Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Over recent decades recreational fisheries have grown substantially throughout the world. Despite this increase, catches from recreational fisheries have often been ignored in fisheries management, although this is now being remedied. Monitoring recreational fisheries can be expensive, and the primary means used for monitoring is angler (creel) surveys, typically funded from sales of fishing licences. The studies presented in this thesis examine different approaches to monitoring recreational trolling fisheries’ catch and effort, where fishing licenses are not required and there are no reporting requirements. I present results from a complemented roving/mail-in survey undertaken during 2013-2014 to estimate recreational effort and catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in the largest lake in the European Union, Lake Vänern, Sweden. I also evaluate different angler catch reporting methods (mail-in, tournament reports and face-to-face interviews) and compare catch rates within and among spring and fall fishing periods. In addition, mail-in survey data are examined for recall bias.   I estimate that 28.7 tonnes of salmon and trout combined were harvested by the recreational trolling fishery in 2014, more than the commercial and subsistence fisheries combined. Seasonal differences in both recreational effort and catch were observed. Effort, in boat hours, was significantly higher in spring than in fall. Catch rates of trout were higher in fall than in spring, but there were no seasonal differences in catches of salmon. Harvest per boat day did not differ significantly among catch reporting methods, indicating that all three methods could be useful for managers interested in harvest rates. In contrast, total and released catch per boat day differed among reporting methods, with tournament anglers catching more fish in total. Finally, there was little evidence for recall bias in mail-in surveys, indicating that mail-in surveys are useful for collecting unbiased catch data. My study is the most comprehensive angler survey to date for Lake Vänern, and my results should be of immediate use to local fisheries managers and should also be of interest to researchers and managers interested in estimating catch and effort for fisheries at large spatial scales. / Over the past several decades recreational fisheries have grown substantially throughout the world. Until recently, however, recreational catch has been ignored in the management of many important fisheries. The studies presented in this thesis examine different approaches to monitoring recreational trolling fisheries’ catch and effort in Lake Vänern, Sweden, the largest lake in the European Union. Paper I presents results from a complemented roving/mail-in survey, designed to estimate recreational effort and catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta). The results show that the recreational trolling fishery today harvests more salmon and trout annually than the commercial and subsistence fisheries combined, and that there are seasonal patterns in effort and catch. Paper II evaluates different angler catch reporting methods (mail-in, tournament reports, and face-to-face interviews), compares catch rates within and among spring and fall fishing periods and examines mail-in data for recall bias. Harvest per boat day did not differ significantly among catch reporting methods, indicating that all three could be useful for estimating harvest rates. However, tournament anglers had higher rates for released catch. Finally, there was little evidence for recall bias in mail-in surveys. In summary, this thesis has developed the framework for a recreational angler survey program for Lake Vänern, and should be of interest to researchers and managers interested in estimating catch and effort for fisheries at large spatial scales.

Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade entre diferentes intervalos de retorno na incidência de cárie em pré-escolares que apresentaram risco baixo de cárie dentária, e também, avaliar o nível de ansiedade e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) das crianças de acordo com cada intervalo empregado. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 224 crianças de escolas públicas, com idade entre 3 a 5 anos, de ambos os sexos, com baixo risco de cárie. As crianças foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de estudo, de acordo com dois intervalos de retorno, sendo: Grupo 1 (G1) - exame clínico bucal + escovação dental profissional + orientação de higiene bucal e dieta no intervalo de retorno de 12 meses e Grupo 2 (G2) - exame clínico bucal + escovação dental profissional + orientação de higiene bucal e dieta no retorno de 18 meses. O exame clínico bucal foi realizado por um examinador previamente calibrado e cego aos grupos de estudo e aos desfechos secundários. O exame clínico bucal incluiu o índice de sangramento gengival de Löe, índice de biofilme dentário de Greene e Vermillion simplificado, detecção