A aplicação prática de resíduos industriais, como cinza volante proveniente da queima de carvão, em bases e sub-bases de rodovias, é de grande interesse para engenheiros geotécnicos, uma vez que reduz o consumo de recursos naturais e oferece um destino a esses resíduos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado avalia o desempenho de misturas cinza volante-cal submetidas a condições climáticas extremas. Foram analisadas as propriedades resistência, rigidez e durabilidade de misturas de cinza volante (25%) com areia de Osório, comparando-se ciclos de molhagem-secagem com ciclos de congelamento-degelo. Para isso variou-se: o teor de cal hidratada (3%, 5%, 7%), o grau de compactação (14,0 kN/m³, 15,0 kN/m³, 16,0 kN/m³), a adição de 0,5% de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) como catalisador e a adição de 0,5% de fibras de polipropileno. Foi estudada a influência da temperatura (23°C e 40°C) em um período de 7 dias de cura, chegando-se à conclusão que o aumento de temperatura proporciona elevados ganhos de durabilidade por congelamento e degelo, resistência e rigidez, assim como a adição de sal e fibras de polipropileno Visando ampliar esta pesquisa foi proposta a troca da matriz da mistura (areia de Osório) por fresado (RAP) e a cal hidratada pela cal de carbureto. Para esse novo tipo de mistura, também foi realizado ensaios triaxiais para análise do comportamento tensão-deformação em relação a adição de 0,5% de NaCl, onde percebeu-se um aumento de 3,4° no ângulo de atrito e de 42,8 kPa no intercepto coesivo. As misturas de RAP e cal de carbureto obtiveram melhores resultados de resistência por compressão e durabilidade do que as misturas com areia de Osório e cal dolomítica, para a mesma temperatura de cura. Posteriormente constatou-se que a perda de massa acumulada após os referidos tipos de ciclos é controlada pelo índice porosidade (η)/teor volumétrico de cal (Liv), para ambas as misturas. Além disso, percebeu-se que menores perdas de massa acumulada foram obtidas para os ciclos de molhagem e secagem comparados aos ciclos de congelamento e degelo, tanto para as misturas com areia quanto para as misturas com RAP. / The practical application of industrial residues, such as coal fly ash, on bases and sub-bases of highways, is of great interest to geotechnical engineers, since it reduces the consumption of natural resources and gives a destination to these residues. In this sense, this master's thesis evaluates the performance of coal fly ash-lime mixtures under extreme climatic conditions. Was analysed the impact of the hydrated lime content (3%, 5%, 7%), the degree of compaction (14.0 kN/m³, 15.0 kN/m³, 16.0 kN/m³), the addition of 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) as a catalyst and the addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibers, on strength, stiffness and durability (comparing freezing-thawing to wetting-drying cycles), in fly ash mixtures (25%) with Osório sand. The influence of temperature (23 °C and 40 °C) in a period of 7 days of cure was also studied, this increase in temperature has been shown to provide high durability (for freezeing-thawing cycles), strength and stiffness gains, as well as addition of salt and polypropylene fibers. In order to extend this research, it was propose the exchange of the matrix’s mixture (Osório sand) by reclaimed asphalt paving (RAP) and lime hydrated by carbide lime For this new type of mixture, triaxial tests are also performed to analyze the stress-strain behavior in relation to the addition of 0.5% NaCl, where a 3.4° increase in the friction angle was observed, and 42.8 kPa in the cohesive intercept. The mixtures of RAP and carbide lime obtained better strength and durability results than mixtures with Osório sand and dolomitic lime, for the same cure temperature. Subsequently, It was verified that the accumulated loss of after these kinds of cycles is controlled by the index of porosity (η) / volumetric content of lime (Liv), for both mixtures. Besides that, lower losses of accumulated mass was observed for the wetting and drying cycles, compared to the freezing and thawing cycles.

