<p>Fluorochlorozirconate (FCZ) glasses are a member of heavy metal fluoride glasses, and are derived from a well known ZBLAN glass. In this work, halogen salts of europium (Eu²⁺) and samarium (Sm³⁺) are used as dopants in FCZ glasses. FCZ glasses doped with Eu²⁺ and Sm³⁺ can be used in high resolution x-ray imaging for tissue scanning, and have been shown to behave as storage phosphors and/or x-ray scintillators.</p> <p>Glass transition (T_g), heat capacity (C_p) and glass crystallization (T_c) properties of Eu²⁺ and Sm³⁺ doped and undoped FCZ glasses with different amounts of relative Cl concentration, that is, with respect to the total Cl and F concentration have been investigated by conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) techniques. MDSC experiments were performed at different heating rates to analyze the complex transitions and to get a better resolution of any overlapping transitions. The crystallization kinetics have also been studied by applying the Kissinger technique to multiple DSC scans in order to determine the thermal stability of FCZ glass samples used in this work. The apparent activation energy for the crystallization process was obtained by the crystallization peak temperature shift method in the conventional DSC mode. The specific heat capacity (C_p) has been measured as a function of composition, and the glass transition temperature (T_g) is evaluated from the smooth change in the heat capacity curve during the glass transformation. The observation of two possible glass transitions points to the presence of two phases in these FCZ glasses with higher relative Cl content.</p> <p>Optical transmission spectra of both doped and undoped FCZ glass samples have been measured by infrared spectroscopy and optical band gaps corresponding to an absorption coefficient of 10³ cm^-1 have been determined. A good correlation between X-ray luminescence and the glass structure is observed. While the integrated photoluminescence intensity increases linearly with the Sm³⁺ concentration, the integrated X-ray luminescence increases sublinearly. The importance of appropriate annealing conditions, such as temperature, time and ambient atmosphere, and their effect on the X-ray luminescence of rare earth (RE) doped FCZ glass samples have been investigated. Annealing conditions influence the formation of BaCl₂ nanocrystals in the glass and the properties of the resulting FCZ glass ceramics.</p>

This paper looks at the struggles faced by German policymakers in the years following reunification. East Germany struggled with an immediate transformation from a planned economy to a social market economy, while West Germany sent billions of Deutsche Marks to its eastern states. Because of the unequal nature of these two countries, policymakers had to decide on what they would place more emphasis: social benefits for the East or economic protection for the West. The West German state-level, Federal Government and the East German governments struggled in finding multilaterally beneficial policies. This paper looks at the four key issues of reunification: currency conversion, transfer payments, re-privatization, and unemployment. In following the German Basic Law, the policies pursued in terms of these issues tended to place more emphasis on eastern social benefits.

This study elevates the importance of experience, the senses and tacit knowledge in relation to archaeology with a focus on music. With this I take up a thread drawing on theoretical aspects of Polanyi’s ‘Tacit Dimension’ and ‘Ingold’s Lines’.  I review paradigms in experimental archaeology and music archaeology, and the subject of reconstruction in both.  My case study is of four individuals, whose reconstruction models are connected to artefacts perceived as flutes in the archaeological record and/or notions of prehistoric flutes.  Combining the way in which we learn by understanding others’ experiences through gesture and experience as data, my work examines these ideas in relation to wanting to find out about these flute-making people, and how their work is related to the canon of archaeology to which one might expect that it belongs, and if we can call this a tradition.  What I found was that the praxis is complex and far reaching and stretches into various ontologies through philosophy, religion, emotionalism, intellectualism, symbolism, music, tradition, imagination, experience, sensation and identity, where interrelations of the past, present and future are very evident.  I finally consider archaeology as an art which reveals parallels between archaeology itself and music.  Paradigms in archaeologies in 2013 do not effectively support this praxis of flute making despite contextual experimentation showing welcoming promise for future change.

