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This study investigated the use of varying formats for presenting complex visual information in the form of fictitious maps. There were three treatment formats, two which sequenced the map information by conceptual category (i.e., roads, geographic features, boundaries), and a third which used a normal intact map format. The two sequenced presentations differed in that the first was additive; that is, each visual in the sequence built upon the preceding one by adding a category of information until the complete map was displayed. The second simply displayed one conceptual category per visual. The cognitive style field dependence-independence was also examined as potentially related to map-learning ability based on the greater cognitive restructuring ability of the field independent orientation. lt was predicted that the achievement of field-dependent students would be higher with the sequenced map treatments, and the achievement of the field-independent students would be higher with the intact map treatment. The research questions were: 1. Does dividing map information into either an Additive sequence or a Part-by-Part sequence affect performance on a map-learning task? 2. Do students classified as held dependent, moderately field - independent, or held independent differ in their performance on a map-learning task? 3. Is there an interaction across visual design format with cognitive style? The sample for this study was composed of 92 four-year college students. Level of held dependence was measured by the GEFT. The analysis of the 3 X 3 research design was by a two-way analysis of variance with posttest scores (which measured immediate recall of map information) as the dependent variable. Map presentation format and cognitive style were independent variables. Results indicated there was no difference in achievement among the three map presentation formats, but that cognitive style was significantly related to posttest scores; that is, a higher level of held independence was associated with more effective map-learning performance. / Ed. D. / incomplete_metadata

Obesity research remains a high priority worldwide, given the sustained high levels of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and class III obesity (body mass index ≥40 kg/m2) across many demographic groups. One component of obesity research is the study of how diet can contribute to obesity, and thus it is crucial to evaluate how existing dietary assessment methods perform for people with obesity, and to develop or refine methods to enhance their accuracy. Researchers should be prepared to include more individuals with obesity and class III obesity, a growing demographic, in studies that assess dietary intake. With the inclusion of these groups, it is vital to consider the potential impact of weight bias and weight stigma on dietary research. Weight bias is negative attitudes and stereotypes about people with obesity, while weight stigma is how these attitudes collectively devalue people with obesity, which could result in acts of discrimination. This dissertation: 1) defined the issues of weight bias and weight stigma, and how they affect dietetics practice, including research, 2) determined the representation of participants with class III obesity in studies validating self-reported measures of dietary assessment using doubly-labeled water, and 3) explored how weight bias and weight stigma might impact misreporting of energy intake among people with overweight and obesity. Findings include that: 1) weight bias and weight stigma are important issues when working with people with obesity, and dietetics professionals can address these in many areas of practice; 2) in studies validating self-reported dietary assessment methods using doubly-labeled water, people with class III obesity are underrepresented, and thus the validity of existing methods to assess diet among people with class III obesity requires further research; 3) in a sample of participants with self-reported overweight and obesity, previous experiences of weight stigma were common, though internalized weight bias, weight bias toward others, and experiences of weight stigma were not predictive of the validity of energy intake reporting. Researchers should consider the potential impact of weight stigma on recruitment, retention, and participant experience when working with participants with obesity. / Doctor of Philosophy / One part of obesity research is the study of how food intake can contribute to obesity. It is crucial to evaluate how well existing methods perform that measure what and how much people eat, especially in people with obesity. As obesity levels rise, researchers should be prepared to include more people with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and class III obesity (body mass index ≥40 kg/m2) in studies that measure dietary intake. When including people with obesity in studies, it is important to consider the potential impact of weight bias and weight stigma on nutrition research. Weight bias is the idea of negative attitudes and stereotypes about people with obesity, while weight stigma is how these attitudes collectively devalue people with obesity. This dissertation 1) defined the issues of weight bias and weight stigma, and how they affect dietetics practice, including nutrition research, 2) determined the representation of people with class III obesity in studies testing the accuracy of methods collecting information about food intake and 3) explored how weight bias and weight stigma might affect how accurately people with overweight and obesity report the number of calories that they eat. This work found: 1) weight bias and weight stigma are important emerging issues when working with people with obesity, and dietetics professionals can address weight bias and weight stigma in many areas of practice; 2) in studies testing the accuracy of measures that collect food information, people with class III obesity are underrepresented, and more research is needed to determine how accurate these measures are in this group; and 3) in a group of people with overweight and obesity, previous experiences of weight stigma were common, though internalized weight bias, weight bias toward others, and experiences of weight stigma did not predict how well a person reported their calorie intake. Future studies should include more people with class III obesity. Researchers should consider how weight stigma might affect a person's willingness to participate in nutrition studies. Minimizing weight stigma in research may decrease participation barriers for people with obesity in research about nutrition, weight, and health.

