Le dimensionnement des protections thermiques des véhicules spatiaux nécessite la connaissance des flux de chaleur à la surface de l'engin. Pour le type de rentrée atmosphérique étudié dans ces travaux (rentrée terrestre à 10-12 km/s ou plus), le rayonnement contribue de manière significative à l'échauffement pariétal. Nous présentons dans cette étude, le développement et la mise en œuvre de modèles et d'outils numériques permettant de prédire les transferts radiatifs dans les couches de choc de rentrée terrestre hors d'équilibre en géométrie multi-dimensionnelle. Nous avons d'abord formulé dans une approche raie par raie l'expression des propriétés radiatives relatives à des plasmas de N2-O2 hors d'équilibre. Cette formulation est adaptée à une modélisation multi-température et/ou une modélisation par niveau électronique du déséquilibre thermique. Les expressions obtenues ont été mises en œuvre sur le cas d'épreuve FIRE II afin de déterminer les luminances au point d'arrêt pour quatre points de trajectoire. Les résultats montrent un bon accord global avec les données en vol dans les différents intervalles de mesure allant de l'IR à l'UV, hormis pour le point de rentrée le plus hors d'équilibre. Les calculs montrent également que la partie VUV du spectre contribue de manière très importante à la luminance à la paroi et que la prise en compte du déséquilibre chimique est primordiale. Un modèle approché de propriétés radiatives a ensuite été développé sur la base d'un modèle statistique à bandes étroites (MSBE) pour les systèmes électroniques moléculaires optiquement non minces (dans notre application), d'un modèle à coefficients d'émission et d'absorption moyennés par bande étroite pour les systèmes électroniques optiquement minces et les continua, et d'une approche raie par raie pour les transitions lié-lié atomiques. La mise en œuvre de cette modélisation hybride a nécessité une formulation adaptée de l'ETR pour tenir compte du déséquilibre et des corrélations spectrales. Des validations systématiques du MSBE, contribution par contribution, ont été réalisées. Le modèle hybride a ensuite été validé sur le cas d'épreuve FIRE II par rapport à des calculs raie par raie. Le modèle hybride a été implémenté dans le solveur radiatif ASTRE, code basé sur une approche de Monte Carlo. L'implémentation a été validée par rapport à une méthode de lancer de rayons sur une con_figuration plans tangents. Des calculs 3D de rayonnement ont ensuite été réalisés sur le cas d'épreuve FIRE II. Les résultats montrent des écarts de l'ordre de 10-15 % sur les flux au point d'arrêt par rapport aux résultats obtenus dans l'approximation des plans tangents habituellement utilisée dans la littérature. Les outils développés permettent d'obtenir des résultats relativement bien convergés (5 %) en géométrie tri-dimensionnelle (100000 cellules) en un temps CPU raisonnable permettant d'envisager des calculs couplés à terme. / Thermal protection design of spacecraft requires the knowledge of heat fluxes at the vehicle surface. For the kind of atmospheric entry considered in this work (earth reentry at 10-12 km/s or more), radiation significantly contributes to the surface heating. We present in this study, the development and the use of models and numerical tools to predict radiative transfers in the shock layers encountered in earth re-entry in nonequilibrium conditions and multi-dimensionnal geometry. First of all, we have formulated, in a line by line approach, the expressions of radiative properties of N2-O2 plasmas in nonequilibrium conditions. This formulation is suitable for a multi-temperature and/or a electronic state to state description of the thermal nonequilibrium. It has been used to simulate the test case FIRE II in order to determine radiative intensity at the stagnation point for four trajectory points. Results show a good agreement with flight data for different spectral measurement ranges form IR to UV, except for the trajectory point in strong nonequilibrium conditions. Calculations show moreover that VUV spectral range contributes significantly to the intensity at the wall and that taking into account chemical nonequilibrium is crucial. An approximate model of radiative properties has been developed on the basis of a statistical narrow band (SNB) model for optically thick (in our application) electronic molecular systems, of a box model for optically thin electronic molecular systems and continua, and of a line by line approach for atomic lines. The use of the hybrid model has required a suitable RTE formulation to take into account nonequilibrium and spectral correlations. Systematic validations of the SNB model for each contribution have been carried out. The hybrid model has then been validated on the test case FIRE II against line by line calculations. The hybrid model has been implemented in the ASTRE radiative solver, which is based on a Monte Carlo approach. The implementation has been validated in comparison with a ray tracing method on a tangent slab configuration. 3D radiative calculations have been then carried out on the test case FIRE II. Results show discrepancy of 10-15 % on the fluxes at the stagnation point with results obtained in the tangent slab approximation which is usually used in the litterature. The developed tools allow to obtain relatively well converged (5 %) results in tri-dimensional geometry (100000 cells) with a reasonable CPU time enabling to consider coupled calculations in futur works.