The aims of this thesis were to study the incidence, severity and pattern of injury in male and female elite football players; to study time trends in injury risk; to identify risk factors for injury; and to test the effectiveness of an intervention programme aimed at preventing re-injury. All studies followed a prospective design using standardised definitions and data collection forms. Individual training and match exposure was registered for all players participating. Time loss injuries were documented by each team’s medical staff. The amount of training increased by 68% between the 1982 and 2001 Swedish top male division seasons, reflecting the shift from semi-professionalism to full professionalism. No difference in injury incidence or injury severity was found between seasons. The injury incidence was 4.6 vs. 5.2/1000 training hours and 20.6 vs. 25.9/1000 match hours. The incidence of severe injury (absence &gt;4 weeks) was 0.8/1000 hours in both seasons. The Swedish and Danish top male divisions were followed during the spring season of 2001. A higher risk for training injury (11.8 vs. 6.0/1000 hours, p&lt;0.01) and severe injury (1.8 vs. 0.7/1000 hours, p=0.002) was observed among the Danish players. Re-injury accounted for 30% and 24% of injuries in Denmark and Sweden respectively. The Swedish top male division was studied over two consecutive seasons, 2001 and 2002, and comparison of training and match injury incidences between seasons showed similar results. Players who were injured in the 2001 season were at greater risk for injury in the following season compared to non-injured players (relative risk 2.7; 95% CI 1.7-4.3). Players with a previous hamstring injury, groin injury and knee joint trauma were two to three times more likely to suffer an identical injury to the same limb in the following season, but no such relationship was found for ankle sprain. Age was not associated with an increased injury risk. The effectiveness of a coach-controlled rehabilitation programme on the rate of re-injury was studied in a randomised controlled trial at amateur male level. In the control group, 23 of 79 injured players suffered a recurrence during the season compared to 10 of 90 players in the intervention group. There was a 75% lower re-injury risk in the intervention group for lower limb injuries (relative risk 0.25; 95% CI 0.11-0.57). The preventive effect was greatest during the first weeks after return to play. Both the male and female Swedish top divisions were followed during the 2005 season. Male elite players had a higher risk for training injury (4.7 vs. 3.8/1000 hours, p&lt;0.05) and match injury (28.1 vs. 16.1/1000 hours, p&lt;0.001) than women. However, no difference was observed in the rate of severe injury (0.7/1000 hours in both groups). The thigh was the most common site of injury in both men and women, while injury to the hip/groin was more frequent in men and to the knee in women. Knee sprain accounted for 31% and 37% of the time lost from training and match play in men and women respectively. / Serienumret i serien Linköping University medical dissertation är fel. Det korrkta numret är 988. The serial number in the series Linköping University medical dissertation is incorrect. The correct number is 988.

This essay researches the prevalence of Gnostic influences in contemporary music lyrics, more exclusively within the context of the extreme metal scene. A resurgence of such topics has also been evident in contemporary music; not surprisingly, as music in general is part of the foundations of culture, and in a wider aspect, of society at large. The essay is performed using a hermeneutic method, interpreting music lyrics and discussing them from a background of cultural and religious theory. The purposes of researching the influences of Gnosticism in this environment are to determine the presence of Gnostic thought in extreme metal lyrics, research the eventual re-interpretations of historical sources of Gnosticism, and to discuss the acknowledged Gnostic influences in the displayed art form in a contemporary cultural perspective, related to cultural aspects such as secularization, modernity and globalization. Sources include music lyrics appropriate to the subject matter at hand as well as previously published interviews. The results of the investigation demonstrate that there are multiple interpretations of Gnostic thought apparent in extreme metal lyrics, varying from slight re-interpretations to more extensive ones, as apparent in what is identified as a chaos-gnostic current. The Gnostic material has in the latter scenario been integrated into an originally satanic worldview and as a result has become a major part of the chaos-gnostic belief system. The chaos-gnostic current has appeared in a highly secular surrounding, and the results of the essay propose that a secular surrounding can breed elements of trangression within individuals, leading to the resurgence of oppositional counter-cultural characteristics and an awakening of alternative spirituality with oppositional overtones.