de lesões de cárie e da sua atividade de acordo com o ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Asessment System). O nível de ansiedade e a QVRSB foram avaliados pela Escala de Imagem Facial e pelo B-ECOHIS, respectivamente, por um dentista externo. O dentista externo também realizou as orientações sobre higiene bucal e dieta, e a avaliação das condições socioeconômicas. Os testes qui-quadrado e o de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para avaliar a diferença na proporção de crianças e na média de dentes com novas lesões de cárie entre G1 e G2, respectivamente. Análises de Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foram realizadas para avaliar o desfecho primário de incidência de cárie dentária considerando dois pontos de corte durante os retornos: 1) incidência de lesões de cárie não cavitadas ativas; 2) incidência de lesões cavitadas em dentina. Resultados: Foi observado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa unicamente para a incidência de lesões iniciais de cárie ativas entre os grupos (p=0,012). Na consulta de retorno crianças que pertenciam ao G2 tiveram maior risco de desenvolver lesões iniciais ativas em comparação ao G1 (RR= 2,37; p=0,047) e também aquelas com um maior índice de placa bacteriana (RR=3,14; p<0,001). Crianças que moram em família não nuclear (RR=2,56; p=0,007), com mais de um irmão (RR=2,53; p=0,037), e que utilizavam dentifrício sem flúor ou em baixa concentração no baseline (RR=3,91; p=0,012), tiveram maior risco de desenvolver lesões de cárie iniciais ativas. Crianças com maior número de dentes com lesões iniciais ativas nos retornos tiveram maior risco de desenvolver lesões de cárie cavitadas em dentina (RR=1,62; p=0,001). Conclusões: O intervalo de retorno de 12 meses é mais efetivo na incidência de cárie não cavitada ativa em pré-escolares de baixo risco de cárie, sendo que estas lesões são um fator preditivo para a progressão de lesões de cárie cavitadas em dentina. Porém não há diferenças na escolha do intervalo de retorno para lesões cavitadas em dentina, níveis de ansiedade e QVRSB. / Objectives: To assess the effectiveness between different recall intervals on dental caries incidence in preschool children with low risk of caries, as well as, the level of anxiety and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children according to each interval applied. Methods: The sample consisted of 224 children from public schools, aged between 3 to 5 years, of both genders, with low risk of caries. The children were randomly allocated into two study groups according to two recall intervals being: Group 1 (G1) - oral clinical examination + professional dental brushing + orientation for oral health and diet on the recall of 12 months and, Group 2 (G2) - oral clinical examination + professional dental brushing + orientation for oral health and diet on the recall of 18 months. A previously calibrated and blinded examiner for study groups and secondary outcomes performed the oral clinical examinations. The examinations consisted of the Löe gingival bleeding index, Greene and Vermillion simplified dental biofilm index, detection of caries lesions and their activity according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). An external dentist assessed the anxiety levels and OHRQoL scores by the Facial Imaging Scale and B-ECOHIS, respectively. The external dentist also performed dental hygiene and diet orientations, and the assessment of socioeconomic conditions. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess the difference in the proportion of children and mean of teeth with new caries lesions between G1 and G2, respectively. Poisson Regression analyses with robust variance were performed to evaluate dental caries incidence considering two cutoff points during the returns: 1) incidence of active non-cavitated caries lesions; 2) incidence of cavitated lesions in dentin. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed only for the incidence of initial active caries lesions between the groups (p=0.012). In the recall interval children who remain in the G2 group and who had a higher plaque index, had a higher risk of developing active lesions (RR=2.37; p=0.047 and RR=3.14; p<0.001, respectively) compared to the G1 group. Children living in non-nuclear families (RR=2.56; p=0.007), with more than one sibling (RR=2.53; p=0.037), and who used fluoride-free or with low concentration in the baseline (RR=3.91; p=0.012) had a higher risk of developing active initial caries lesions. Children with higher number of initial active lesions in the recalls had a higher risk of developing caries lesions cavitated in dentin (RR=1.62; p=0.001). Conclusions: The 12-months recall interval is more effective on the incidence of active non-cavitated caries in preschoolers with low risk caries, which is a predictive factor for the progression of cavitated carious lesions in dentin. There are no differences in the choice of the recall interval for cavitated lesions in dentin, anxiety levels and OHRQoL.