Our thesis is based on the constantly changing internal and external environment causing firms to increase or decrease their internationalisation efforts. The focus of this thesis is going to be on describing the process of re-internationalisation, including the different stages of de-internationalisation, time-out, and re-entry as well as identifying the influences of the internal and external environment on the process of re-internationalisation.   The influences of the internal and external environmental on the process of re-internationalisation are analysed and accompanied by secondary data about the German biogas market, which the case company is considering to re-entry. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to existing literature by exploring the process of re-internationalisation and its stages of de-internationalisation, time-out and re-entry, to enhance the understanding of SME internationalisation patterns, and the influence of the internal and external environment   The process of de-internationalisation for the case company was characterised by a lower degree of market commitment in contrast to a complete exit. The degree of commitment was maintained during time-out stage, but due to changes in the internal and external environment a move towards re-entering the market was considered. The main influences, found in this single case study, can be separated along the stages of de-internationalisation, time-out and re-entry. The de-internationalisation was mainly driven by poor economic results and a lack of resources. During the time-out, the company’s acquisition led to a change in firm objectives. The re-entry was mainly influenced by changes in institutional policies and the previously altered company objectives caused a consequential increase in resources. The change in institutional policies was perceived as a business opportunity. However, the analysis of the case company’s market showed a deviation between perceived and actual business opportunity, highlighting the importance of acquiring up-to-date market knowledge.