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Musikterapeutisk metodutveckling, av Linn Johnels är en studie inom ramen för Magisterprogrammet i musikpedagogik med profil musik- terapi vid Kungliga Musikhögskolan i Stockholm.Syftet med uppsatsen var att ta fram och utvärdera ett instrument för att kartlägga olika musikrelaterade förmågor hos individer med grav intellektuell funktions- nedsättning. Detta är en eftersatt grupp i musikterapeutisk forskning, trots att det finns indikationer på att musik kan fungera som ett viktigt medel för kommuni- kation, känslouttryck och socialt samspel. Uppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt främst i den biologisk-dynamiska utvecklingspsykologiska inriktningen av musikterapi. Instrumentet innehåller 43 frågor och kartlägger förmågor inom följande fyra do- mäner: Motorisk/Sensorisk Funktion, Socialt- &amp; emotionellt engagemang, Kog- nition samt Kommunikation.I undersökningen fick fyra musikpedagoger/-terapeuter/-handledare använda in- strumentet med 11 personer ur målgruppen. Resultatet visade att personerna pre- sterade sinsemellan på olika nivåer, och med delvis olika profiler avseende mu- sikrelaterade styrkor och svårigheter. Musikpedagogerna/-terapeuterna/- handledarna menade att instrumentet var användbart, och kom också med värde- fulla synpunkter inför eventuell revidering av instrumentet. Förhoppningen är att instrumentet ska kunna användas för att planera och utvärdera musikterapeutisk verksamhet, samt även potentiellt visa på möjliga processer i musikterapi för målgruppen. / Music therapeutic method development, by Linn Johnels is a study car- ried out within the context of the Master Program in Music Education, profile Music Therapy at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm.The purpose of this paper was to develop and evaluate an instrument to identify various music-related abilities in individuals with severe intellectual disabilities. This is a neglected group in music therapy research, although there are indications that music can serve as an important means of communication, emotional expres- sion and social interaction. The essay is primarily based on the bio-dynamic de- velopmental theory of music therapy. The instrument contains 43 questions andidentify the following four domains: Motor/ Sensory Function; Social &amp; emotion- al engagement; Cognition; and Communication.In the study four music educators/therapists/leaders used the instrument with 11 individuals from the target group. The results showed that the individuals per- formed at different levels, and with somewhat different profiles with regard to music-related strengths and difficulties. The music educators/therapists/leaders generally appeared to find the instrument useful, and also came with valuable feedback for revision of the instrument. It is hoped that the instrument will be used to plan and evaluate music therapy activities, and also potentially show pos- sible processes in music therapy with the target group.

This master's theses was carried out on assignment from Stockholm Vatten AB as a part of a project developing new waste water treatment techniques. The goal of the theisis has been to evaluate an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for treatment of waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The bioreactor has not been heated and the main interest has been to study the gas production, power consumption and the reduction of organic matter and nutrients. The system has been completed with a reverse osmosis unit and a total of four batch runs have been made with good results. The use of reverse osmosis allows nutrient in the waste water to be reintroduced into circulation as the reverse osmosis concentrate can be used as crop nutrient. The membrane unit is of VSEP ("Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing") type and an extensive membrane test has been conducted. This so called L-test helped determine the most suitable type of membrane for the system to allow a higher ±ux and thus lower power consumption. The L-test gave good results and a new membrane with a poresize diameter of 0,45 μm was used. The organic load on the bioreactor has been more or less constant, around 0,7 kg COD/day, during the seven weeks of testing. The reduction over the entire system including reverse osmosis has been large, around 99 % regarding organic matter and phosporus and 93 % for nitrogen, making the system suitable for waste water treatment except for high power consumption, around 2 kWh/m3. The production of methanegas has worked although it has been quite low, with average values of 0,13 m3 CH4/kg reduced COD. / Examensarbetet är utfört på uppdrag av Stockholm Vatten AB som en del av det pilotprojekt som utvärderar nya tekniker för avloppsvattenrening för Hammarby Sjöstad. Målsättningen med studien har varit att utvärdera ett system bestående av en anaerob membranbioreaktor för behandling av avloppsvatten från Hammarby Sjöstad. Bioreaktorn har inte varit uppvärmd och det som har studerats är reningseffekten, biogasproduktionen samt energiåtgången. Systemet har även innefattat en omvänd osmosanläggning och totalt har fyra försök med denna gjorts med goda resultat. Analyser har koncentrerats till att utvärdera reduktion av organiskt material över membranbioreaktorn och av närsalter och metaller över omvänd osmos anläggningen. Bakgrunden till att använda omvänd osmos är att öka återföringen av näringsämnen från avloppsvatten. Resultatet av försöken med omvänd osmos gav ett koncentrat med högt näringsinnehåll och låg halt av tungmetaller vilket ger möjligheten att sprida det på åkermark. Membranenheten är av typen VSEP ("Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing") och ett membrantest har även utfötts för att finna det membran som passar systemet bäst med avseende på flöde och energiförbrukning. Det så kallade L-testet var omfattande och gav en klar bild över vad som skulle vara det bästa membranet. Det membran som visade sig passa systemet bäst var ett membran med en porstorlek på 0,45 μm. Belastningen av organiskt material på reaktorn under försöksperiodens sju veckor har varit mer eller mindre konstant och låg, cirka 0,7 kg COD/dygn. Reduktionen över hela systemet inklusive omvänd osmosanläggningen med avseende på organiskt material och fosfor har varit mycket hög, omkring 99 %. Reduktionen av kväve var som högst 93 %. Gasproduktionen har fungerat och har i genomsnitt varit omkring 0,13 m3 CH4/kg reducerad COD. Energiförbrukningen för systemet i motsvarande fullskala blev omkring 2 kwh/m3.