Estudaram-se soluções para o pós-tratamento de efluentes de reatores UASB e de lagoas de estabilização visando à utilização em irrigação de culturas agrícolas. Nesta aplicação, normalmente são desejáveis bons níveis de remoção de sólidos em suspensão e graus elevados de desinfecção, além da conservação dos principais nutrientes. No caso do efluente de reatores UASB em escala real, foram construídas unidades em escala piloto envolvendo sedimentação, filtração e radiação UV. No primeiro experimento, o efluente dos reatores UASB passou por filtro de areia pressurizado em alta taxa e por reator UV de fluxo contínuo. Nesta etapa a concentração de sólidos em suspensão (SST) no efluente dos reatores UASB teve média de 233 mg/L, devido a problemas operacionais, sendo que o filtro apresentou eficiência média de 60% de remoção de sólidos em suspensão. Porém, como o filtrado apresentou absorbância ainda elevada, média de 0,476 cm-¹, a desinfecção UV resultou ineficiente e a contagem de coliformes do efluente final incompatível com o uso agronômico pretendido. No segundo experimento, o efluente dos reatores UASB recebeu tratamento complementar passando por decantador de alta taxa e filtração em leito de manta geotêxtil, seguindo finalmente para a desinfecção UV. A concentração de SST no efluente dos reatores UASB, sanados os problemas operacionais da ETE teve valor médio de 82 mg/L. Com essa concentração afluente relativamente baixa, o decantador lamelar demonstrou-se pouco eficiente e apresentou efluente com SST médio de 67 mg/L. No entanto, foi bastante útil para conter picos de concentração de sólidos no efluente dos reatores UASB, protegendo a etapa posterior de filtração. No efluente do filtro de manta geotêxtil, o SST médio foi de apenas 7 mg/L., ABS (254nm) de 0,245 cm-1 e Turbidez de 11 UNT. A desinfecção do efluente por radiação ultravioleta com dose recebida de 2,44 W.h/m³, resultou satisfatória com média geométrica de 1,12x101 NMP/100mL de E coli. No caso do efluente de sistema de lagoas de estabilização em escala real, aplicou-se pós-tratamento em escala piloto composto de filtro de areia pressurizado de alta taxa seguido de desinfecção por hipoclorito de sódio. A concentração de SST no efluente da lagoa facultativa teve média de 117 mg/L, enquanto que a média no efluente do filtro foi de 87 mg/L. Para concentrações de cloro dosado de 2,9; 6,2 e 11,7 mg/L, as médias geométricas das densidades de E coli no efluente final resultaram 1,13x10² NMP/100mL, 1,01x101 NMP/100mL e valor não detectado pelo método, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que é possível aplicar pós-tratamentos relativamente simples aos efluentes de reatores UASB e de lagoas de estabilização, quando se deseja uso agronômico e as principais condições operacionais destas unidades puderam ser avaliadas. / It was studied the application of a simple and economical post-treatment of effluent from wastewater treatment plant for the purpose of use on irrigation of agricultural crops. The research was conducted in two different wastewater treatment plants, (1) WTP UASB reactors with two application of post-treatment: (1.1) Post treatment with a sand bed filter pressurized at high-rate followed by ultraviolet disinfection. In this step, the concentration of suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent from the UASB reactor was 233 mg/L, the filter had efficiencies of 60% removal of suspended solids in the effluent from the UASB reactor, however, was not an appropriate result for effective disinfection of the effluent in the ultraviolet reactor. Absorbance values reached an average of 0.476 cm-¹. (1.2) Post-treatment at a high rate clarifier and on geotextile bed filtration to apply the ultraviolet disinfection. The concentration of TSS in the UASB reactor effluent has an average value of 82 mg/L, the concentration of the same parameter in the effluent from the clarifier was 67 mg/L and effluent of the filter geotextile, 7 mg/L. The system removed 91% of TSS in the effluent of the UASB reactor. In this experiment there was obtained a post-treated effluent with ABS (254nm) of 0.245 cm-1 and a turbidity of 11 NTU. The disinfection of the effluent by ultraviolet radiation with a dose received of 2.44 W.h/m³, obtained satisfactory results with geometric mean of 1.12x101 NMP/100mL E coli. (2) WTP by stabilization ponds with post-treatment in a pressurized sand filter followed by highrate disinfection by sodium hypochlorite solution. A TSS concentration in the effluent from facultative pond had an averaged 117 mg/L, the concentration of the same parameter in the effluent of the filter was 87 mg/L. With application of 2.88 mgCl2/L resulted in 1.13x10² NMP/100mL E coli, for the application of 6.2 and 11.7 mg/L chlorine was obtained 1.01x101 NMP/100mL E coli and ND, respectively.