O termo Memória de Trabalho descreve um sistema de curto prazo envolvido com a manipulação e o armazenamento de informações necessárias para a realização de tarefas cognitivas complexas como a aprendizagem e a compreensão. Neste estudo investigamos os processos de dissociação de características visuais e espaciais na memória de trabalho. Os dois primeiros experimentos tiveram como objetivo avaliar o uso dos flickers cromático e acromático na dissociação de características visuais e espaciais em tarefas de recordação e reconhecimento de sequências. O Experimento 1 indicou que, na tarefa de recordação, a condição visual foi prejudicada pelo flicker cromático, visual, mas não pelo flicker acromático, e nenhum resultado significativo foi encontrado na condição espacial. No Experimento 2, uma tarefa de reconhecimento, ambas as interferências prejudicaram o desempenho dos participantes, mas não de forma diferencial, ou seja, a interferência visual não afetou exclusivamente a tarefa visual nem a interferência espacial afetou exclusivamente a tarefa espacial. Verificaram-se indícios de conjunção incidental nas provas negativas da condição visual. A comparação entre o desempenho dos participantes nas tarefas de recordação e reconhecimento indicou um melhor desempenho na tarefa de reconhecimento do que na tarefa de recordação. O experimento 3 buscou equiparar a dificuldade das provas visual e espacial a fim de identificar a capacidade para a realização de tarefas exclusivamente visuais, espaciais e visuoespaciais. Os resultados sugerem que enquanto a capacidade espacial dos participantes para o reconhecimento de sequências de letras parece estar em três itens, a capacidade visual e a capacidade para o reconhecimento de características conjugadas parecem estar em dois itens. O experimento 4 teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do Ruído Visual Dinâmico (RVD) e da Estrela de Cinco Pontas na dissociação de características visuais e espaciais da memória de trabalho em tarefas de reconhecimento de sequências visuais, espaciais e visuoespaciais de dois e de três itens. Os participantes obtiveram um melhor desempenho na tarefa visual, indicando que esta pareceu ser a tarefa mais fácil entre as três realizadas. As interferências RVD (visual) e Estrela (espacial) não afetaram o desempenho dos participantes nas tarefas visual e visuoespacial, mas na tarefa espacial, ambas as interferências tiveram um efeito prejudicial no desempenho dos participantes, embora não de forma diferencial, como era esperado. Por outro lado, a análise dos resultados indicando que o RVD não representou uma interferência significativa para a memória de trabalho visual, pode ser indicativa de que o efeito de interferência do RVD só apareceria quando a demanda da tarefa de memória fosse alta, ou que seus efeitos podem não ser diretamente sobre a memória visual temporária, mas sim no processo de recuperação da informação visual da memória de longo prazo. / The term working memory describes a system of short-term memory involved with the handling and storage of information required to perform complex cognitive tasks such as learning and understanding. We investigated the processes of visual and spatial features dissociation in working memory. The first and the second experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of chromatic and achromatic flickers on the visual and spatial features dissociation in recall and recognition sequences tasks. Experiment 1 indicated that in the recall task, the visual condition was affected by chromatic, visual flicker, but not by achromatic flicker, and no significant results were found in the spatial condition. In Experiment 2, a recognition task, both interference delayed the participants results, but not differentially, i.e., visual interference didnt affect the visual task only or the spatial interference only affect the spatial task. There was evidence of incidental binding on negative trials in the visual condition. The comparison between participants\' performance on recall and recognition tasks showed a better performance in the recognition task than in the recall task. Experiment 3 aimed to equate the difficulty of tasks in order to identify the capacity to perform exclusively visual, spatial and visuospatial tasks. The results suggest the participants spatial capacity and visuospatial capacity on the recognition sequence of letters task of about three items, and the visual capacity of about two items. The experiment 4 aimed to evaluate the effect of Dynamic Visual Noise (DVN) and the Five-Pointed Star in dissociation of visual and spatial features of working memory in visual, spatial and visuospatial sequence recognition tasks, of two and three items. The participants better performance was reached in visual task, indicating that this seemed to be the easiest task of the three performed. The DVN (visual) and the Star (spatial) interferences did not affect participants\' performance on visual and visuospatial tasks, but in the spatial task, both interferences had a detrimental effect on the participants performance, although not differentially, as expected . On the other hand, the results indicate that DVN does not represent a significant interference for visual working memory, and this may be indicative that the effect of DVN only appear when the demand of memory task is high, and their effects can not be directly on the temporary visual memory, but in the process of recovery of visual information from the long-term memory.

The objective of this master thesis is to analyze the contemporary situation on the Czech banking market in terms of investments into marketing communications. The efficiency of investments into marketing communications is analyzed in terms of awareness of banks surveyed, namely recognition, recall and Top Of Mind. This master thesis consists of three parts. The first part provides theoretical background and the base of the analysis. This part includes the objectives of communication on the banking market and the ways how to measure these objectives. The second part, the analytical part, is focused on the main objective and particular banks which are subjects of the analysis. In this part, hypotheses are defined. I will try to prove these hypotheses afterwards. In case of opposite results I will try to find out why my hypotheses were incorrect. The third part is focused on the conclusions of the analysis and to provide information for investment decisions in following periods.

Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade entre diferentes intervalos de retorno na incidência de cárie em pré-escolares que apresentaram risco baixo de cárie dentária, e também, avaliar o nível de ansiedade e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) das crianças de acordo com cada intervalo empregado. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 224 crianças de escolas públicas, com idade entre 3 a 5 anos, de ambos os sexos, com baixo risco de cárie. As crianças foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de estudo, de acordo com dois intervalos de retorno, sendo: Grupo 1 (G1) - exame clínico bucal + escovação dental profissional + orientação de higiene bucal e dieta no intervalo de retorno de 12 meses e Grupo 2 (G2) - exame clínico bucal + escovação dental profissional + orientação de higiene bucal e dieta no retorno de 18 meses. O exame clínico bucal foi realizado por um examinador previamente calibrado e cego aos grupos de estudo e aos desfechos secundários. O exame clínico bucal incluiu o índice de sangramento gengival de Löe, índice de biofilme dentário de Greene e Vermillion simplificado, detecção de lesões de cárie e da sua atividade de acordo com o ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Asessment System). O nível de ansiedade e a QVRSB foram avaliados pela Escala de Imagem Facial e pelo B-ECOHIS, respectivamente, por um dentista externo. O dentista externo também realizou as orientações sobre higiene bucal e dieta, e a avaliação das condições socioeconômicas. Os testes qui-quadrado e o de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para avaliar a diferença na proporção de crianças e na média de dentes com novas lesões de cárie entre G1 e G2, respectivamente. Análises de Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foram realizadas para avaliar o desfecho primário de incidência de cárie dentária considerando dois pontos de corte durante os retornos: 1) incidência de lesões de cárie não cavitadas ativas; 2) incidência de lesões cavitadas em dentina. Resultados: Foi observado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa unicamente para a incidência de lesões iniciais de cárie ativas entre os grupos (p=0,012). Na consulta de retorno crianças que pertenciam ao G2 tiveram maior risco de desenvolver lesões iniciais ativas em comparação ao G1 (RR= 2,37; p=0,047) e também aquelas com um maior índice de placa bacteriana (RR=3,14; p<0,001). Crianças que moram em família não nuclear (RR=2,56; p=0,007), com mais de um irmão (RR=2,53; p=0,037), e que utilizavam dentifrício sem flúor ou em baixa concentração no baseline (RR=3,91; p=0,012), tiveram maior risco de desenvolver lesões de cárie iniciais ativas. Crianças com maior número de dentes com lesões iniciais ativas nos retornos tiveram maior risco de desenvolver lesões de cárie cavitadas em dentina (RR=1,62; p=0,001). Conclusões: O intervalo de retorno de 12 meses é mais efetivo na incidência de cárie não cavitada ativa em pré-escolares de baixo risco de cárie, sendo que estas lesões são um fator preditivo para a progressão de lesões de cárie cavitadas em dentina. Porém não há diferenças na escolha do intervalo de retorno para lesões cavitadas em dentina, níveis de ansiedade e QVRSB. / Objectives: To assess the effectiveness between different recall intervals on dental caries incidence in preschool children with low risk of caries, as well as, the level of anxiety and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children according to each interval applied. Methods: The sample consisted of 224 children from public schools, aged between 3 to 5 years, of both genders, with low risk of caries. The children were randomly allocated into two study groups according to two recall intervals being: Group 1 (G1) - oral clinical examination + professional dental brushing + orientation for oral health and diet on the recall of 12 months and, Group 2 (G2) - oral clinical examination + professional dental brushing + orientation for oral health and diet on the recall of 18 months. A previously calibrated and blinded examiner for study groups and secondary outcomes performed the oral clinical examinations. The examinations consisted of the Löe gingival bleeding index, Greene and Vermillion simplified dental biofilm index, detection of caries lesions and their activity according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). An external dentist assessed the anxiety levels and OHRQoL scores by the Facial Imaging Scale and B-ECOHIS, respectively. The external dentist also performed dental hygiene and diet orientations, and the assessment of socioeconomic conditions. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess the difference in the proportion of children and mean of teeth with new caries lesions between G1 and G2, respectively. Poisson Regression analyses with robust variance were performed to evaluate dental caries incidence considering two cutoff points during the returns: 1) incidence of active non-cavitated caries lesions; 2) incidence of cavitated lesions in dentin. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed only for the incidence of initial active caries lesions between the groups (p=0.012). In the recall interval children who remain in the G2 group and who had a higher plaque index, had a higher risk of developing active lesions (RR=2.37; p=0.047 and RR=3.14; p<0.001, respectively) compared to the G1 group. Children living in non-nuclear families (RR=2.56; p=0.007), with more than one sibling (RR=2.53; p=0.037), and who used fluoride-free or with low concentration in the baseline (RR=3.91; p=0.012) had a higher risk of developing active initial caries lesions. Children with higher number of initial active lesions in the recalls had a higher risk of developing caries lesions cavitated in dentin (RR=1.62; p=0.001). Conclusions: The 12-months recall interval is more effective on the incidence of active non-cavitated caries in preschoolers with low risk caries, which is a predictive factor for the progression of cavitated carious lesions in dentin. There are no differences in the choice of the recall interval for cavitated lesions in dentin, anxiety levels and OHRQoL.