<p>Fluorochlorozirconate (FCZ) glasses are a member of heavy metal fluoride glasses, and are derived from a well known ZBLAN glass. In this work, halogen salts of europium (Eu²⁺) and samarium (Sm³⁺) are used as dopants in FCZ glasses. FCZ glasses doped with Eu²⁺ and Sm³⁺ can be used in high resolution x-ray imaging for tissue scanning, and have been shown to behave as storage phosphors and/or x-ray scintillators.</p> <p>Glass transition (T_g), heat capacity (C_p) and glass crystallization (T_c) properties of Eu²⁺ and Sm³⁺ doped and undoped FCZ glasses with different amounts of relative Cl concentration, that is, with respect to the total Cl and F concentration have been investigated by conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) techniques. MDSC experiments were performed at different heating rates to analyze the complex transitions and to get a better resolution of any overlapping transitions. The crystallization kinetics have also been studied by applying the Kissinger technique to multiple DSC scans in order to determine the thermal stability of FCZ glass samples used in this work. The apparent activation energy for the crystallization process was obtained by the crystallization peak temperature shift method in the conventional DSC mode. The specific heat capacity (C_p) has been measured as a function of composition, and the glass transition temperature (T_g) is evaluated from the smooth change in the heat capacity curve during the glass transformation. The observation of two possible glass transitions points to the presence of two phases in these FCZ glasses with higher relative Cl content.</p> <p>Optical transmission spectra of both doped and undoped FCZ glass samples have been measured by infrared spectroscopy and optical band gaps corresponding to an absorption coefficient of 10³ cm^-1 have been determined. A good correlation between X-ray luminescence and the glass structure is observed. While the integrated photoluminescence intensity increases linearly with the Sm³⁺ concentration, the integrated X-ray luminescence increases sublinearly. The importance of appropriate annealing conditions, such as temperature, time and ambient atmosphere, and their effect on the X-ray luminescence of rare earth (RE) doped FCZ glass samples have been investigated. Annealing conditions influence the formation of BaCl₂ nanocrystals in the glass and the properties of the resulting FCZ glass ceramics.</p>

Repetitive injuries have been a major obstacle in production assembly lines all over the world. These injuries have greatly reduced the production efficiency of assembly plants and also negatively affected human health. Various attempts have been made by the Canadian government through the Workers Compensation Board (WCB) to prevent the occurrences of these injuries because of the associated cost and effects. These attempts failed as the cost of injuries acquired in the workplace continues to increase. For example, in New Zealand alone, the total cost of accidents in 2005, is estimated at $300 million (Accident Compensation Corporation, 2005). In Canada, the number of accepted claims alone amount to 15623 people (Workers Compensation Board of Canada, 2003).<p>A human body can be viewed as a mechanism that is composed of links and joints controlled by a central nervous system and are subject to stress, strain, fatigue and failure as can be observed on a regular industrial robot. But unlike the robot which is designed proactively, these stress and strain factors could be because of certain conditions such as inappropriate work posture, poor assembly line design, excessive workload, and poor work conditions. <p>Often, it is almost uncertain to make a conceptual assessment of the appropriate ergonomic design of a production system before the assembly line is built and put in use. This research will propose a general computer-based methodology for analysis of work injuries given an assembly line where human workers perform repetitive operations. The general methodology integrates sophisticated computer software systems for biomechanics simulation with various manual measurement techniques and methods. The research further proposed a simple and handy synthesis method with which problematic areas of assembly line design, with special reference to human work design can be identified and improved. The proposed methodology for analysis and synthesis is then implemented in a real assembly line to understand the effects of different work activities on the human body. Various software packages and motion tracking techniques will be considered prior to the actual implementation of the final methodology. A rule of thumb table will also be presented as a guideline for the re-design process. The research also proposed a general procedure and specific formula within a specific regional context to calculate the costs of worker injuries in real-life assembly system. This formula thus allows us to obtain the total cost of injuries in a production assembly line, making it possible to optimize the design and operation of the assembly line.