A vitamina K é um co-fator importante no processo de coagulação sanguínea e recentemente estudos têm demonstrado os benefícios de sua ingestão sobre o metabolismo ósseo. Dessa forma, a atual recomendação de ingestão dietética para esta vitamina vem sendo questionada, pois se acredita que o requerimento da mesma para a função óssea é muito mais alto do que os necessários para manter a homeostase sanguínea. No Brasil, poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão de vitamina K em populações saudáveis. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ingestão de vitamina K em adultos e idosos saudáveis. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com a participação de 173 indivíduos de ambos os sexos. A ingestão dietética de cada participante foi avaliada através da aplicação de três recordatórios 24h não consecutivos. As variabilidades intra e interpessoal foram avaliadas utilizando o software PC-SIDE. Para verificar qual grupo de alimentos que mais contribuiu para ingestão de vitamina K foi feita uma análise dos componentes principais. Os adultos representaram 49,7% da amostra e 65, 3% da população eram do gênero feminino. A média de ingestão de vitamina K na amostra foi de 110,7 µg/dia, com uma mediana de 99 µg/dia, os idosos foram os que apresentaram maiores valores de ingestão com uma mediana de 104 µg/ dia. A ingestão de vitamina K através do consumo de gorduras foi estatisticamente diferente entre as faixas etárias, sendo esta diferença mais acentuada entre adultos jovens e idosos (p=0, 006). O consumo de vitamina K entre adultos e idosos apresentou diferença estatística (p=0,00) e o consumo de hortaliças apresentou forte correlação com o consumo de vitamina K total. Logo, conclui-se que independentemente da faixa etária e do sexo, a ingestão de vitamina K foi insuficiente em quase metade da amostra, o que pode ocasionar um maior risco de inadequação dietética. Isso é preocupante, pois pode acarretar problemas ósseos no futuro e/ou agravar os já presentes quando se trata da população idosa. / Vitamin K is an important cofactor in the blood coagulation process and recent researches have demonstrated benefits of vitamin K intake on bone metabolism. Thus, a current dietary recommendation for this vitamin has been questioned; it is believed that the requirement of this vitamin for this bone function is much higher than that necessary to maintain blood homeostasis. In Brazil, few studies evaluated the intake of vitamin K in healthy populations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the intake of vitamin K in healthy adults and the elderly. A cross-sectional study involving 173 subjects of both sexes was conducted. The dietary intake of each participant was evaluated by applying three non-consecutive 24h recalls. The within- to between-person variability was evaluated using the PC-SIDE software. To determine which food group most contributed to the intake of vitamin K, an analysis of the major components was performed. Adults represented 49.7% of the subjects and 65.3% of the populations were female. The mean intake of vitamin K in the sample was 110.7 mg/day and median of 99 mg/day; the elderly presented the highest values with median intake of 104 mg/day. Vitamin K intake by consuming fats differ statistically between age groups; this difference was more pronounced among young adults and the elderly (p=0.006). The intake of vitamin K among adults and the elderly showed a statistical difference (p=0.00) and vegetable intake showed a strong correlation with the total intake of vitamin K. It can thus be concluded that independently of age and gender, the intake of vitamin K was insufficient in nearly half of the subjects, which can cause an increased risk of dietary inadequacy. This is worrying because it could cause bone disorders in the future and/or exacerbate those already present when it comes to the elderly population.

The paper consists of two essays, both associating customer sentiment with firm performance. The first essay investigates the power of User-Generated Content (UGC) in explaining firm product and financial market performances. The second essay examines how brand equity can moderate a product recall's impact on the announcing firm and its competitors in the financial market. In the first essay, we utilize a high involvement durable product category (i.e. automobiles) as our sampling framework, and our findings confirm UGC's predictive power and help resolve existing ambiguities in existing UGC research. We use a market share attraction model to investigate how UGC contribute to firms' success in the product market. We also investigate the impact that UGC communications exert on the firm's financial performance, by inspecting its influence on firm idiosyncratic stock returns, Overall, We find that UGC communications have a direct effect on firms' success in the financial market. Furthermore, we find that for both the product and financial markets, long term owner reviews influence market responses more decisively than new owners' reviews. For the second essay, we examine the role of customer-based brand equity in moderating the impact of a product recalls on the firms' short-term abnormal stock returns. We construct a sample of all (non-automobile) product recalls announced between January 2001 and December 2006 by three Government agencies, Dow Jones Newswire, and The Wall Street Journal and match these product recall events with firm-level customer-based brand equity measures from the EquiTrend© database. Supporting previous studies we find that product recalls result in sizeable short-term negative abnormal stock returns for the announcing firms. More importantly the results suggest that strong brand equity attenuates the negative impact of these recalls for these firms, while potentially benefiting their competitors. By decomposing the brand equity into brand familiarity and brand quality, the study finds that brand quality is alleviating the focal firms from negative impact of a product recall, while brand familiarity is the driving force behind the benefits of a strong brand for competitors. Overall, these two studies advance marketing knowledge and our understanding of how market intelligence impacts the firm's performance, both on the product and financial marketplaces.