Magistratūros studijų baigiamajame darbe analizuojama melioruotų žemių ir melioracijos statinių būklė. Tyrimai buvo atlikti Utenos rajone. Rajone nusausinta 30625 ha arba 59,9 % nuo šlapių žemių fondo – 51130,95 ha. Nuo 1966 iki 1990 metų drenažu nusausinta 28564 ha, o nuo 1991 iki 1995 metų – 1570 ha ploto. Daugiausiai žemių drenuota 1970, 1971 ir 1975 metais – daugiau kaip po 1400 ha į metus. Mažiausiai naudoti atiduota 1994 metais – 298 ha, o daugiausiai 1975 metais – 1800 ha. Iki 1975 metų žemių sausinimo darbų tempai Utenos rajone didėjo, o vėliau sulėtėjo. Melioruotų žemių ir melioracijos statinių būklės tyrimais Utenos rajone nustatyta, kad geros būklės melioruotos žemės ir melioracijos statinių techninė būklė kasmet blogėja. Žemės ūkio ministerijos lėšų skirtų melioracijos darbams nepakanka, kad užtikrintų jų gerą būklę. Norint Utenos rajone palaikyti gerą melioruotos žemės ir melioracijos statinių būklę, valstybė turėtų skirti metams 2 mln. Lt. t.y. du kartus daugiau lėšų nei dabar. Šiandien, esamų melioracijos statinių vidutinis amžiaus vidurkis siekia 35 metus. Žmonės neturi lėšų tinkamai naudoti ir prižiūrėti melioracijos statinių, todėl jų techninė būklė sparčiai prastėja. Melioracijos statiniai teikia naudą žemdirbiams, kaimo gyventojams ir visai visuomenei. Nenorintis ar nepajėgiantis savo žemėje tvarkyti ir prižiūrėti drenažo, ūkininkas kenkia ir kaimyno nusausintoms žemėms. Sunykti melioracijos statiniams jokiu būdu negalima leisti, nes jiems atstatyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The condition state of reclaimed lands and land reclamation hydraulic structures was analysed in the final work of master studies. Researches were carried out in Utena district. 30625 ha or 59.9% of the wetlands fund (51130.95 ha) have been reclaimed in the district. In the period of 1966-1990 28564 ha of the total area have been reclaimed and in the period of 1991-1995 – 1570 ha, respectively. The largest areas of lands were reclaimed in 1970, 1971 and 1975, i.e. more than 1400 ha per year. The smallest areas returned for the use were in 1994 – 298 ha and the largest areas returned for the use were in 1975 – 1800 ha. By 1975 the speed of draining works in Utena district increased and later slowed down. With the help of the researches of reclaimed lands and the condition state of land reclamation hydraulic structures in Utena district it was determined that the technical condition of land reclamation structures and reclaimed lands that used to be in good condition is worsening every year. The means committed to the land reclamation works by the Ministry of Agriculture are not sufficient for the ensuring of the good condition state of these structures. In order to maintain the good condition of reclaimed lands and land reclamation hydraulic structures situated in Utena district the State should commit 2 million Lt per year, i.e. twice as much. At present the average age of land reclamation hydraulic structures reaches 35 years. People have not enough means for the proper use... [to full text]

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe analizuojama melioruotų žemių ir melioracijos statinių būklė. Tyrimai buvo atlikti Vilniaus rajone, pagal Lietuvos Respublikos žemės ūkio ministerijos duomenis. Rajone nusausinta 43224,8 ha arba 67,8 % šlapių žemių fondo - 56269 ha. Nuo 1960 iki 2008 metų drenažu nusausinta 39061,4 ha. Daugiausia žemių drenuota 1976-1980 metais - daugiau kaip po 1800 ha per metus. Mažiausiai naudoti atiduota 1996-2000 metais – iš viso 155,7 ha. Iki 1980 metų Vilniaus rajone žemių sausinimo darbų tempai didėjo, o nuo 1985 m. sumažėjo iki 1400 per metus, vėliau darbų kiekiai tapo dar mažesni. Nuo 2000 m. nebuvo vykdomos naujos statybos. 2006 m. atlikus Vilniaus rajone melioruotų žemių ir melioracijos statinių būklės tyrimus nustatyta, kad geros būklės melioruotos žemės ir melioracijos statinių techninė būklė kasmet blogėja. Skirtų biudžeto lėšų melioracijos darbams nepakanka, kad užtikrintų jų gerą būklę. Norint Vilniaus rajone palaikyti gerą melioruotos žemės ir melioracijos statinių būklę, valstybė turėtų skirti metams 4 mln. Lt, t.y. 4 kartus daugiau lėšų, nei skiriama dabar. Šiandien esamų melioracijos statinių vidutinis amžiaus vidurkis siekia 35 metus. Žemės savininkai neturi lėšų tinkamai naudoti ir prižiūrėti melioracijos statinių, todėl jų techninė būklė sparčiai prastėja. Melioracijos statiniai teikia naudą žemdirbiams, kaimo gyventojams ir visai visuomenei. Nenorintis ar nepajėgiantis savo žemėje tvarkyti ir prižiūrėti drenažo, ūkininkas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The condition of reclaimed lands and of land reclamation hydraulic structures was analyzed in the final work of master studies. Research was carried out in the district of Vilnius. 