Ringing phones are common in work space environments in the 21th century and while capturing the attention of the call-taker they also tend to disrupt people in the surrounding environment. This study aims to investigate the attentional capturing effect of ringtones by comparing sudden and increasing onsets with quiet and noise masking conditions while participants undertook a test of short-term memory for serial order (serial recall). The experiment presented new evidence that increasing ringtone sounds have a disruptive effect on serial recall processing. A masking noise background, however, successfully eliminated the effect of the increasing ringtone sound.  In contrary to what was anticipated, the ringtone with the sudden onset did not cause an attentional capture effect, suggesting at least in behavioural terms, it was successfully ignored. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on looking effects. Increasing ringtone sounds may appear looming, with sudden onset sounds decreasing in volume appearing receding. The central idea is that looming sounds are more disruptive to serial recall because they cause a diversion of attention from the serial recall task so as to react to the apparently approaching sound. The disruption attributable to looming sounds may be a form of attentional capture that is more specific than those triggered by deviant events within a to-be-ignored stream of sounds.

A high recall problem in document retrieval is described by scenarios in which one wants to ensure that, given one (or multiple) query document(s), (nearly) all relevant related documents are retrieved, with minimum human effort. The problem may be expressed as a document similarity search: a user picks an example document (or multiple ones), and an automatic system recovers similar ones from a collection. This problem is often handled with a so-called Continuous Active Learning strategy: given the initial query, which is a document described by a set of relevant terms, a learning method returns the most-likely relevant documents (e.g., the most similar) to the reviewer in batches, the reviewer labels each document as relevant/not relevant and this information is fed back into the learning algorithm, which uses it to refine its predictions. This iterative process goes on until some quality condition is satisfied, which might demand high human effort, since documents are displayed as ranked lists and need to be labeled individually, and impact negatively the convergence of the learning algorithm. Besides, the vocabulary mismatch issue, i.e., when distinct terminologies are employed to describe semantically related or equivalent concepts, can impair recall capability. We propose TRIVIR, a novel interactive visualization tool powered by an information retrieval (IR) engine that implements an active learning protocol to support IR with high recall. The system integrates multiple graphical views in order to assist the user identifying the relevant documents in a collection. Given representative documents as queries, users can interact with the views to label documents as relevant/not relevant, and this information is used to train a machine learning (ML) algorithm which suggests other potentially relevant documents. TRIVIR offers two major advantages over existing visualization systems for IR. First, it merges the ML algorithm output into the visualization, while supporting several user interactions in order to enhance and speed up its convergence. Second, it tackles the vocabulary mismatch problem, by providing terms synonyms and a view that conveys how the terms are used within the collection. Besides, TRIVIR has been developed as a flexible front-end interface that can be associated with distinct text representations and multidimensional projection techniques. We describe two use cases conducted with collaborators who are potential users of TRIVIR. Results show that the system simplified the search for relevant documents in large collections, based on the context in which the terms occur. / No âmbito de recuperação de documentos, há situações em que é preciso assegurar que todos os documentos relevantes para uma dada consulta serão recuperados, de preferência com um esforço humano mínimo. Uma das maneiras de formular este problema de recuperação com alta cobertura é com uma consulta por similaridade: um usuário seleciona um (ou vários) documento(s), e um sistema automático é utilizado para recuperar, de uma coleção, os documentos semelhantes aos apresentados. Uma maneira usual de abordar o problema adota uma estratégia denominada Continuous Active Learning, em que dado o(s) documento(s) de consulta, descrito por seus termos relevantes, um método de aprendizado de máquina retorna e apresenta ao analista, em lotes, os documentos mais provavelmente relevantes, ou mais similares a esse(s). O analista classifica cada documento quanto à relevância, realimentando o algoritmo de aprendizado, o qual pode então refinar suas previsões. Esse processo interativo continua até que alguma condição de qualidade seja satisfeita, o que pode exigir grande esforço do usuário, já que os documentos são oferecidos no formato de listas ranqueadas e devem ser marcados individualmente, e impactar negativamente a convergência do algoritmo de aprendizado. Ademais, uma das