Abstract  There is increasing use of technology in the education system, such as computers, and different programs learners can use to study vocabulary. In this study, the goal was to find out if pupils in secondary education learn new vocabulary more efficiently when handwriting or typing on a computer. To study the matter, firstly, a recall and recognition test was conducted followed by a word acquisition test. Finally, two group interviews were performed to find out if there was an agreement between pupils’ understanding of how they learn most efficiently, by typing or by handwriting, and the results of this study.  The study departs from the theory that learners acquire new vocabulary more efficiently when writing by hand since the motor process of handwriting increases activity in the brain, which possibly makes learners remember better what they have written. In addition, we have considered the theory that young people who have lived their whole life with technology are more proficient in typing, rather than writing by hand and if that is the case, will it affect their motor memory? Finally, the theory that computer-assisted language learning makes vocabulary acquisition more efficient will be discussed through pupils’ own opinions from the interviews.  The result from this study shows that pupils in secondary education in Sweden, learn vocabulary in a foreign language more efficiently when typing on a computer rather than writing by hand. This is not in agreement with pupils’ thoughts, nevertheless, it is in accordance with their preferences.

When people predict recognition performance, they wrongly predict that high frequency words will produce better recognition than low frequency words. To examine whether familiarity was the heuristic behind these inaccurate predictions, participants saw some words prior to study to increase their familiarity. We found that familiarity influences predictions, but word frequency has the greater influence. Research has shown that these inaccurate predictions can be corrected with test experience. Subsequent predictions are more accurate, but it is unclear whether participants learn that low frequency words are always better for memory or that participants had learned that low frequency words are only better for recognition and high frequency words are better for recall. We resolved this issue by giving a forced-choice recognition test after the single-item recognition test to determine what participants learned after the first test, and we found that participants learned that low frequency words facilitate recognition but not recall.

In California municipal politics recall has played a conspicuous role. It has consistently served as a source of controversy whenever it is undertaken. While it is a principle inspired by the direct democracy campaign of the California progressives in the early twentieth century, it remains as an evolving legal process and dynamic political issue within the context of California political history.

Previous researchers have reported women doing better than men in object recall. The current study tested for gender differences in object recall over three memorization trials using gender neutral stimuli. Fifty men and 53 women viewed pictures of 60 objects (15 in each of four quadrants) for one minute, and then had three minutes to recall as many objects and locations as they could. This procedure was followed over three trials. Women performed better than men, and the difference increased across trials. Training was successful as participants recalled significantly more objects and locations on trial 3 than on trial 1. These results supported previous findings of superior object recall in women relative to men, but they also suggested that the gender difference is not only maintained, but also increases with additional learning opportunities. It was concluded that the gender difference favoring women is not vulnerable to additional learning trials.

The purpose of this research project was to replicate, refine, and extend research by Zinser et al. (in press) of the site-name, associative memory of male and female college students of nearby to very distant geographic sites. A test booklet included eight schematic aerial maps. The maps were of 20 to 50 geographic sites participants attempted to match with their names. The number of campus buildings, campus city sites, regional cities, U.S. cities, U.S. states, world cities, world countries, and world continents/bodies of water matched correctly were determined. A demographic questionnaire was also presented. Overall, men performed significantly better than women on the U.S. cities measure, world cities measure, world countries measure, and world continents/bodies of water measure. These results were interpreted to be consistent with the hunter-gatherer theory.