Although participation of Canadian women in the labour force has significantly increased in the past decade, and in turn the number of maternity leave claims, information is limited on actual employment behavior following maternity leave and the factors which influence this behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the employment behavior following maternity leave for 313 women of varying occupations from a large metropolitan hospital in order to: isolate significant variables which influence this behavior, examine return rates and employment patterns for women who return to work, identify the major problems women experience upon their return to work, examine the experience of women with the current maternity leave legislation, obtain their opinions on whether flexible work policies encourage staff retention and finally, to develop a set of recommendations to assist organizations in achieving staff retention following maternity leave. Data respecting the positions of the women, their personal characteristics and their employment behavior following their leave were collected from personnel records. The dependent variables for the study were three distinct types of employment behavior: employees who terminated following their maternity leave, employees who terminated following their return to work and employees who remained employed at the hospital. There were nine independent variables which were tested as potential employment behavior influences namely level of education, age, organizational tenure, employment status, union/management affiliation, salary level, occupational level, number of previous maternity leaves and organizational division. The Chi Square test of Independence was run for six variables and the One Way Analysis of Variance for three variables. In-depth structured interviews were conducted with five women selected randomly from the sample in order to identify the major problems they encountered in returning to work as well as to obtain their opinions on the current maternity leave legislation. They were also questioned regarding the effectiveness of flexible work policies. Two of the variables tested were found to be significant employment behavior influences: type of union and organizational tenure. It was also found that the least flexible union had the highest termination rate. Although the majority of women returned to work and remained employed at the hospital, a high percentage transferred to part-time and casual employment. The interviews revealed that the major concerns women had were the need for more flexible work policies, an increase in part-time opportunities and child-care concerns including the need for on-site day care. All of the women interviewed felt that 18 weeks was an inadequate length of time for a maternity leave and some of the women wanted maternity benefits for their entire leave and not just 15 weeks. It was concluded from the results of the study that flexible work policies and organizational support systems encourage staff retention following maternity leave, it was recommended that in order for organizations to achieve staff retention following maternity leave that they must introduce flexible work policies and a specific staff retention plan. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Much research related to incarceration and re-entry has been focused on male models, and thus ignoring the unique circumstances of women offenders. Previous research argues that evident differences are found between the two sexes and these should not be neglected. Furthermore, both previous research and the theory of cognitive transformation has been utilized to analyse the results in a theoretical framework. The aim with this thesis is to explore the difficulties women face when re-entering into society after a criminal lifestyle. Hence, understand how women encounter and tackle these problems. Qualitative semistructured interviews with six former female addicts and offenders and one operations manager were tape-recorded. Transcription data was analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed that it was difficult to re-establish a healthy relationship with children. All the women came from dysfunctional families and no support from family members was a challenging aspect in the re-entry process. Substance abuse was also found among all the women, which showed that it competed with both parental and employment responsibilities and finding a job was easier than holding down one. Furthermore, ending contact with antisocial peers was important, however, meeting new people was difficult. Lastly, the results showed that all the women had subjective motivation keeping them on the path of lasting change. This study concludes three ways to improve female re-entry processes, (1) greater aid to women with substance abuse, (2) continued therapeutic assistance post treatment and, (3) positive role-modelled guidance for young women.

Thesis advisor: Laura . Rumbley / Thesis advisor: Hans . de Wit / Internationalization of higher education continues to transform the field of post-secondary education around the world. Student mobility, and specifically study abroad, operates as tool of internationalization that receives a lot of attention from institutions, nations, and students alike. Support for studying abroad is rooted in the many benefits, including but not limited: exposure to new cultures and perspectives, improvement of foreign language skills, development of independence and personal confidence, and expansion of problem solving skills. However, the transition back home after an experience abroad can often be a difficult experience for students who lack intentional and specific support through their institution. This re-entry period is often overlooked by institutions, however, it is a part of a student’s study abroad experience and should be supported as such through resources and programming for returned students. American Jesuit institutions in particular promote participation in study abroad as it aligns with the Jesuit mission and values rooted in serving God through serving others. As institutions that place a high value on engaging with the world and a holistic view of the educational experience, American Jesuit institutions have an obligation to support students through re-entry. This study looks at how these institutions support students as they return from abroad, the major challenges they face, how they integrate Jesuit values into their support, and what can be done in the future. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

The high levels of early and unintended pregnancy among adolescents in African countries including Lesotho are attributed to various factors. These include inaccessibility, negative and unfavourable community attitude towards adolescent contraceptive uptake and use, poor knowledge of sexual and reproductive health issues including sexuality education, high levels of poverty and vulnerability, negative socio-cultural practices such as child marriage, and increasing sexual and gender-based violence. Adolescent pregnancy and parenting are usually associated with poor health, social exclusion, and stigma, leading to girls’ suspension and sometimes expulsion from school. Most African governments have adopted laws and developed policies protecting the rights of all children, including adolescents’ rights to enrol and be retained in school. These rights are to be always protected, including during pregnancy and motherhood. Aiming to explore the challenges in implementing policies and guidelines on school re-entry, this dissertation argues that despite the constitutional, legal and policy provisions to protect pregnant and parenting adolescent girls, punitive and discriminatory strategies against them undermine countries’ human rights commitments. Using the socio-legal approach, the study attributes the legal, policy and strategy implementation challenges, especially those on sexual and reproductive health and education to influences of family, societal, religious and cultural beliefs and practices. It proposes more comprehensive, innovative, gender transformative, targeted and rights-based interventions; and supportive policies and strategies to facilitate continuous awareness creation, social and attitudinal change, and social justice to address adolescents’ specific needs and justify the state’s obligations and legal duties to respect, protect and fulfil citizen’s rights in Lesotho. / Mini Dissertation (MPhil (Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / MPhil (Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Africa) / Unrestricted

