Criminology has a long history of trying to understand why people reoffend. People that are released from prison offer us the opportunity study the conditions under which some individuals continue to commit crimes and others do not in great detail. Although research in the last years have incorporated the context as a source of influence on recidivism, much of the literature has focused on attributing the explanations solely on the level of the individuals themselves. Taking this individualistic perspective as my point of departure, I take some steps towards incorporating effects of the environment and aspects associated with social influence and learning in explaining why people re-offend (after being released from prisons). Studying the Chilean prison system, I first establish individual factors associated with recidivism, then account for prison environment and characteristics, to finally attempt at accounting for larger community effects. This was done by analysing data from a cohort of offenders who served sentences in Chilean prisons. Individual factors associated with time until recidivism were analysed using Event history models. Then, multilevel models were used to account for prison-specific effects: the exclusive contribution of prison to recidivism. Finally, hierarchical spatial models were used to analyse how space can be associated with varying levels of recidivism. In addition to the effects of individual characteristics, strong evidence of prison-specific effects was found, which implies that individual propensity towards recidivism is not independent of the prison where the sentence is served. In other words, differences in prison settings have the potential to impact on the individual likelihood of re-offending either by reducing or incrementing the individual risk. Likewise, evidence of spatial clustering of recidivism was also found, which indicates that recidivism has also a spatial component operating beyond the individuals' control. The main contribution of this thesis lies in demonstrating that recidivism implies a complex system of interdependence between different actors and institutions, which needs to be considered to understand recidivism in a larger context. These findings have profound theoretical and policy implications, as they imply that the responsibility for recidivism falls not only on the offenders themselves but also on the wider context of the justice system's institutions and society itself.

Meschonnic soulignait l’importance de l’« inséparabilité entre histoire et fonctionnement, entre langage et littérature », la nécessité de « reconnaître l’historicité du traduire, et des traductions » (poétique du traduire, introduction). En s’appuyant sur l’analyse des différentes traductions françaises de l’œuvre du poète-philosophe Coleridge, traductions publiées entre 1825 et 2015, nous tenterons de mettre en perspective ces traductions plurielles et les différentes théories de la traduction. Entre théorie de la traduction et pratique du traduire, comment peut-on définir le rôle et la place du traducteur ? La poésie est souvent considérée comme « intraduisible ». Pourtant, la poésie se traduit depuis des siècles. S’agit-il de traduction ou de « transposition créatrice », comme le pensait Jakobson ? Nous analyserons les différents procédés mis en œuvre pour compenser « what gets lost in translation », selon la formule de Robert Frost. En se plaçant dans une perspective comparative, nous examinerons le rôle joué par la traduction dans l’introduction de la poésie et de la pensée de Coleridge en France, ainsi que les échanges intellectuels entre France et Angleterre au moment de la naissance du Romantisme. / Meschonnic emphasized the importance of the "inseparability of history and modes of operating, between language and literature", the necessity of "recognizing the historicity of translating, and of translations" (Poetics of translating, introduction). By analyzing the different French translations of the work of the poet-philosopher Coleridge, published between 1837 and 2006, I will try to put these translations in the context of the different theories of translation and the different aesthetics of reception. Between the theory of translation and the practice of translating, how can the role and position of the translator be defined? Poetry is often considered as "untranslatable". Yet poetry has been translated for centuries. Is it translation or, what Jakobson calls a process of "creative transposition"? I will analyse the different processes used to make up for "what gets lost in translation" (Robert Frost). In a comparative perspective, I will discuss the role played by translation in the reception of Coleridge's poetry and thought in France and examine the intellectual exchanges between France and Great-Britain at the time of the birth of Romanticism.