43224,8 ha or 67,8% of the wetlands fund (56269 ha) have been reclaimed in the district. In the period of 1960-2008, 39061,4 ha were reclaimed and in the period of 1976-1980, 1800 ha per year were reclaimed. The smallest areas returned for the use were in 1996-2000, 155,7 ha per year and the largest areas returned for the use were in 1985, 1400 ha were reclaimed. From 2000, no new construction was carried out. With the help of the research of reclaimed lands and the condition of land reclamation hydraulic structures in Vilnius district, it was determined that the technical condition of land reclamation structures and reclaimed lands which was in good condition is now deteriorating every year. The grant committed to the land reclamation works, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, is not sufficient for ensuring that these structures remain in good condition. In order to maintain the good condition of reclaimed lands and land reclamation hydraulic structures situated in Vilnius district, the State should commit 4 million Lt during the year, i.e. a fourfold increase. At present, the average age of land reclamation hydraulic structures is 35 years old. Farmers do not have enough funds for the proper use and exploitation of land reclamation hydraulic structures, therefore, their condition is rapidly... [to full text]

Joniškio rajono šlapių žemių fondas yra 98341 ha. Rajone nusausinta 80524,65 ha arba 81,9 % nuo šlapių žemių fondo. Darbo tikslas: Išanalizuoti ir įvertinti melioruotų žemių, bei statinių būklę Joniškio rajono savivaldybės teritorijoje. Pagal atliktos 2006 metų inventorizacijos duomenų analizę melioruotas žemės plotas įskaitant plotą sausinamą drenažu nuo1987 metų padidėjo 1232,64 ha kas sudaro 1,55 %. Blogos būklės plotas sudaro 4490,99 ha iš kurių numatoma rekonstruoti 3190,76 ha., remontuoti 1083,04 ha. ir nurašyti 217,19 ha. Didžiausi pažeidimai melioruotame plote: užmirkęs drenuotas plotas, žemės ūkio naudmenos neveikiančio drenažo plote ir drenuotas plotas užstatytas statiniais, kur nutiesti keliai ar kitos komunikacijos. Blogai veikiančio drenažo plotas sudaro 6 % viso drenuoto žemės ploto. 2006 metų inventorizacijos duomenimis magistralinių griovių Joniškio rajone yra 1230,0 km. Bloga būklė sudaro 357,64 km., tai sudaro 29 %. Didžiausi pažeidimai: vaga užaugusi medžiais ir krūmais, vaga užnešta nešmenimis ir patvenkta vaga. Išanalizavus 2006 metų inventorizavimo duomenis paaiškėjo, kad pralaidų būklė Joniškio rajone yra bloga: 56 % jų blogos būklės. Pagrindinės pažeidimų priežastys: pažeistos vietinių įgriuvų, įgriuvę antgaliai, apirę betoniniai elementai. Šiandien, esamų melioracijos statinių vidutinis amžiaus vidurkis siekia 35 metus. Neturint lėšų, tinkamai naudoti ir prižiūrėti melioracijos statinių neimanoma, todėl jų techninė būklė sparčiai prastėja. ... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Wet territory corpus is 98341ha in Joniskis district. 80524,65 ha or 81,9 % of the wetlands fund have been reclaimed in the district. Main job goal is to inspect existing melioration building’s condition in the local government’s territory of the Joniskis district. According inventorisation data analysis accomplished in 2006 improved land’s area, including drained area become bigger from 1987, 1232,64 ha has structure 1,55 %. Quantity of building’s in bad shape has structured 4490,99 ha from which 3190,76 ha have been reconstructed, also 1083,04 ha have been reconditioned and 217,19 ha have been discarded as unusable. Most common drainage system break is influated by new buildings, roads and communication systems. The malfunction of the drainage area has structure 6 % of all land area. According inventorisation of 2006 have emerged that main roads in the Joniskis district are 1230,0 km. Bad condition has structured 357,64 km, it is 29%. Most common drainage system breaks are: the main canal, which is overgrown by trees and scrubs, also main canal is choked up by outwashes and affluented. According inventorisation were done become clear that overflows are in bad shape in the district of Joniskis city; that is 56 % of all them bad condition. The major reasons of breaks are: local failures are damaged, also the snouts are tumbled and finally the details of concrete are broke up. At present the average age of land reclamation hydraulic structures reaches 35 years. People... [to full text]

Natural coarse textured soils comprise a significant portion (approximately 20%) of the area to be mined at Suncor, Syncrude (aurora mine), Albian/Shell, and CNRL mines in the Alberta’s oil sands (Macyk, 2006). Although similar in soil textural classifications, the undisturbed areas support a range of ecosite types which exhibit different moisture regimes, suggesting that there are natural mechanisms controlling the plant available water sufficient for forest development. The global objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for textural variability to enhance water storage in coarse textured soil. The observations of the infiltration and drainage behaviour of natural and reclaimed coarse-texture soils in this study have demonstrated that this potential exists