The problem of this experimental study is to determine to what extent visual information may dominate over audio information. Additionally, the experimental design addresses problems with previous research in this area and emphasizes simplified approaches to the study of channel condition effects. The study does not include investigations of learning theory or short-term memory, but processes of listening and long-term memory are incorporated into the design. A stimulus of sound effects and slides was utilized in one audio and two audio-visual channel conditions, and results showed a high recall among all subjects in all three conditions. The study concludes that channel condition has little effect at low levels of information.

The main topic of my diploma thesis was to compare the changes in anthropometric parameters in relation to the diet composition of young footballers (soccer players) of the category U14 and U15 in the year 2017, year 2018 respectively, three months before entering the all-day regime of the Regional Football Academy at home and three months after that. The theoretical part focuses on the specifcs of the age U14 and U15 category, maps the nutritional needs for youth footballers in terms of nutritional, hydration and other important requirements, such as the timing of food. Next there is described the history and basic information about the establishment of the Regional Football Academies. The practical part works with the measured results based on regular anthropometric checks, body composition analyses, monitoring of body growth and information about daily food intake records on daily basis, which the football players recorded before entering academies. These daily food intake records were evaluated in the software BeetFit Pro. From the results of the diploma thesis it can be found that, for the successful changes of the anthropometric parameters and to manage demanding regimes within the region, it is necessary not only suffcient diet composition including the food timing, but major long-term and...

Previous studies concerning the study of Curiosity have found the presence of a reward mechanism when Curiosity is satiated. This study aims to investigate whether this reward mechanism might be extrapolated to other cognitive systems, specifically that of long-term memory. The key hypothesis for this study is that correctly recalling distant memories is inherently satisfying. Additionally, the more uncertain an event is represented in memory, the more satisfying it should be to retrieve. A total of 30 participants (male = 8, female = 22, mean age = 29.9, standard deviation = 9.4) were recruited and had complete datasets. A within-subjects longitudinal design was employed. Participants were subjected to 5 sessions over a period of 7 days, performing an encoding and retrieval memory experiment hosted on Pavlovia.org with data handling through Proflic.com. Results were analyzed using advanced statistical methods including mixed-method generalized linear models and linear regression. Results show events encoded closer to the time of recall are more satisfying, a finding contrary to what was expected. A direct link between self-perceived confidence in a cognitive task and satisfaction was also observed. It is concluded that the current reward-driven theory of curiosity may need rethinking and future research should aim address this. / Tidigare studier angående nyfikenhet har funnit närvaron av en belöningsmekanism när nyfikenhet är mätt. Denna studie syftar till en undersökning om denna belöningsmekanism kan extrapoleras till andra kognitiva system, särskilt för långtidsminne. Nyckelhypotesen för denna studie är att korrekt återkalla avlägsna minnen är tillfredsställande i sig. Desto mer osäker händelse som är representativ i minnet, desto mer tillfredsställande bör den vara att hantera. Totalt 30 deltagare (hane = 8, hona = 22, medelålder = 29,9, standardavvikelse = 9,4) rekryterades och hade fullständiga datamängder. En longitudinell design inom individer använde. Deltagarna utsattes för 5 sessioner under en period av 7 dagar och utförde en kodning och hämtningsexperiment som var värd på Pavlovia.org med datahantering via Proflic.com. Resultatanalyser med hjälp av avancerade statistiska metoder inklusive generaliserade linjära modeller med blandad metod och linjär regression. Resultaten visar att händelser som är kodade närmare återkallelsestiden är mer tillfredsställande, ett fynd som strider mot vad som förväntades. En direkt koppling mellan självuppfattning förtroende för en kognitiv uppgift och tillfredsställelse observatörer också. Det dras slutsatsen att den nuvarande belöningsdrivna teorin om nyfikenhet kan behöva omprövas och framtida forskning bör syfta till att lösa detta.

Consumers are nowadays presented with many choices regarding products and services. In addition, there is a wide array of brands that one is forced to choose from. In this study you will get to know the brands that Swedish consumers think of first when given a specific category, thus the brands that are Top-of-mind. The purpose of this study is to investigate possible opportunities for a new entrant to become Top-of-mind and whether the importance of being Top-of-mind differs. The study examines four product categories: Toothpaste, Soft drink, Insurance company and Sportscar. The study’s empirical data is based on a survey of 200 respondents. The results of the study show that there are greater opportunities for a new market entrant to become Top-of-mind within the product category Insurance company and Sportscar, at the same time as it indicates that the possibilities within Toothpaste and Soda are smaller. Furthermore, the study's results conclude that it is more important to be Top-of-mind in the product categories Toothpaste, Soft drink and Insurance company.