The global disease scape is constantly shifting, influenced by demographic transitions, altering the balance of the burden of infectious and non‐communicable diseases. The epidemiological transitions can be divided into three stages: the first, an increase in infectious disease burden as populations settled, then grew into towns and cities providing conditions for infectious agents to maintain spread; the second transition follows industrialisation, changes in lifestyle, diet and improved sanitation whereby infectious diseases are reduced and non‐communicable disease (NCD) prevalence increases; the third transition describes the re‐emergence of infectious diseases as the AIDS epidemic and other emerging and re‐emerging disease outbreaks lead to an increasing burden of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Analysis of the disease‐scape has been carried out using WHO Global Burden of Disease data and correlation to demographic factors calculated using World Bank Development Indicators. The balance of chronic NCDs and infectious diseases can be represented numerically as the unit rate of infectious to non‐communicable diseases. The rate, which indicates at which end the continuum lies can then be correlated to these demographic development indicators to assess the factors which are influential to the continuum. As the balance of infectious and non‐communicable diseases around the world alters, the focus of the advocacy at the global health level has been examined to assess if the trends follow that of the shifting continuum. This has been carried out through an assessment of the WHO World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions adopted annually between 1948 and 2013 on the subject of infectious and/or non-communicable diseases. The principle of International health stemmed from the need to contain the international spread of communicable diseases, so it is not surprising that in the first decade of the WHO, 88% of the resolutions adopted for infectious and non‐communicable disease were adopted for infectious diseases. In the latest ten years of the WHO, 72% of the Assembly resolutions for infectious and non‐communicable diseases were focused on infectious diseases; this indicates that while there has been a shift in the balance, the adopted resolutions still focus heavily on infectious diseases. An example of how advocacy can elevate diseases to a higher position on the global health agenda is that of the Neglected Tropical Diseases. Following the Millennium Development Goals, this group of seventeen diseases has been highlighted as being “neglected” in terms of funding, research and political will. A review of the campaign to highlight this shows how global health advocacy can elevate diseases to a prominent position on the global health agenda. With this in mind, the advocacy for a sub‐group of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases has been examined at the WHA level. The results highlight the sporadic nature of support to control these diseases, and that activism for control of some of the major zoonotic diseases remains lacking. Rabies is explored as an example of a disease for which there are recommendations and support at the global level for the control and elimination of the disease, but for which barriers to control exist locally in endemic countries. The advocacy for diseases at the global health level has the possibility to impact the priorities of health care within individual nations. However the advocacy at this level may take time to reflect the changes within the disease‐scape. The impact of such advocacy is also limited by local political will, availability of resources and local cultural implications. Therefore there is a need to ensure that efforts to control diseases are tailored to specific populations and that resources are made available to support the advocacy.

It is well established that one of the key contributing factors to the growth of countries’ economies is the existence of appropriate economic and social infrastructures. The setup of these infrastructures and their operation or delivery of public services associated with them have proved to be a costly and often unaffordable business for most governments. Therefore, private sector participation in the delivery of public services has been opted for by governments under Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Additional reasons for the public sector to choose a PPP framework to deliver public services include the public sector representatives’ lack of sufficient technical knowledge and specifications required by most projects; the required amount of investment to implement such projects is too high to be affordable by the public sector alone; the increasing difficulties of predicting and controlling the uncertainties that typically govern the phases of such projects including the level of actual demand for the related services by the time the project is operational; the level of bureaucracy in the public sector and its implications on the time frame of decision-making processes; the relatively low efficiency in project execution by the public sector; and most importantly the fact that, in practice, these difficulties are often better managed by the private sector who seem to possess both the financial and the executive capabilities to undertake such projects Currently, there is a gap in the game theory literature on modelling PPP