of reporting in various sections of the United States; and finally, to recommend methods and procedures whereby desirable changes in reporting can be studied, understood and brought about cooperatively in the interests of improved teaching and learning, and in the interest of better lay support of public education"--Introduction. / "August, 1953." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: John A. Permenter, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-93).

"The purpose of this paper is to examine research and professional literature to learn what some of the findings in regard to promotion and failure are, to relate these findings to data obtained from a study of failures in an individual school, and to evolve out of the study a better understanding of what constitutes good promotion policy in terms of what is best for children"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "August, 1953." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Edna Parker, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-49).

Public schools are in crisis, as educators and legislators seek to provide high quality education to diverse students in a measurement-driven environment. The public educator's moral imperative is to assure that all children are literate when they leave school so they can thrive in our democracy (Dewey, 1944; Freire, 1998a; Giroux & Giroux, 2004). Yet, the achievement gap persists, as poor African-American and Latino students under-perform as compared to white middle-class students (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995). Additionally, public school teachers are predominately middle-class and White, while they teach increasingly diverse children of poverty. In legislation, student assessment, teacher licensure, and research-based curricula have taken center stage. Teacher evaluation is noticeably absent (Danielson, 2002; Iwanicki, 1990; No Child Left Behind Act, 2002). Teacher evaluation is static and mired in politics; it has not historically helped improve school (Peterson, 2000). Investigating teacher evaluation's potential as an overlooked tool to improve teaching for all teachers and students in public school is urgent in this climate. As Stronge and Tucker (2003) asserted, "Without capable, highly qualified teachers in America's classrooms, no educational reform process can possibly succeed" (p. 3). This problem-based learning dissertation addresses a real problem in practice: how to make teacher evaluation meaningful for high-performing teachers. This study explores Wood's (1998) call for a move from traditional to transformative evaluation. Ten high performing teachers field-tested a self-evaluation handbook. They explored study options designed to help them critically reflect on their own teaching, connect with students, reflect, and set new goals. This work shows promise to help teachers and students engage in a more democratic, caring and loving public place we call school. This work is timely. After all, "When all is said and done, what matters most for students' learning are the commitments and capacities of their teachers" (Darling-Hammond, 1997, p. 293).

This study examined the relationship between an organization's culture and its performance appraisal (PA) system and process. The initial phase of this study involved examining an organization's culture and the properties of its performance appraisal system from organizational archival information. Information derived from this phase of the study was later utilized to formulate interview questions, guide the search for the organizational culture survey instrument, and to construct the performance appraisal perceptions measuring instrument. This latter instrument is a quantitative measure that was later employed in testing the primary hypothesis that stated the performance appraisal process had a positive effect on organizational culture. The results of the hypotheses testing revealed that the PA process, in terms of individual member perceptions thereof, had a significant positive effect on the selected organizational cultural elements. Further analysis of the data revealed that members of the organization that had been recently appraised had statistically stronger positive perceptions towards the PA process and, therefore, stronger inclination towards the espoused cultural values. These findings make a strong case for using the performance appraisal process for the purpose of not only evaluating individual performance for various administrative goals, but for other goals related to creating, maintaining, and perpetuating the desired organizational culture. This suggests that organizational leadership (through its management), when designing its PA system should pay attention to the value system, or the culture, it wants to prevail in its organization and include this information along with other relevant performance measures into the PA structure. Such a policy can lead to the existence of an appropriate culture for that organization if, as the results of this study show, the managers and supervisors at all levels timely perform such appraisals for all their subordinates. Performance appraisal, which itself is often considered a structural element designed for organizational control, has the potential to have as much impact on an organization's culture as any other mode of communication. In that regard, this study takes a step towards looking at PA as one more criteria to be examined during organizational cultural studies and organizational intervention