Background Google, Bing, and Baidu are the most commonly used search engines in the world. They also have some problems. For example, when searching for Jaguar, most of the search  results are cars, not animals. This is the problem of polysemy. Search engines always provide the most popular but not the most correct results. Aim We want to design and implement a search function and explore whether the method of classified news can improve the precision of users searching for news. Method In this research, we collect data by using a web crawler. We use a web crawler to crawl    the data of news in BBC news. Then we use NLTK, inverted index to do data pre-processing, and use BM25 to do data processing. Results Compare to the normal search function, our  function has a lower recall rate and a higher precision. Conclusions This search function can improve the precision when people search for news. Implications This search function can be used not only to search news but to search everything. It has a great future in search engines. It can be combined with machine learning to analyze users' search habits to search and classify more accurately.

Perception of dichotic chords (free recall and directed recall), nonsense syllables (CVs), and three-pair digits was assessed on 24 musicians and 24 nonmusicians. On the dichotic-CV and dichotic-digit free-recall tasks, there was a significant right-ear advantage, but there were no group differences. With the dichotic-chords, free-recall condition, a significant left-ear advantage was observed but no group difference. For the dichotic-chords, directed-recall conditions, the musicians performed significantly better by 10 percent than the nonmusicians. Unexpectedly, for the dichotic chords, the 62-72 percent correct performances were better on the free-recall condition than the 42-55 percent performances on the directed-recall conditions. These differences between the two response modes were attributed to the difficulty of the dichotic-chord listening tasks and the probabilities associated with the closed-set response paradigms. The findings suggest that the dichotic-chord paradigm used in this study should not be included in clinical protocols used to assess auditory perceptual abilities.

Recall of hearing aid orientation (HAO) information by new hearing aid users was assessed in this pilot study. Twenty-eight older adults completed a 25-item recall test of hearing aid knowledge that contained questions targeting information presented during a typical HAO. The mean recall score immediately following the HAO was 80%. The mean recall score at the hearing aid follow-up 4 weeks later was 77%, indicating that most of the information was retained. Recall scores were not significantly different based on time of testing. Although a substantial amount of hearing aid use and care information was reported at the hearing aid follow-up, some important information was forgotten by several participants. These preliminary results suggest the need for greater focus on certain important hearing aid use and care information during the HAO.

Processing Implicit and Explicit Representations (PIER2) is a model of memory that makes predictions about memory performance based on the interaction of known and newly acquired information by studying how implicitly activated associates affect episodic memory. Nelson and Zhang (2000) found a significant effect of cue connectivity in a multiple regression analysis of the variables known to affect cued recall, but at that time no manipulational experiments had studied the cue connectivity effect in the laboratory. The present paper presents a series of three experiments designed to investigate the effect of cue connectivity in the context of the PIER2 memory model to determine the importance of this variable in the prediction of cued recall. Results of the experiments were inconsistent, and a revised regression analysis performed on an updated version of Nelson and Zhang's (2000) cued recall database indicated that cue connectivity was no longer a significant predictor of cued recall performance. It was concluded that PIER2's equations do not need to be modified to include the influence of retrieval cue attributes.

Subjects' reported dream recall frequency, dream content and vividness or recall were discussed and examined in relation to sex of the subject and MMPI Conscious Anxiety, Conscious Repression and Ego-strength scores. Fifty-three Utah State University students, who volunteered to participate in a study of dreaming behavior, were administered the MMPI and asked to complete a dream log diary. The dream log required a daily recording of total number of dreams recalled, the number of vividly and vaguely recalled dreams and a rating of each dream in one of four dream content-process categories. Content-process categories included pleasurable, working, conflict and disorganized/frightening dreams. Relationships and possible interaction effects for the variables measured were tested for significance. No significant relationship was found between Conscious Anxiety, Conscious Repression or Ego-strength and dream recall frequency, sex of the subject, percentage of vivid dreams recalled, or percent of dreams recalled in the positive (pleasurable and working dreams) versus negative (conflict and disorganized/frightening) categories. Several significant differences were found, however, between the percentage of dreams reported in dream content-process categories for male subjects when analyzed according to higher-lower MMPI scale score categories and higher-lower dream recall level. Results of subcategory analysis tended to support an interaction between anxiety, repression and dream process consistent with the continuity and adaptive theories of dreaming. Male subjects with higher Conscious Anxiety reported a significantly greater percent of disorganized/frightening dreams. Higher anxiety tended to produce a higher percentage of working dreams as long as repression of threatening material was low enough to permit the recall of more emotion-laden dream processes. There was also a significant interaction between reported precent of pleasurable dreams, recall level and repression, which was explained as possibly indicating that pleasurable dreams may serve as an escape of integrating process for high repression male subjects. Results of analysis for female subjects indicated that higher recall subjects reported a significantly higher percent of disorganized dreams, which is consistent with the salience theory of recall. Recalled dream processes seemed to be not as strongly tied to personality variables for female subjects. Contentless dreams have been proposed in previous research to reflect repression by the subject. Results showed no significant difference between higher and lower repression subjects on the number of contentless dreams reported.