related decisions and issues. This thesis contributes to reducing such gap by proposing three novel and practice-oriented game theoretical models along with algorithms for solving them, namely an ordinal game for the shortlisting of potential private sector partners; two non-cooperative dynamic games for negotiation with shortlisted private sector partners and selection of private sector partner to award the PPP contract to; and a non-cooperative dynamic game for financial renegotiation post-PPP contract award. In sum, each novel game addresses an important problem faced by the private sector during the typical stages of the life cycle of PPPs, namely private sector partner selection at the tendering stage; negotiation between the public sector and shortlisted bidders to select the candidate to whom to award a PPP contract to at the post-tendering stage; and financial re-negotiation between the public sector and the selected private sector partner at the post-contract award stage.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da readequação estratégica e operacional no segmento de nãotecidos, pertencente à terceira geração da cadeia petroquímica, frente à realidade global das consolidações por parte de fornecedores e clientes. Este setor caracterizase por ser intensivo em capital e possuir fluxos contínuos de produção com a geração intrínseca de resíduo como subproduto de seu processo produtivo. Baseando-se em referências sobre gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, estratégia e gestão de operações, realizou-se uma pesquisa-ação na empresa pioneira na produção de nãotecidos no Brasil após a instalação de novas plataformas, que adicionaram capacidade produtiva e qualidade técnica ao produto acabado. Este cenário demandou um estudo para a modificação das suas estratégias de mercado e operacional em determinados segmentos de negócios. Utilizando-se de registros da própria empresa, seus indicadores de desempenho tipo BSC, relatórios setoriais e informações técnicas dos equipamentos, estudaram-se as inter-relações de atributos dos produtos acabados, como cor, diâmetro e largura, com a geração de resíduo do processo produtivo para o delineamento da readequação estratégica e operacional. Concluiu-se que, as plataformas produtivas de tecnologia atualizada tendem a direcionar seus produtos para segmentos de mercado que apresentam alta rentabilidade. Também se conclui que em determinadas situações advindas das características das plataformas produtivas de nãotecidos, há a necessidade de alteração de mix de produção para a adequação do sistema produtivo frente a uma nova realidade de mercado. / This work aims the study of strategic and operational re-adequation in the nonwovens market, belonging to the third generation of the petrochemical supply chain, in the reality of global consolidation by suppliers and customers. This sector is characterized as capital intensive and has continuous flow production system, with the intrinsic generation of waste as a byproduct from its production process. Based on references of supply chain management, strategy and operations management, this study was developed at a Brazilian pioneer nonwoven production company after its installation of state-of-art production equipments, which added production capacity and technical quality to the finished good. This scenario required a study to change its strategy and operational marketing in certain business segments. Using company´s records, keys performance indicators (BSC type), sector reports and technical information about the equipments, we studied the interrelationships of finished products attributes, such as color, diameter and width, with the generation of waste production process for the design of strategic and operational alignment. We concluded that the production equipments with modern technology naturally drive their products to high profitability market segments. In certain situations, because of these equipments and the company's positioning in the market, there is a production mix change in order to suit the new reality of the production system.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T12:23:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fabiano Elias Nunes - 2018.pdf: 2155362 bytes, checksum: 1686cf833c5aed2d3ff1ce04fdad2990 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T11:32:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fabiano Elias Nunes - 2018.pdf: 2155362 bytes, checksum: 1686cf833c5aed2d3ff1ce04fdad2990 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T11:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fabiano Elias Nunes - 2018.pdf: 2155362 bytes, checksum: 1686cf833c5aed2d3ff1ce04fdad2990 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / This research starts attempting to analyze the formation and resocialization process of adolescents in conflict with the law, that comply with the socio-educational measure of internment, provided for in the article 121 of Law 8.069 / 90 - of teenager - ECA (BRASIL, 2016), under the perception of the adolescents, who literally live the stigmas of this system, in the Socio - Educational Center of Unaí - MG. The specific objectives consists in examine the educational policies that institutionalized and assist that unit; investigate the educational practices developed in the local, specifically in the school, and how the adolescentes articulate with the educational policies