Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuttoRSF_DISSERT.pdf: 5697314 bytes, checksum: 6d49e92c8978493580da74eee2885a8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / The present work aims to study the theoretical level of some processes employed in the refining of petroleum fractions and tertiary recovery of this fluid. In the third chapter, we investigate a method of hydrogenation of oil fractions by QTAIM (Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules) and thermodynamic parameters. The study of hydrogenation reactions, and the stability of the products formed, is directly related to product improvement in the petrochemical refining. In the fourth chapter, we study the theoretical level of intermolecular interactions that occur in the process of tertiary oil recovery, or competitive interactions involving molecules of non-ionic surfactants, oil and quartz rock where oil is accumulated. Calculations were developed using the semiempirical PM3 method (Parametric Model 3). We studied a set of ten non-ionic surfactants, natural and synthetic origin. The study of rock-surfactant interactions was performed on the surface of the quartz (001) completely hydroxylated. Results were obtained energetic and geometric orientations of various surfactants on quartz. QTAIM was obtained through the analysis of the electron density of interactions, and thus, providing details about the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen-hydrogen systems studied. The results show that the adsorption of ethoxylated surfactants in the rock surface occurs through the hydrogen bonding of the type CH---O, and surfactants derivatives of polyols occurs by OH---O bonds. For structures adsorption studied, the large distance of the surfactant to the surface together with the low values of charge density, indicate that there is a very low interaction, characterizing physical adsorption in all surfactants studied. We demonstrated that surfactants with polar group comprising oxyethylene units, showed the lowest adsorption onto the surface of quartz, unlike the derivatives of polyols / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo a n?vel te?rico de alguns processos empregados no refino das fra??es do petr?leo e na recupera??o terci?ria deste fluido. No terceiro capitulo, investigamos um m?todo de hidrogena??o das fra??es de petr?leo atrav?s da QTAIM (Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules) e par?metros termodin?micos. O estudo das rea??es de hidrogena??o, bem como a estabilidade dos produtos formados, est? diretamente relacionada ? melhoria dos produtos de refino na ind?stria petroqu?mica. No quarto cap?tulo, realizamos o estudo a n?vel te?rico das intera??es intermoleculares que ocorrem no processo de recupera??o terci?ria de petr?leo, ou seja, as intera??es competitivas envolvendo mol?culas de tensoativos n?oi?nicos, o petr?leo e o quartzo da rocha onde o petr?leo est? acumulado. Os c?lculos foram desenvolvidos utilizando o m?todo semi-emp?rico PM3 (Parametric Model 3). Estudamos um conjunto de dez tensoativos n?o-ionicos, de origem natural e sint?ticos. O estudo das intera??es rocha-tensoativo foi realizado sobre a superf?cie do quartzo (001) completamente hidroxilada. Foram obtidos resultados energ?ticos e geom?tricos de v?rias orienta??es dos tensoativos sobre o quartzo. Atrav?s da QTAIM foi obtida a an?lise da densidade eletr?nica das intera??es, e assim, fornecendo detalhes sobre a forma??o de liga??es de hidrog?nio e hidrog?nio-hidrog?nio, nos sistemas estudados. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a adsor??o de tensoativos etoxilados na superf?cie da rocha ocorre atrav?s de liga??o de hidrog?nio do tipo C-H---O, e tensoativos derivados de poli?is ocorre por liga??es O-H---O. Para as estruturas de adsor??o estudadas, a grande dist?ncia do tensoativo para a superf?cie aliada com os baixos valores de densidade de carga, indicam que h? uma intera??o muito fraca, caracterizando uma adsor??o f?sica em todos os tensoativos estudados. Evidenciamos que tensoativos com o grupo polar constitu?do por unidades oxietileno, apresentaram a menor adsor??o sobre a superf?cie do quartzo, ao contr?rio dos derivados de poli?is

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Joventino Fernandes Moreira.pdf: 938643 bytes, checksum: b9ddd1b30c4ea4ca7ccd346032713eb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The production of aluminum and alumina generates a great amount of red mud, which is harmful to the environment mainly for its high pH, electric conductivity and concentration of sodium, which restrict plant growth. However, there are some indications that it may be used as a conditioner for acid sandy soils. This work tested a red mud from an alumina production plant by Alumar- S?o Lu?s MA, Brazil as soil conditioner for two acid soil types: sandy and clay soils) and the growth of oil palm hybrids (E. guinensis x E. oleifera) grown in red mud deposition tank vegetated with leguminous trees for 8 years. The red mud was characterized in relation to its physical, chemical and microbial characteristics and tested in two types of soils, a Planossolo and an Argissolo and two bioindicators plants, the grass Brachiaria brizantha and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Bean plants were harvested and