and can be applied in reclamation design to achieve the ranges of soil water storage needed to establish different ecosites. Field based infiltration and drainage testing, pit excavation and sampling have been completed on 14 sites (7 natural and 7 reclaimed). Bulk saturated hydraulic conductivity and field capacity were estimated for each of the 14 sites based on the field test results. The observed transient water dynamics give an indication of the effect of layering on these material properties. Laboratory analysis of water content (650 samples), particle size (650 samples), water retention (35 samples), organic carbon (100 samples) as well as calibration of field instrumentation were completed on a large number of samples (approximate values shown in brackets above) across all sites. The laboratory analysis was used to characterize textural variability (mean and standard deviation of the particle diameter) for the layered sites and estimate the soil water retention curve (SWRC) relationships for the range of soil textures encountered at the study sites. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were used to investigate if there were significant differences in the residual sum of squares between estimated and measured SWRCs. The measured organic carbon was used to aid in estimating permanent wilting point (WP) used in the calculation of the available water holding capacity (AWHC) of all profiles. An investigation into the calibration of the moisture capacitance probe (MCP) was undertaken as part of a comparison of the measured and simulated volumetric water content (VWC) profiles. Water storage at the cessation of drainage was related to the soil texture and textural variability as measured in the laboratory. Sites with more textural variability generally stored more water for plant use. There appeared to be a limit to what can be considered ‘useful’ textural variability. If adjacent soil layers had too extreme a contrast in texture and therefore hydraulic conductivity, unstable/preferential flow (i.e. bypassing of some of the water and nutrients from plant roots) occurred. The total porosity calculated from field samples was often higher than the maximum measured VWC in each layer which may be indicative of one or more factors that resulted in less than full saturation being attained within the targeted 1 m depth of saturation during the test. Some of these factors include: errors in sampling leading to an overestimate of total porosity; lateral flow along textural interfaces; air entrapment within the rapidly advancing wetting front; unstable/preferential flow as a result of the high contrast in hydraulic conductivity (fine over coarse) between adjacent layers (i.e. Ks Ratio >20) or where tests were conducted on slopes (i.e. funnel flow). This latter case was common at the reclaimed sites. A modelling study of one uniform (SV10) and one layered (NLFH1) natural site was conducted. The models were built by incorporating soil properties of the layers in the various soil profiles as estimated from field and/or laboratory testing. This study offers a comparison between various PTFs and their ability to capture the soil-water storage/dynamics during infiltration and drainage testing. The Arya PTF gave a better estimation of the laboratory measured SWRCs. However, when modeling the measured infiltration and drainage testing for the relatively uniform site SV10, the Arya PTF and Modified Kovacs (MK) PTF performed similarly. The Arya PTF performing slightly better for the infiltration phase and the MK PTF performing slightly better for the drainage phase. Both PTFs gave a reasonable estimation of water storage but the MK PTF gave a better estimation of the water storage with time as compared to the Arya PTF. For the highly layered site NLFH1, neither model performed well. The Arya PTF gave a substantially better estimation of the infiltration phase and gave the better estimation of the magnitude of water storage with time, the MK PTF performed marginally better for the drainage phase and gave a better estimation of the shape of the water storage with time. Generally, the study showed that the replication of the profile water storage requirements for the layered natural ecosites (‘b’ and ‘d’ ecosites) has been achieved and can be achieved by layering (or even mixing) available coarse textured reclamation materials. This study has indicated that replicating the highly uniform ecosites (‘a’ ecosites) is where the bigger challenge lies in reclamation. Reclaiming with a diversity of target ecosites is essential to achieving the pre-disturbance land capability standard that the mine operators are bound by. The temptation may exist to simply condone reclamation that has met or exceeded the pre-exisiting land capability. However, problems with ground water recharge and regional water distribution are likely to arise if large areas of lower functioning ecosites are replaced with higher functioning ecosites.