turned on the formation and resocialization of adolescents and their needs, and finally, understand the socio-educational profile of these subjects, checking their perception in relation to the Socio- educational System, about their process of formation and resocialization and the life projects constructed while they are deprived of their liberty. The identification of the tools that make up all educational policies and practices and the grade of commitment about the implementation of the entire pedagogical, socio-educational and socializing project that is extremely important in order to establish specific strategies to help them in the adequate management of the resocialization program by the Education, acting not "through deprivation of liberty" but, "despite it." Thus, it is evident that the accomplishment of this research includes both the legal dimension - of the Law, as well as the pedagogical dimension - of Education. This research in education is qualitative approach. Observation, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used as data collect instruments to measure the desired results through the presented objectives The questionnaires were applied to teachers and adolescents, the interview was made only with them. In general terms, it was possible to conclude that the adolescents believe that the educational practices, contribute to their formation and the place is propitious to reflections that favor changes in the way of thinking and acting, contributing in the elaboration of plans and life projects. / Esta pesquisa tem como ponto de partida a tentativa de analisar o processo de formação e (re)socialização de adolescentes em conflito com a lei, que cumprem medida socioeducativa de internação, prevista no artigo 121, da Lei 8.069/90 - Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente – ECA (BRASIL, 2016), sob a percepção dos próprios adolescentes, que literalmente vivem os estigmas deste sistema, no Centro Socioeducativo de Unaí - MG. Os objetivos específicos consistem em examinar as políticas educacionais que institucionalizaram e assistem a referida unidade; investigar as práticas educacionais desenvolvidas no local, especificamente na escola e, como se articulam com as políticas educacionais voltadas para a formação e (re)socialização dos adolescentes e com as necessidades destes e, por fim, compreender o perfil socioeducacional desses sujeitos, verificando a percepção deles em relação ao Sistema Socioeducativo, sobre o seu processo de formação e (re)socialização e os projetos de vida que constroem, enquanto privados de liberdade. A identificação das ferramentas que compõe todas as políticas e práticas educacionais e, o grau de comprometimento em relação à implantação de todo o projeto pedagógico, socioeducativo e socializador é de fundamental importância para que sejam estabelecidas estratégias específicas para ajudá-los no gerenciamento adequado do programa de (re)socialização pela Educação, com atuação não “através da privação de liberdade” mas, “apesar dela”. Assim, fica evidente que a realização desta pesquisa comporta tanto a dimensão jurídica – do Direito, quanto à dimensão pedagógica – da Educação. Esta pesquisa em educação é de abordagem qualitativa. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados a observação, entrevista semiestruturada e questionários para aferir os resultados pretendidos através dos objetivos apresentados. Os questionários foram aplicados a professores e adolescentes, já a entrevista apenas para estes. Em linhas gerais, foi possível concluir que os adolescentes acreditam que as práticas educacionais, as quais estão sujeitos na unidade, contribuem para sua formação e o local é propício a reflexões que favorecem a mudanças no modo de pensar e agir, contribuindo na elaboração de planos e projetos de vida.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria_do_Socorro.pdf: 1535328 bytes, checksum: 0b613f2bbaad4979f1ae8c77778a0110 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-23 / This work consist on the study of the meaning of charivari at Lourdes Ramalho s (1997), homonymous book. The gool of the research is to demonstrate the carnavalization of moral volues and the ethic principles established by medieval Doutrine Cotholic Church and reveal the main transformations introduced by the literry work of the mentioned authoress. Based on the theoretical ideas on culture and popular literature written by Burke (1989), on the perpective of the carnivalization created by Bakhtin (1999), and on the menipéia satire constituted by Vasconcelos (1996), besides on the theoretical studyies about medieval cahrivari researched by Minois (2003), Berthold (2001) and Trompson (1998), on the sex nations as a deviation and Devil s creation instituted by Barros ( 2001), Richards (1993) and sucuteri (1985), and finally on the symbolic and imaginary conception studied by Durand(2002), this work showed the unholy process and the valorization of exacerbate Eros suitable with the characters actions emphasing the simbolic, alegoric and methaphoric meanings of the Devil s acts as the responsible transformer of this process. The comparative method was used at this work, showing that, through the analysis of the characters actions, both: the Lourdes Ramalho ideas and the similarity with the differences between these ideas and the medieval charivari in order to conclude that even tough there are structural, formal and contentness