Criminal justice professionals like probation and parole officers draw from psychologists, social workers, and other mental health treatment providers to improve offender outcomes. The value of mental health interventions for offenders has been well documented in the literature. However, the values, roles and responsibilities, and goals for offender outcomes may differ for these professional groups. Probation and parole officers prioritize safety through the specific mechanisms of deterrence, control, punishment, and restoration. Officers meet these goals by some combination of law enforcement and case management roles. Mental health treatment providers, in contrast, are concerned with the individual offender’s perspectives, values, and needs, and reducing symptoms or behaviors associated with criminal activity. Providers’ roles are often defined by their background and training. However, in rural areas where specialized providers are less available, professional roles may become blurred. Given the differences between the criminal justice and mental health professions, the quality of these interprofessional relationships is an area ripe for study. This qualitative study examines the experiences of mental health professionals providing services to offenders in a rural area of south-central Appalachia. Participants (N= 38) include professionals from the fields of psychology, psychiatry, counseling, and social work. Services provided by these individuals include, but are not restricted to, forensic evaluation, adult and juvenile offender treatment (i.e., sex offender treatment, anger management, substance abuse treatment, and domestic violence counseling), prosocial psychoeducation, and traditional psychotherapy with offenders. Providers from multiple agencies participated in individual or focus group interviews and completed a pre-interview questionnaire about their training background, services provided, and caseload. This exploratory study uses thematic analysis to identify important themes and subthemes related to the following aims: to identify characteristics of interprofessional interactions and partnerships between rural community treatment providers and agents of the criminal justice system, as perceived by treatment providers, to examine if interprofessional partnerships reflect best practice competencies identified in healthcare research (i.e., values and ethics, roles and responsibilities, interprofessional communication, and teams and teamwork), and to establish the impact of interprofessional partnerships on offenders’ success in rural communities. Future directions, including the examination of perceptions of probation and parole officers and other risk management agents, will be discussed.

The US criminal justice system holds more than 2.3 million people, with approximately 641,000 being released back into the community each year (Carson & Anderson, 2016). One in five of those incarcerated in 2015 were convicted of a drug related offense (Carson & Anderson, 2016). With a specific focus on how the formerly incarcerated with substance use disorders reenter the community from prison, this dissertation examines the role of postincarceration policy, as well as other factors, that impact the use of physical, mental, and substance use services in the community post release. Study 1 is a critical policy analysis, arguing that in addition to postincarceration policies being punitive, they result in significant social, financial, educational, housing, and health care barriers to reentry and reintegration of prisoners into their communities as productive citizens. This article describes the types of postincarceration policies in place in the US currently and provides implications for future postincarceration policy development, program implementation, and research. Study 2 is a qualitative pilot study, presenting descriptive results from in-person semi-structured interviews with reentry clients (n=10) and reentry staff (n=10). Both clients and reentry staff view client’s mental health needs as priority at reentry. For clients, enabling factors included remaining abstinent from drugs or alcohol, informal support from family and friends, as well as professional support from agencies and barriers included long wait times for services, issues with their insurance coverage, stigma related to their drug use and time spent incarcerated. Staff, meanwhile, described systems level factors as facilitating or enabling, such as postincarceration policies limiting those with incarceration histories in accessing basic necessities and health services. Study 3 aims to expand on the Study 2 pilot with a larger, in-person interview study featuring 100 clients. Results also show high levels of chronic medical problems, clinical PTSD diagnoses, experiences of both physical and sexual abuse, and injection drug use. Additionally, signaling need for mental health service, less substance use related issues in the past 30 days, and being male all predicted service need.

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