Devido à escassez de recursos hídricos, efluentes de plantas de tratamento de águas residuárias têm sido reutilizadas ou recicladas em todo o mundo. Em algumas regiões áridas e em particular em regiões semi-áridas, o reuso de água tem sido reconhecido como um valioso recurso. Entretanto, dependendo da natureza do uso, surgem preocupações sobre potenciais riscos associados à presença de patógenos e contaminantes e a saúde humana. Uma grande variedade de contaminantes orgânicos pode estar presente nos esgotos domésticos e ser recirculado pelo ambiente. Alguns desses compostos apresentam o potencial de desregular as funções normais do sistema endócrino dos organismos e assim, causar efeitos adversos sobre a saúde humana. Entre esses compostos, incluem-se os hormônios estrógenos naturais e sintéticos. Nesse trabalho, desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Tratamento de Águas Residuárias Urbanas do IPH/UFRGS, localizada nas dependências da ETE São João – Navegantes / DMAE / Porto Alegre / RS, foi investigada a ocorrência de hormônios naturais e sintéticos em grãos de milho cultivados por processo de irrigação por sulcos com efluentes domésticos tratados. O método analítico utilizado para quantificação dos hormônios de interesse foi a cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho (HPLC). Os resultados obtidos confirmam a presença de hormônios naturais e sintéticos no esgoto bruto e nos efluentes tratados, mas em concentrações extremamente baixas e não indicam processo de transferência ou acúmulo desses contaminantes para os grãos de milho. / Due to the scarcity of fresh water resources, effluents from wastewater treatment plants have increasingly been reclaimed and reused around the world. In some arid and semiarid regions, in particular, reclaimed water has been recognized as a valuable resource for non-potable use such as irrigating crops. However, depending on the nature of application, there is concern about potential risks associated with pathogens and organic contaminants to the environment and human health. A wide range of organic contaminants may be present in wastewater and the environment receiving it. These include natural and synthetic estrogens have the potential to disrupt the normal function (s) of endocrine systems in organisms and thus causing health effects on wildlife and humans. In the present work, developed at “Estação Experimental de Tratamento de Águas Residuárias Urbanas do IPH/UFRGS”, located on the ETE São João – Navegantes /DMAE / Porto Alegre /RS, was investigated the occurrence of natural and synthetic hormones in corn’s grain (Zea mays) cultivated by furrow irrigation of treated domestic effluents. The analytic method used for the hormones quantification was the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results confirm the presence of natural and synthetic hormones on the untreated and treated effluents, although with a very low concentration and not indicated accumulation of this one to the corn’s grain.

Devido à escassez de recursos hídricos, efluentes de plantas de tratamento de águas residuárias têm sido reutilizadas ou recicladas em todo o mundo. Em algumas regiões áridas e em particular em regiões semi-áridas, o reuso de água tem sido reconhecido como um valioso recurso. Entretanto, dependendo da natureza do uso, surgem preocupações sobre potenciais riscos associados à presença de patógenos e contaminantes e a saúde humana. Uma grande variedade de contaminantes orgânicos pode estar presente nos esgotos domésticos e ser recirculado pelo ambiente. Alguns desses compostos apresentam o potencial de desregular as funções normais do sistema endócrino dos organismos e assim, causar efeitos adversos sobre a saúde humana. Entre esses compostos, incluem-se os hormônios estrógenos naturais e sintéticos. Nesse trabalho, desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Tratamento de Águas Residuárias Urbanas do IPH/UFRGS, localizada nas dependências da ETE São João – Navegantes / DMAE / Porto Alegre / RS, foi investigada a ocorrência de hormônios naturais e sintéticos em grãos de milho cultivados por processo de irrigação por sulcos com efluentes domésticos tratados. O método analítico utilizado para quantificação dos hormônios de interesse foi a cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho (HPLC). Os resultados obtidos confirmam a presença de hormônios naturais e sintéticos no esgoto bruto e nos efluentes tratados, mas em concentrações extremamente baixas e não indicam processo de transferência ou acúmulo desses contaminantes para os grãos de milho. / Due to the scarcity of fresh water resources, effluents from wastewater treatment plants have increasingly been reclaimed and reused around the world. In some arid and semiarid regions, in particular, reclaimed water has been recognized as a valuable resource for non-potable use such as irrigating crops. However, depending on the nature of application, there is concern about potential risks associated with pathogens and organic contaminants to the environment and human health. A wide range of organic contaminants may be present in wastewater and the environment receiving it. These include natural and synthetic estrogens have the potential to disrupt the normal function (s) of endocrine systems in organisms and thus causing health effects on wildlife and humans. In the present work, developed at “Estação Experimental de Tratamento de Águas Residuárias Urbanas do IPH/UFRGS”, located on the ETE São João – Navegantes /DMAE / Porto Alegre /RS, was investigated the occurrence of natural and synthetic hormones in corn’s grain (Zea mays) cultivated by furrow irrigation of treated domestic effluents. The analytic method used for the hormones quantification was the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results confirm the presence of natural and synthetic hormones on the untreated and treated effluents, although with a very low concentration and not indicated accumulation of this one to the corn’s grain.