resemblances, it should be understandable that the main difference is reported to charivari s function at Lourdes Ramalho book, because, in his opposition, the medieval charivari had the objectives to eliminate defects, bad habits and human limitations related to the conjugal infidelity and the sexual behaviours condemned by the church, and the Ramalho s charivari discharges and exalts the absolute etotic pleasure. / Este trabalho versa sobre a ressignificação do charivari na obra homônima de Lourdes Ramalho (1997), com a finalidade de demonstrar a carnavalização dos valores morais e dos princípios éticos instituídos pela Igreja medieval e as transformações sofridas através da construção literária da referida autora. Embasados nos aportes teóricos sobre cultura e literatura popular por Burke (1989), na perspectiva da carnavalização por Bakhtin (1999) e da sátira menipéia por Vasconcelos (1996), dos estudos teóricos sobre o charivari medieval por Minois (2003) Berthold (2001) e Trompson (1998), das noções do sexo como desvio e danação por Barros (2001) Richards (1993) e Sucuteri (1985), e pela concepção do imaginário simbólico estudado por Durand (2002), demonstramos a dessacralização e a valorização do Eros exacerbado condizente com as ações dos personagens com ênfase no sentido simbólico, metafórico e alegórico da atuação do Diabo como agente transformador desse processo. Utilizando um método comparativo, demonstramos através da análise das ações dos personagens, tanto o conteúdo da obra ramalhiana, quanto ás semelhanças e diferenças entre esta obra e o charivari medieval, para concluir que, apesar das semelhanças estruturais, formais e conteudísticas entendemos que a diferença está na função do charivari de Lourdes Ramalho, que ao contrário do medieval que tinha como finalidade execrar defeitos, vícios e limitações humanas no que concerne à infidelidade conjugal e aos comportamentos sexuais reprováveis pela Igreja, tanto libera quanto exalta o prazer erótico absoluto.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho discute o processo de reelaboraÃÃo de gÃneros na formaÃÃo das postagens do Twitter. Para tanto, investigamos como o esquema de funcionamento e a dinÃmica de valores dessa rede social inspiram a manipulaÃÃo de diferentes padrÃes genÃricos que, ao serem migrados para o seu interior, sÃo submetidos ao labor de seus usuÃrios. Conduzimos nossa discussÃo à luz da anÃlise de redes sociais praticada por Recuero (2009; 2010), das reflexÃes epistemolÃgicas acerca da natureza dos gÃneros do discurso formuladas por Bakhtin ([1979] 2011), do conceito de propÃsito comunicativo cunhado e esmerado por Swales (1990; 2004), Askhave e Swales (2001) e Bhatia (1993; 2001) e da concepÃÃo de reelaboraÃÃo, conforme vem sendo atualizada desde AraÃjo (2006) atà Zavam (2009) e Costa (2010). Apoiados nessa base teÃrica e metodolÃgica, empreendemos a anÃlise de 195 postagens e 45 questionÃrios respondidos por usuÃrios do Twitter. Em um primeiro momento, a partir dos Ãndices de propagaÃÃo das postagens, observamos como a dinÃmica de funcionamento da rede social influencia a difusÃo e sedimentaÃÃo de arranjos genÃricos formados a partir de padrÃes e gÃneros distintos. Em um segundo momento, voltamo-nos para a forma dos tweets, identificando que estratÃgias foram utilizadas pelos usuÃrios para intervirem nos gÃneros ao elaborarem seus tweets. Por fim, investigamos, nos exemplos do corpus e junto aos usuÃrios questionados, que propÃsitos comunicativos foram atendidos pelas postagens resultantes desse labor. Os resultados mostraram que, no interior do Twitter, hà uma dinÃmica de funcionamento peculiar, que se reflete nas aÃÃes de linguagem dos atores dessa rede social que, motivados pelo desejo de colocarem-se em evidÃncia e ampliarem suas conexÃes, mobilizam e manipulam padrÃes genÃricos distintos por meio de estratÃgias especÃficas. Os arranjos genÃricos gerados a partir desse esquema possuem propÃsitos comunicativos caracterÃsticos, colocados a serviÃo da prÃpria rede social. Acreditamos que a rotina enunciativa caracterÃstica do Twitter, a mobilizaÃÃo de padrÃes genÃricos distintos e a alteraÃÃo de propÃsitos comunicativos sÃo fatores que, somados, dÃo forma a um constante processo de reelaboraÃÃo de gÃneros, cujos produtos sÃo consumidos e propagados dentro da rede social, retroalimentando-a. / This thesis discusses the process of genre re-elaboration in the formation of Twitter posts. We therefore investigated how the functioning scheme and the value dynamics of this social network inspire the manipulation of different genre patterns that, when migrating to the interior, are submitted to its usersâ work. We conduct our discussion in the light of social network analysis practiced by Recuero (2009; 2010), the epistemological reflections on the discourse genre nature formulated by Bakhtin ([1979] 2011), the communicative purpose concept coined and made neat by Swales (1990; 2004), Askhave and Swales (2001) and Bhatia (1993; 2001) and the re-elaboration concept, as been updated since AraÃjo (2006) until Zavam (2009) and Costa (2010). Supported by this theoretical and methodological basis, we undertook an analysis of 195 posts and 45 questionnaires answered by Twitter users. At first, from the post propagation indexes, we observed how the social network functioning dynamics influences the diffusion and the genre arrays sedimentation formed by patterns and distinct genres. In