Family therapy researchers have conducted a variety of studies of brief approaches to family therapy (e.g., MRI, Solution Focused, Strategic). However, despite the fact that Milton Erickson’s approach to hypnosis and psychotherapy was a significant influence on these models, few family therapy researchers have studied Ericksonian hypnosis directly. Hypnosis is a way of communicating with the body to elicit psychological and physiological responses that are not organized by conscious awareness (Erickson, 1980i). Hypnosis becomes hypnotherapy when the context and the participants are oriented toward therapeutic change (Flemons, 2002). Employing the methodology of autoethnography (Ellis & Bochner, 2016) and using Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) (Kagan, Krathwohl, & Miller, 1963) to conduct process research, the author explored the experience and understanding of both an Erickson-inspired hypnotherapist, Dr. Eric Greenleaf, and a client (herself) during a hypnotherapy session focused on addressing the issue of anxiety. Informed by what Bruner (1986) called a narrative mode of constructing the world, the author presents a narrative account of what transpired. Her analysis distinguishes six hypnotic holons—parts of a whole that are themselves wholes (Koestler, 1967)—that illuminate the co-creative nature of the hypnotherapeutic experience. Each holon indicates a particular kind of invitation extended by the hypnotherapist, the client’s response to that invitation, and what comes out of the interaction. The author also illuminates the particular qualities that the hypnotherapist brought to the interaction and discusses implications of the study for clinicians and researchers.

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Kan återkallning från långtidsminnet vara belönande i sig, oberoende av hur användbar informationen är? Intern motivation och metakognitiva bedömningar har tidigare undersökts i förhållande till igenkänning och återkallning. Studien ämnade att undersöka ifall korrekt återkallning av information instuderad närmare i tid kan leda till högre skattningar av konfidens och belåtenhet. Tidigare forskning kompletterades genom att undersöka effekten av kognitiv ansträngning på belåtenhet och konfidens. Eventuella relationer mellan återkallning och pupilldilatation undersöktes. Elva personer (M = 29 år) studerade 100 ord på swahili fördelade på fem tillfällen över en vecka. Därefter skulle samtliga ord återkallas i ett test med samtidig registrering av pupillstorlek. Resultaten indikerade att högre konfidens och lägre ansträngning kunde predicera högre belåtenhet vid korrekt återkallning. Genomsnittlig prestation var en bättre prediktor för belåtenhet än tid sedan instudering. Högre prestation predicerade högre belåtenhet vid korrekt återkallning. Resultaten indikerade en uppskattning för säkra minnen samt enkel och korrekt återkallning av dessa. Detta föreslås bero på ett samspel mellan instrumentella och belönande funktioner vid återkallning. Inga signifikanta relationer observerades mellan pupilldilatation och belåtenhet, konfidens eller ansträngning. Pupillförändring uppvisade svaga samband med samtliga men dessa hade inget prediktivt värde. / Can recollection from long-term memory in itself be rewarding, regardless of its usefulness? Internal motivation and metacognitive judgements have previously been explored in relation to recognition and recollection of memories. This study aimed to explore whether recollection of information studied closer in time can lead to higher ratings of confidence and satisfaction. Previous research was complemented by further investigating the effects of cognitive effort on satisfaction and confidence. Relationships between pupil dilation and recollection were also explored. Eleven people (M = 29 years) studied 100 words in swahili distributed over five sessions during one week. Recollection of the words was tested following the last study session. Pupil size was registered during the test. The results showed that higher confidence and lower cognitive effort could predict higher satisfaction at correct recollection. Average performance was a better predictor of satisfaction than time since a word was studied. Higher performance could predict higher satisfaction at correct recollection. The results indicated an appreciation of confidence in memories as well as easy and correct recollection. This may suggest an interplay between instrumental and rewarding functions during recollection. No significant relations were found between pupil dilation and satisfaction, confidence or cognitive effort. Pupil changes resulted in weak correlations with the aforementioned but were not predicted by any of them.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第20120号 / 教博第197号 / 新制||教||164(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 齊藤 智, 教授 楠見 孝, 教授 Emmanuel MANALO / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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