A aplicação prática de resíduos industriais, como cinza volante proveniente da queima de carvão, em bases e sub-bases de rodovias, é de grande interesse para engenheiros geotécnicos, uma vez que reduz o consumo de recursos naturais e oferece um destino a esses resíduos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado avalia o desempenho de misturas cinza volante-cal submetidas a condições climáticas extremas. Foram analisadas as propriedades resistência, rigidez e durabilidade de misturas de cinza volante (25%) com areia de Osório, comparando-se ciclos de molhagem-secagem com ciclos de congelamento-degelo. Para isso variou-se: o teor de cal hidratada (3%, 5%, 7%), o grau de compactação (14,0 kN/m³, 15,0 kN/m³, 16,0 kN/m³), a adição de 0,5% de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) como catalisador e a adição de 0,5% de fibras de polipropileno. Foi estudada a influência da temperatura (23°C e 40°C) em um período de 7 dias de cura, chegando-se à conclusão que o aumento de temperatura proporciona elevados ganhos de durabilidade por congelamento e degelo, resistência e rigidez, assim como a adição de sal e fibras de polipropileno Visando ampliar esta pesquisa foi proposta a troca da matriz da mistura (areia de Osório) por fresado (RAP) e a cal hidratada pela cal de carbureto. Para esse novo tipo de mistura, também foi realizado ensaios triaxiais para análise do comportamento tensão-deformação em relação a adição de 0,5% de NaCl, onde percebeu-se um aumento de 3,4° no ângulo de atrito e de 42,8 kPa no intercepto coesivo. As misturas de RAP e cal de carbureto obtiveram melhores resultados de resistência por compressão e durabilidade do que as misturas com areia de Osório e cal dolomítica, para a mesma temperatura de cura. Posteriormente constatou-se que a perda de massa acumulada após os referidos tipos de ciclos é controlada pelo índice porosidade (η)/teor volumétrico de cal (Liv), para ambas as misturas. Além disso, percebeu-se que menores perdas de massa acumulada foram obtidas para os ciclos de molhagem e secagem comparados aos ciclos de congelamento e degelo, tanto para as misturas com areia quanto para as misturas com RAP. / The practical application of industrial residues, such as coal fly ash, on bases and sub-bases of highways, is of great interest to geotechnical engineers, since it reduces the consumption of natural resources and gives a destination to these residues. In this sense, this master's thesis evaluates the performance of coal fly ash-lime mixtures under extreme climatic conditions. Was analysed the impact of the hydrated lime content (3%, 5%, 7%), the degree of compaction (14.0 kN/m³, 15.0 kN/m³, 16.0 kN/m³), the addition of 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) as a catalyst and the addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibers, on strength, stiffness and durability (comparing freezing-thawing to wetting-drying cycles), in fly ash mixtures (25%) with Osório sand. The influence of temperature (23 °C and 40 °C) in a period of 7 days of cure was also studied, this increase in temperature has been shown to provide high durability (for freezeing-thawing cycles), strength and stiffness gains, as well as addition of salt and polypropylene fibers. In order to extend this research, it was propose the exchange of the matrix’s mixture (Osório sand) by reclaimed asphalt paving (RAP) and lime hydrated by carbide lime For this new type of mixture, triaxial tests are also performed to analyze the stress-strain behavior in relation to the addition of 0.5% NaCl, where a 3.4° increase in the friction angle was observed, and 42.8 kPa in the cohesive intercept. The mixtures of RAP and carbide lime obtained better strength and durability results than mixtures with Osório sand and dolomitic lime, for the same cure temperature. Subsequently, It was verified that the accumulated loss of after these kinds of cycles is controlled by the index of porosity (η) / volumetric content of lime (Liv), for both mixtures. Besides that, lower losses of accumulated mass was observed for the wetting and drying cycles, compared to the freezing and thawing cycles.