dificuldades é a incompatibilidade de vocabulário, quando terminologias distintas são empregadas para descrever conceitos semanticamente relacionados, o que pode prejudicar a identificação dos documentos relevantes. Neste trabalho propomos TRIVIR, uma visualização interativa alimentada por um motor de recuperação de informação (RI) que implementa o protocolo Continuous Active Learning com o fim de auxiliar RI de alta cobertura. O sistema integra várias representações gráficas para auxiliar o usuário a identificar documentos relevantes em uma coleção. Dados documentos representativos como entrada, usuários podem interagir com as visualizações e marcar documentos como relevantes/não relevantes. Esta informação é utilizada para treinar um algoritmo de aprendizado de máquina que, por sua vez, sugere documentos potencialmente relevantes. TRIVIR oferece duas principais vantagens em relação a outros sistemas de visualização para RI. Primeiro, integra a visualização a um algoritmo de aprendizado de máquina com o qual usários podem interagir para melhorar e acelerar a convergência do algoritmo. Segundo, o sistema trata o problema de incompatibilidade de vocabulário, provendo sinônimos dos termos e o contexto no qual termos são utilizados na coleção. TRIVIR foi desenvolvido como uma interface web flexível podendo ser associado com diferentes técnicas de representação de documentos e projeção multidimensional. Descrevemos dois casos de uso conduzidos com potenciais usuários do TRIVIR. Resultados mostraram que o sistema facilitou a pesquisa por documentos relevantes em grandes coleções, por meio da utilização da informação do contexto no qual os termos ocorrem.

<p>This thesis presents four studies investigating (1) whether incidentally primed control-related words can attenuate the impact of activated stereotypes on subsequent evaluation of a target person, (2) the impact of motivated forgetting on the recall of stereotypically congruent and incongruent information, and (3) the impact of a directed forgetting instruction on the false recall and recognition of nonpresented stereotypical information.</p><p>In three experiments, Study I showed that participants initially primed with the social category, <i>immigrant, </i>and subsequently primed with words that were evocative of control or self-control made less negative impression of a target displaying ambiguous behaviors than participants not exposed to such words.</p><p>Study II, using a directed-forgetting paradigm, demonstrated in two experiments that participants subliminally primed with Swedish facial photographs who later studied stereotypically incongruent words roughly recalled an equal number of items regardless of the forget or remember instructions. </p><p>Study III showed that participants primed with the social category, <i>immigrant</i> and then studied a list of stereotypically related and unrelated words falsely recognized more nonpresented stereotypical words when they were furnished with a forget than a remember instruction. Similarly, Study IV (Experiment 2) demonstrated that participants primed with the social category, <i>immigrant</i>, but not with a neutral category, falsely recalled more nonpresented stereotypical words when their cognitive capacity was depleted through a concurrent memory load task. </p><p>The thesis presents a review and a discussion of some of the theoretical underpinnings of the extant literature on stereotyping and intergroup relations and of the social implications of the present findings.</p>

This thesis presents four studies investigating (1) whether incidentally primed control-related words can attenuate the impact of activated stereotypes on subsequent evaluation of a target person, (2) the impact of motivated forgetting on the recall of stereotypically congruent and incongruent information, and (3) the impact of a directed forgetting instruction on the false recall and recognition of nonpresented stereotypical information. In three experiments, Study I showed that participants initially primed with the social category, immigrant, and subsequently primed with words that were evocative of control or self-control made less negative impression of a target displaying ambiguous behaviors than participants not exposed to such words. Study II, using a directed-forgetting paradigm, demonstrated in two experiments that participants subliminally primed with Swedish facial photographs who later studied stereotypically incongruent words roughly recalled an equal number of items regardless of the forget or remember instructions. Study III showed that participants primed with the social category, immigrant and then studied a list of stereotypically related and unrelated words falsely recognized more nonpresented stereotypical words when they were furnished with a forget than a remember instruction. Similarly, Study IV (Experiment 2) demonstrated that participants primed with the social category, immigrant, but not with a neutral category, falsely recalled more nonpresented stereotypical words when their cognitive capacity was depleted through a concurrent memory load task. The thesis presents a review and a discussion of some of the theoretical underpinnings of the extant literature on stereotyping and intergroup relations and of the social implications of the present findings.