This study investigates the effects of clustering or format of presentation (categorized and uncategorized lists), level of color realism of graphics (color pictures, black and white pictures and line drawings), and age (10 year old, 16 year old and adults) on the pictorial recall memory among students in Malaysia. Three hundred sixty students of three age groups were randomly assigned to one of the six stimulus treatments (categorized color, uncategorized color, categorized black and white, uncategorized black and white, categorized line drawing, and uncategorized line drawing). There was a significant interaction effect between age and cluster, F (2, 342) = 9.07, p < 0.0001). Simple main effects test shows that among 10-year olds, significant difference exists between the mean recall of pictures in categorized lists and uncategorized lists. More pictures in the categorized lists were recalled than in the uncategorized ones. However, the mean recall of pictures between the categorized and uncategorized lists among 16-year olds and adults did not differ significantly. Interaction between age and color realism was also significant, F (4, 342) = 2.93, p < 0.021). Simple main effects test indicates that among 10-year olds and adults, the mean number of items recalled differed significantly under each level of color realism. Pairwise comparison shows that among 10-year olds and adults, color pictures were recalled significantly better than both black and white pictures and line drawings. The mean number of items recalled between black and white pictures and line drawings however, was not significantly different. It was concluded that color pictures or illustrations are recalled better than black and white pictures and line drawings, and that categorized lists of pictures are recalled better than the uncategorized lists. / Ph. D.

This paper presents the findings of two independent studies which examined the test-retest reliability and the fall-off effects of the Munich Life Event List (MEL). The MEL is a three-step interview procedure for assessing life incidents which focusses on recognition processes rather than free recall. In a reliability study, test–retest coefficients of the MEL, based on a sample of 42 subjects, were quite stable over a 6-week interval. Stability for severe incidents appeared to be higher than for the less severe ones. In the fall-off study, a total rate of 30% fall-off was noted for all incidents reported retrospectively over an 8-year period. A more detailed analysis revealed average monthly fall-off effects of 0.36%. The size of fall-off effects was higher for non-severe and positive incidents than for severe incidents. This was particularly evident for the symptomatic groups. Non-symptomatic males reported a higheroverall number of life incidents than females. This was partly due to more frequent reporting of severe incidents. The findings of the fall-off study do not support the common belief that the reliability oflife incident report is much worse when the assessment period is extended over a period of several years as compared to the traditional 6-month period.