a second step, we turned to the tweet form, detecting that strategies were used by the users in order to intervene in the genres when elaborating their tweets. Finally, we investigated, in the corpus examples and with the users questioned, that communicative purposes were served by the posts resulting from this work. The results showed that, within Twitter, there is a peculiar functioning dynamics, which is reflected in the language actions of the actors of this social network whom, motivated by the desire to put themselves in evidence and broaden their connections, mobilize and manipulate distinct genre patterns by using specific strategies. The genre arrangements generated from this scheme have distinctive communicative purposes, at the service of the social network itself. We believe that the sum of these factors: peculiar enunciative demand, distinct genre pattern mobilization and communicative purpose modification, is set as a genre re-elaboration constant process, whose products are consumed and propagated within the social network, feeding it back.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Margarida Rosa Álvares - 2016.pdf: 2025692 bytes, checksum: 17ef3f957beae6c48ec333f42261d629 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:13:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Margarida Rosa Álvares - 2016.pdf: 2025692 bytes, checksum: 17ef3f957beae6c48ec333f42261d629 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T13:13:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Margarida Rosa Álvares - 2016.pdf: 2025692 bytes, checksum: 17ef3f957beae6c48ec333f42261d629 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / The thesis herein presents an analysis of the cultural aspects that are part of talk-in-interaction through Ethnomethodology/Conversation Analysis (EM/CA). This study is aimed at analyzing talk-in-interaction within an institutional environment (DEL CORONA, 2009). Through readings, it was observed that there is still field yet to be explored related to it and, in general, concerning speaking in Spanish. The analysis focuses on aspects, which are part of talk-in-interaction, that is, of speaking itself, such as turn-takings, organization, repairs and revoicing (CONCEIÇÃO and GARCEZ, 2005). Additionally, the analysis focuses on talk-in-interaction such as the construction of intersubjectivity and reflexivity (BULLA , 2007; GARCEZ , 2008). Based on that, the interactional process was observed in a Spanish language classroom of a public university (Goiás, Brazil). The research included data that was generated in this Spanish classroom context in an undergraduate degree classroom in Languages: Spanish with a group of thirteen participants. The data analysis is based mainly in two classes which were fully transcribed according to Jefferson´s Model (LODER , 2008). Besides, information gathered in interviews, fieldnotes and questionnaires were also considered to enable the triangulation of data. The presentation of the analysis follows two broad categories: the cultural aspects of talk-in-interaction as well as the cultural aspects in talk-in-interaction. In relation to turn-taking (turn-taking itself, turn-construction/turn-holding, turn-allocation/relinquishing), the results point to an understanding that, when interacting in the target language, the participants tend to maintain their mother tongue structure preferring that their turn is given rather than taken. On the issue of repairs, it is seen that other-initiated other-repair are preferred and this is because the interaction takes place in an institutional context. Regarding the revoicing, evidence shows that providing a revoicing setting does not always guarantee that the interaction occurs fluidly because the tendency of the teacher was to keep the turn longer. That probably happened as she understood that it is the teacher's role to fill in the silences with her own turns, especially when there is no volunteering by any other participants. However, the results show that the revoiced classroom allows critical training and the promotion of autonomy. The results also show that there was a change concerning turn-taking in the second class which was better balanced. Intersubjectivity (or shared understanding) and reflexivity (or the ability to reflect on what is being shared) are observed throughout the analysis by structuring the turn-takings and repair achievements. These ones are in the service of maintaining the intersubjectivity and, consequently, the reflexivity on the cultural aspects. / Apresentamos, nesta tese, uma análise dos aspectos culturais que fazem parte da fala-em-interação pelo viés da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica (ACE). Este estudo se justifica pela constatação, a partir de leituras realizadas, que há, ainda, um espaço a ser explorado sobre questões relacionadas à fala-em-interação institucional (DEL CORONA, 2009) e, em geral, à oralidade em língua espanhola. A análise se centra em aspectos que fazem parte da fala-em-interação, ou seja, da própria oralidade, como a tomada de turnos, a organização o reparo e o revozeamento (CONCEIÇÃO e GARCEZ, 2005); também enfoca aspectos na fala-em-interação, como a construção da intersubjetividade e da reflexividade (BULLA, 2007; GARCEZ, 2008). A partir disso, observamos o processo interacional na sala de aula de língua espanhola. A pesquisa contou com dados que foram gerados em contexto