A aplicação prática de resíduos industriais, como cinza volante proveniente da queima de carvão, em bases e sub-bases de rodovias, é de grande interesse para engenheiros geotécnicos, uma vez que reduz o consumo de recursos naturais e oferece um destino a esses resíduos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado avalia o desempenho de misturas cinza volante-cal submetidas a condições climáticas extremas. Foram analisadas as propriedades resistência, rigidez e durabilidade de misturas de cinza volante (25%) com areia de Osório, comparando-se ciclos de molhagem-secagem com ciclos de congelamento-degelo. Para isso variou-se: o teor de cal hidratada (3%, 5%, 7%), o grau de compactação (14,0 kN/m³, 15,0 kN/m³, 16,0 kN/m³), a adição de 0,5% de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) como catalisador e a adição de 0,5% de fibras de polipropileno. Foi estudada a influência da temperatura (23°C e 40°C) em um período de 7 dias de cura, chegando-se à conclusão que o aumento de temperatura proporciona elevados ganhos de durabilidade por congelamento e degelo, resistência e rigidez, assim como a adição de sal e fibras de polipropileno Visando ampliar esta pesquisa foi proposta a troca da matriz da mistura (areia de Osório) por fresado (RAP) e a cal hidratada pela cal de carbureto. Para esse novo tipo de mistura, também foi realizado ensaios triaxiais para análise do comportamento tensão-deformação em relação a adição de 0,5% de NaCl, onde percebeu-se um aumento de 3,4° no ângulo de atrito e de 42,8 kPa no intercepto coesivo. As misturas de RAP e cal de carbureto obtiveram melhores resultados de resistência por compressão e durabilidade do que as misturas com areia de Osório e cal dolomítica, para a mesma temperatura de cura. Posteriormente constatou-se que a perda de massa acumulada após os referidos tipos de ciclos é controlada pelo índice porosidade (η)/teor volumétrico de cal (Liv), para ambas as misturas. Além disso, percebeu-se que menores perdas de massa acumulada foram obtidas para os ciclos de molhagem e secagem comparados aos ciclos de congelamento e degelo, tanto para as misturas com areia quanto para as misturas com RAP. / The practical application of industrial residues, such as coal fly ash, on bases and sub-bases of highways, is of great interest to geotechnical engineers, since it reduces the consumption of natural resources and gives a destination to these residues. In this sense, this master's thesis evaluates the performance of coal fly ash-lime mixtures under extreme climatic conditions. Was analysed the impact of the hydrated lime content (3%, 5%, 7%), the degree of compaction (14.0 kN/m³, 15.0 kN/m³, 16.0 kN/m³), the addition of 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) as a catalyst and the addition of 0.5% polypropylene fibers, on strength, stiffness and durability (comparing freezing-thawing to wetting-drying cycles), in fly ash mixtures (25%) with Osório sand. The influence of temperature (23 °C and 40 °C) in a period of 7 days of cure was also studied, this increase in temperature has been shown to provide high durability (for freezeing-thawing cycles), strength and stiffness gains, as well as addition of salt and polypropylene fibers. In order to extend this research, it was propose the exchange of the matrix’s mixture (Osório sand) by reclaimed asphalt paving (RAP) and lime hydrated by carbide lime For this new type of mixture, triaxial tests are also performed to analyze the stress-strain behavior in relation to the addition of 0.5% NaCl, where a 3.4° increase in the friction angle was observed, and 42.8 kPa in the cohesive intercept. The mixtures of RAP and carbide lime obtained better strength and durability results than mixtures with Osório sand and dolomitic lime, for the same cure temperature. Subsequently, It was verified that the accumulated loss of after these kinds of cycles is controlled by the index of porosity (η) / volumetric content of lime (Liv), for both mixtures. Besides that, lower losses of accumulated mass was observed for the wetting and drying cycles, compared to the freezing and thawing cycles.