Although much research has been done on how well working memory predicts processing of consciously activated information, research on the possible influences of working memory on automatically activated information is scarce (Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004). Working memory capacity (WMC) may be related to how much information is activated automatically by either aiding ease of access to relevant information or by its role in inhibiting irrelevant thoughts and information (i.e., noise). The purpose of the present study was to examine the contribution of individual differences in WMC on implicit and explicit processes in cued recall. Participants studied target words and recall was cued by associatively related words. Target connectivity was varied in Experiment 1 and target set size was varied in Experiment 2. The cued recall memory test was conducted after various retention intervals (0, 10 and 20 mins). In addition, memory span of all participants was measured with both operation and counting span tasks. Finally, all participants studied a second list of words under divided attention instructions. The present experiments examined 1) the influence of retention interval on cued recall performance, 2) the influence of individual differences in WMC on cued recall after various retention intervals and 3) the role of WMC and divided attention on implicitly activated knowledge (i.e., connectivity and set size effects). The findings revealed that working memory is related to intentional (explicit) types of processes, but not related to implicit processes outside of a person's awareness. WMC also interacted with retention interval. This finding is compatible with an attentional interpretation of WMC that assumes the high span advantage is apparent only when there is interference. Surprisingly, low span participants tended to outperform high span individuals on an immediate test. These findings are explained by differences in maintenance of information and rehearsal, and retrieval strategies.

Words that deviate in their physical characteristics from their surrounding lead to enhanced recall memory, a pattern known as the Von Restorff effect. Furthermore, common (high frequency; HF) words are more likely to be recalled than uncommon (low frequency; LF) words when they occur in pure lists, while this pattern is reversed in mixed lists of both HF and LF words. This study investigated whether the Von Restorff effect and the reversal of word frequency effects in mixed lists, which may both be explained by enhanced perceived distinctiveness, are associated with common underlying brain processes. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants studied and subsequently recalled 70 word lists using rote memorization strategies. The three list types included (1) 14 regular-sized and one larger word, (2) 14 HF words and one LF word, or (3) 14 LF words and one HF word. The behavioral data showed a typical Von Restorff effect, a word frequency effect, as well as a reversal of the word frequency effect for LF words isolated in HF word lists ("LF isolates"). Larger words and LF isolates elicited a P300, an ERP component associated with subjective distinctiveness, whose amplitude was correlated with subsequent recall for both word types. This indicates that LF isolates were perceived as distinctive, and that this perceived distinctiveness aided subsequent recall in a similar way as for physically deviant words. Both larger words and LF isolates also elicited a left-lateralized slow wave which was larger for subsequently recalled than for not recalled words. This ERP component supposedly reflects item-to-item elaborative processes, indicating that such elaborative processes are enhanced when LF words occur in HF word list. HF words isolated in lists of LF words did not elicit comparable ERP subsequent memory effects. Rather, for these "HF isolates", the N400 was negatively correlated with subsequent recall, an ERP component that reflects semantic integration processes. We conclude that the reversal of the word frequency effect in mixed lists can be explained by a combination of enhanced subjective distinctiveness and enhanced inter-item elaborative processes for LF words that occur in lists of HF words.

<div>There is evidence that after a person chooses between two items, the chosen item is more memorable than the unchosen alternative. This is known as the chosen-item effect (Coverdale & Nairne, 2019). We frequently make choices, such as which restaurant to visit for dinner, or which brand of shampoo to buy, and what we choose in these situations can influence what we remember. In the field of consumer behavior, it is believed that memory for brand names and products influences consumer purchasing behaviors. As such, we were interested in investigating whether the chosen-item effect could be extended to memory for brands and product names. If choosing a brand name or product makes it more memorable, then companies can apply the chosen-item effect to improve an item’s memorability and potentially increase sales of that item. In three experiments we investigated whether the chosen-item effect can be extended to memory for products (Experiment 1) and brand names (Experiment 2 & 4b) and found a mnemonic benefit for items that were chosen over those that were not chosen.</div><div>In addition to the relationship between choice and memory, there is also a relationship between choice and value. We hypothesized that people would be willing to pay more for items that they have previously chosen, in addition to having better memory for them. We conducted a second set of experiments (Experiments 3 & 4a) to investigate whether the chosen-item effect extends beyond memory to value. We found that items that have previously been chosen were not perceived as being more valuable than those that were not chosen. This finding has theoretical implications for research on the mechanism(s) responsible for the chosen-item effect.</div>

Product placement has long been a popular advertising tool that is still heavily used in today’s market. Therefore, this thesis adds a new construct to the field of product placement, namely language barriers, to see if that can have an impact on consumers’ ability to perceive product placement, in terms of brand recall. Moreover, this study also explores alternative constructs, such as brand attitude, to examine if they have an influence on consumers’ ability to recall brands when viewing SVoD entertainment content containing product placement. Furthermore, the Tripartite Typology of Product Placement conducted by Russell (1998) was applied as the main theory throughout this thesis as a foundation of the product placement-concepts. Additionally, the aforementioned research topics were explored via 14 semi-structured interviews with Swedish consumers, where all participants were within the age group that are the largest consumers of SVoD content. After the data was collected and analyzed, the results yielded that language barriers have a negative impact on brand recall, in terms of verbal placement, and no impact in terms of visual placements. Moreover, some other factorsthat also impacted the participants’ ability to recall the placed products included brand attitude, personal interests and perception of brands.