Memes are a popular phenomenon in internet culture, despite this fact, meme marketing has not received a lot of attention within the field of marketing research. Therefore, this thesis studies the effect meme marketing has on brand recall and sharing intention using a meme template with an unknown brand. The thesis was a quantitative study, and two questionnaires were conducted. One of the questionnaires was a meme advertisement and the other one was a questionnaire with a “serious” advertisement, the results from the studies were then compared. The thesis relied on previous research and methodology by Yang (2022) who studied meme marketing’s effect on brand recall and sharing intention. The results indicate that meme marketing has a positive effect on sharing intention compared to serious marketing. The results also indicate that meme marketing’s effect on brand recall is positive. However, the effect on brand recall was not statistically significant, but close. This thesis contributes to the understanding of meme marketing’s effect on brand recall and sharing intention compared to serious marketing. / Memes är ett populärt fenomen i internetkulturen, trotts det har inte meme-marknadsföring fått mycket uppmärksamhet inom den akademiska sfären. Denna uppsats studerar därför effekten av meme-marknadsföring och har använts sig av en populär ”meme-mall” för att studera brand recall och sharing intention. Denna uppsats var en kvantitativ studie där två enkäter genomfördes. En av enkäterna behandlade rolig meme-marknadsföring och den andra var en enkät om marknadsföring som inte är avsedd att vara rolig. Resultatet från respektive enkät undersöktes och jämfördes. Studien bygger på forskning och metodik av Yang (2022) där hon studerade meme-marknadsförings effekt på brand recall och sharing intention. Yang (2022) använde sig av två enkäter där en enkät innehåll meme-marknadsföring och en med” seriös” marknadsföring. Meme-marknadsföring tycks ha en positiv effekt på brand recall och sharing intention i jämförelse med ”seriös” marknadsföring. Dock var effekten på brand recall inte statistiskt signifikant. Denna uppsats har bidragit med förståelse och kunskap om meme-marknadsförings effekt på sharing intention och brand recall jämfört med ”seriös” marknadsföring.

This thesis examines the effects of prosody on serial recall. Serial recall is an experimental task commonly used to evaluate the capacity of short-term memory. The Working Memory model by Baddeley and Hitch is a theoretical framework that describes the inner operation of short-term memory. Its hierarchies are supported by empirical evidence, but details of the core mechanisms remain unclear. In an attempt to refine the framework, this thesis investigated prosody as a factor in serial recall accuracy. Two behavioural experiments were conducted on native speakers of Canadian English. In the first experiment, the explicit awareness of word stress was examined. Results showed a main effect of word stress type, where iambic words received higher stress identification scores compared to trochaic words. In the second experiment, an immediate serial recall task was used to examine serial recall of word lists. The lists consisted of disyllabic words from Canadian English sources. The lists had mixed or uniform stress patterns. A main effect of list stress patterns was found, where mixed lists elicited better recall of the order of list items compared to uniform lists. Overall, the present thesis offers a new interpretation on how word stress is represented in the short-term memory. It adds support to the proposed interaction between short-term and long-term memory. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Many daily experiences require us to remember a list of items, such as drafting a grocery list and reciting phone numbers. How well we can remember a list can be influenced by various characteristics of the list. This thesis looks at a seldom studied characteristic: prosody. Prosody in the English language can be realized via word stress, which is the amount of emphasis we place on certain parts of a word. This thesis explores the impact of word stress on our ability to remember a list of common English words. It reports data from an online survey and a laboratory experiment. Results show that mixed word stress patterns in a list lead to better memory for said list. Overall, this thesis offers new suggestions on the role of prosody in memory. As well, it offers a novel set of data that supports current theories in memory.

Methods A standardised measurement tool was developed by identifying aspects of self that can be measured, and research methods that are effective at investigating self in people without dementia. The measure consists of three sets of illustrated ‘I am…’ statements representing Activities, Traits and Physical Characteristics, and Relationships and Occupations. Participants were asked to (i) sort these according to whether each was ‘just like me’, ‘a bit like me’ or ‘not at all like me’ (ii) sort their ‘just like me’ choices to identify the statement most like them; (iii) describe memories associated with this statement. The measure was tested with 20 people with dementia to inform refinement. The refined measure was tested for reliability and validity by comparing results from five people with dementia and six age-matched people without dementia. Results Outcome measures were strength, complexity and quality of self and an ‘episodicity’ score reflecting the descriptive richness of memories. The initial administration to 20 people indicated that the measure was suitable for people with mild to moderate dementia, and the outcomes were meaningful and reliable. An ‘Observational Framework’ was developed to enable measurement of self via gestures and expressions of people with limited verbal abilities. The second study indicated that the new measure has good test-retest reliability, but convergent validity was not demonstrated. Participants with dementia demonstrated strength, complexity and quality of self scores comparable to participants without dementia. The results suggest that providing visual cues bypasses the cognitive processes required for effortful recall. / Alzheimer’s Society

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