Studiens syfte är att få insikt i och identifiera lärares arbete kring rytmik och hur det inkluderas i individuell tvärflöjtsundervisning på musikskolan. I bakgrundskapitlet beskrivs Dalcroze-metoden och tidigare forskning om rytmik. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt används ett designteoretiskt perspektiv där lärande och meningsskapande via semiotiska resurser som står i fokus. Studien är kvalitativ, och stimulated-recall-intervjuer används som metod. Fyra tvärflöjtslärare har videofilmats när de undervisar. Dessa videofilmer har legat till grund för intervjuerna. Intervjuerna har sedan transkriberats med fokus på de resurser och undervisningsdesigner som lärarna använder sig av i undervisningen. Resultatet visar lärarnas undervisningsdesigner, vilka bygger på deras förhållningssätt till samt genomförande och utvärdering av användningen av rytmikinspirerad undervisning. I resultatet framkommer också att lärarna använder sig av kroppsligt baserade notblad, kroppen, spelandet och talet som resurs för lärande. I diskussionen lyfts fyra övergripande mönster i lärarnas undervisning: medvetet och omedvetet arbete samt flöjtistiskt och musiskt arbete med rytmikinspirerad undervisning. / The purpose of the study is to gain insight into and identify teachers' work with eurhythmics, and how it is included in individual flute lessons at the music school. The background chapter describes the Dalcroze method and previous research on eurhythmics. As a theoretical basis the design theory perspective is used, where focus on learning and meaning making through semiotic resources are in focus. The study is qualitative, and stimulated-recall interviews are used as a method. Four flute teachers have been video documented when they teach. These videos have been the basis for the interviews. The interviews have been transcribed with focus on the resources and teaching designs the teachers use in their teaching. The result shows the teachers´ teaching designs, based on their approach to, implementation and evaluation of the use of rhythmically inspired teaching. The results also show that the teachers use a bodily based sheet of music, the body, playing and speaking as learning resources. In the discussion, four overall patterns are raised in the teachers' work: aware and unaware work, as well as education that aims to learning how to play the flute and general musical knowledge learning with rhythmically inspired teaching.

As barreiras geográficas já não são impeditivo para a competitividade, e as organizações enfrentam uma competição cada vez mais desafiadora. As propostas de soluções tradicionais, como as iniciativas de melhoria contínua de qualidade de seus produtos e de melhoria de processos, já não são suficientes para enfrentar os novos desafios. A pesquisa de satisfação de clientes tem se apresentado como uma ferramenta importante na área de marketing, visando dar subsídios para que as organizações possam reavaliar continuamente seus produtos, suas estratégias e sua atuação de mercado, não deixando de monitorar a reação dos concorrentes. Este trabalho busca uma reflexão sobre o impacto direto no índice de satisfação dos clientes no âmbito nacional, quando estes têm seu automóvel, recém-adquirido, envolvido com problemas de defeito de fabricação, sendo necessário o uso das garantias oferecidas pelo fabricante ou, em casos mais extremos, a realização de recall ou campanhas de oficina, para sanar tais defeitos. Adotou-se a metodologia de pesquisa documental como instrumento para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, utilizando-se os documentos existentes na empresa analisada. Após estudo detalhado das verbalizações (relato das informações feitas pelos clientes pesquisados), reclamações, relatórios, material de apoio e resultados, conclui-se que existe relação direta entre os indicadores no período verificado, sendo que o resultado de um indicador afeta diretamente o outro. Tendo em vista o aumento da concorrência e a não alteração na metodologia ao longo dos últimos anos, foi proposto nova sistemática para para cálculo do indicador de satisfação. / The geographic barriers are not impeditive for competitiveness anymore, and the companies face competitions more and more challenging. The proposals of traditional solutions, as the initiatives of continuous quality improvement on products besides procedure improvement are not enough to face the new challenges anymore. The customer satisfaction survey is presented as a very important tool in marketing, providing subsidies in order to permit a continuous reevaluation of the products, the strategies and the performance of a company in the market, also monitoring the competitors reaction. This article aims a reflection about the direct impact on the indexes of customers satisfaction, in national scope, when they have their just-acquired automobile involved in manufacturing defects issues, being necessary the use of the guarantees offered by the manufacturer and, in extreme cases, recall or factory campaigns to eliminate such defects. The methodology of documental research was adopted as an instrument for the development of this research, using the existent documents of the analyzed company. After a detailed study of the verbalizations (information given by researched customers), such as claims, reports, support material and results, it has been concluded that there is a direct relation in the indexes of the verified period since the result of one indicator affects the other directly. Thus, in sight of the competition increase and the non-modification in the methodology along last years, it was proposed a new systematic to calculate the satisfaction indicator.