de sala de aula de espanhol em um curso de graduação em Letras: Espanhol de uma universidade pública goiana, com um grupo de treze participantes. As análises de dados se fundamentam, principalmente, em duas aulas as quais foram integralmente transcritas, conforme o modelo Jefferson (LODER, 2008). Além disso, também foram consideradas informações obtidas em entrevista, notas de campo e questionários de modo a permitir a triangulação dos dados. A exposição da análise segue duas grandes categorias: os aspectos culturais da fala-em-interação e os aspectos culturais na fala-em-interação. Os resultados apontam para um entendimento de que com relação ao turno de fala (tomada, manutenção e sucessão), as participantes ao interagirem na língua estrangeira tendem a manter a estrutura presente em sua língua materna, preferindo que o turno seja cedido a tomá-lo em uma discussão. Sobre a questão do reparo percebemos que os reparos iniciados e levados a cabo por outro são preferíveis e isso se dá porque a interação ocorre em um contexto institucional. No que concerne ao revozeamento, identificamos evidências de que propiciar um espaço revozeado nem sempre garante que a interação ocorra de maneira fluida porque a tendência da professora era de manter o turno por mais tempo, provavelmente por entender que é papel do professor preencher os silêncios com turnos de fala, especialmente quando não há auto seleção por parte das demais participantes. No entanto, os resultados revelam que a sala revozeada permite uma formação crítica e o fomento da autonomia e houve uma mudança no que se refere à troca de turnos na segunda aula em que percebemos um maior equilíbrio. A intersubjetividade ou o entendimento compartilhado e a reflexividade, capacidade de refletir sobre o que está sendo compartilhado, são observadas ao longo da nossa análise, através da estruturação dos turnos de fala e das realizações de reparo, que estão a serviço da manutenção da intersubjetividade e, consequentemente, da reflexividade sobre os aspectos culturais.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as principais alterações no modelo institucional do setor elétrico brasileiro, ocorridas a partir de 1995, apresentando as justificativas das transformações, algumas vezes radicais, no modo de funcionamento do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. Objetiva-se, com a realização deste trabalho, possibilitar uma melhor compreensão das principais alterações, relacionando-as com o contexto da história do setor elétrico brasileiro. Com o objetivo de resgatar a operacionalidade do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, foi implementado em meados dos anos 90 o Projeto RE-SEB Projeto de Reestruturação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, focado no aumento da capacidade de expansão do porque gerador e na atração de investimentos privados, garantindo-se a eficiência do processo via estimulo da competição. Vale ressaltar que o modelo RE-SEB serviu de base para o modelo vigente, concretizado em Lei no ano de 2004. O principal resultado da primeira etapa de mudanças (Projeto RESEB) foi a criação do Mercado Atacadista de Energia Elétrica, ambiente virtual de comercialização de energia. Nos anos de 2001 e 2002 ocorreu o racionamento de energia elétrica, que impactou profundamente o modelo institucional. Na verdade, esta crise serviu para abrir os olhos da sociedade e do setor para a necessidade de melhorias adicionais àquelas que já se haviam processado, tornando claras as lacunas que o Projeto RE-SEB não havia logrado preencher. Nesse contexto, com a entrada de um novo governo, em 2003, o setor elétrico passou por uma nova reformulação e foi instituído um novo arcabouço legal com o objetivo de adaptar o modelo antigo ao objetivo desse governo, além de incorporar as lições aprendidas no período de racionamento. / This work has the objective of presenting the main changes in the Brazilian electrical sector institutional model, stating the whole environment and the reasons that motivated the deep changes occurred since 1995, strongly influencing the operation of the Brazilian Electrical System. It is expected that after this work it would be possible to get a better comprehension of these amendments, relating them to the context Electrical Sector history in Brazil. In order to recover the financial and expansion feasibility of the Brazilian Electric System, it was implemented the Project RE-SEB - Restructuring Project of the Brazilian Electric System in the mid of the 90, aiming at increasing the system capacity expansion, improving the appeal for private investments in efficient way, by stimulation the competition. This first stage of the sector reform has been the basis for the current model. The main result of the RE-SEB project was the creation of the Wholesale Electric Energy Market, a virtual environment for the trade in energy. In 2001 and 2002, it was necessary to rationing the electricity market, which deeply impacted the institutional model. In fact, the crisis was essential to open the eyes of society and industry to the need of further improvements, making clear the gaps that the Project RE-SEB has not filled in. In this context, the government beginning in 2003, established a new effort to improve the institutional model, giving rise to a new legal framework, taking advantage of the Re-SEB experience as well as incorporating the lessons learned during the period of rationing.