brachiaria received a first cut 50 days after planting. A second and third cut were performed in brachiaria 70 and 140 days after the first one. Plant biomass was dried until constant weight and analysed for nutrient content. Number of sprouts of grass was counted at the third harvest. The evaluation of oil palm growth on red mud included eight hybrids between Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guiinensis from Embrapa Amaz?nia Ocidental. breeding program (C2501, C2301, C2328, C3701, C2801, C7201, RUC13 and RUC 87) 12 months after transplanted to a red mud tank vegetated for 8 years with a mixture of nodulated leguminous trees. Diameter at the base of the plants, top diameter, number of leaves, plant height, diazotrophic bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient contents were studied on the oil palm plants. Soil fauna and nutrient availability were evaluated in soils under oil palm and in an area with native species nearby the tanks. The addition of small amounts of red mud to the soils increased soil pH. Addition of red mud decreased plant growth in both soils tested with more deleterious effect on bean than on the grass. However the addition of 5 Mg ha-1 of red mud in the sandy acid soil increased the grass biomass at the last harvest in relation to the control. The evaluation of the oil palm in the tanks indicated that hybrid RUC 87 and C7201 presented larger diameter at soil level, plant height and number of leaves. All cultivars and hybrids showed large population of diazotrophic bacteria in their leaves and mycorhizal infection on roots. Similar richness and density of soil fauna was observed in the red mud below the oil palm to that observed in a soil collect in a secondary forest nearby indicating that the vegetation with leguminous trees is returning the ecological processes toward a sustainable system. / O processo de produ??o de alum?nio e alumina gera grande quantidade de res?duo de bauxita, tamb?m chamado red mud (lama vermelha). Este res?duo ? objeto de preocupa??o para o meio ambiente devido as suas caracter?sticas de alto pH e condutividade el?trica, al?m da elevada concentra??o de s?dio, condi??es estas prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento de plantas, tornando dif?cil o manejo desse material e necessitando de grandes ?reas para seu armazenamento. Por outro lado, alguns estudos t?m sido desenvolvidos com aplica??o desse material na agricultura, visando aumentar o pH e disponibilidade de nutrientes e melhorar a reten??o de ?gua para as plantas em solos arenosos. Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de uso do res?duo alcalino do refino de bauxita tratado e n?o tratado com ?gua do mar como condicionador de solos. Para isso os materiais foram caracterizados em aspectos f?sicos, qu?micos e microbiol?gicos e comparados quanto a seus efeitos no solo testando-os sobre dois tipos de solos, um Planossolo e um Argissolo e sobre duas plantas bioindicadoras, a braqui?ria (Brachiaria brizantha) e o feij?o comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). Ap?s 50 dias do experimento, as plantas de feij?o foram colhidas e foi feito o primeiro corte da braqui?ria, as plantas foram secas e pesadas, para a an?lise da massa seca. Contou-se tamb?m o n?mero de perfilhos da braqui?ria e nesta foram feitos mais dois cortes, um aos 120 e o ?ltimo aos 190 dias. Al?m dessa avalia??o foi feito um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento de dend? nos tanques de estocagem do res?duo ap?s 8 anos de implanta??o da revegeta??o com leguminosas arb?reas. Foram utilizadas 8 materiais gen?ticos de Elaeis spp (dend?) recomendados pela Embrapa Amaz?nia Ocidental: C2501, C2301, C2328, C3701, C2801, C7201, RUC13 e RUC87 e avaliados o di?metro do c?lo da planta e da copa, o n?mero de folhas, a altura das plantas, a presen?a de bact?rias diazotr?ficas e fungos micorr?zicos associadas ?s plantas de dend?, a fauna de solo e o estado nutricional das plantas e a fertilidade do solo. Os resultados apresentados indicam que os res?duos foram eficientes na eleva??o do pH do solo, j? com pequenas doses. A leguminosa mostrou-se mais sens?vel que a braqui?ria em rela??o ? salinidade provocada pela adi??o dos res?duos, nos dois tipos de solos, sendo que nessa ?ltima, houve aumento de mat?ria seca de parte a?rea em fun??o das doses dos res?duos n?o tratado e tratado com ?gua do mar at? a dose de 5 Mg ha-1, no Planossolo. Na avalia??o do dend? foi observada uma grande quantidade de bact?rias diazotr?ficas e coloniza??o micorr?zica, independentemente do gen?tipo. Os dados indicam tamb?m um melhor desempenho para os gen?tipos RUC87 e C7201 no que se refere ao di?metro do c?lo e da copa, n?mero de folhas e altura das plantas, apresentando uma maior capacidade de estabelecimento destas cultivares em rela??o ?s demais. No que se refere ? fauna do solo na ?rea de dend?, os seus valores de riqueza de grupos e densidade de indiv?duos foram pr?ximos aos valores encontrados em uma mata secund?ria local o que mostra que a revegeta??o com leguminosa est? sendo eficiente em retomar os processos ecol?gicos e o equil?brio do ecossistema.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-05T19:03:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Bernardo Milward de Azevedo Spinelli.pdf: 2468118 bytes, checksum: 8b86d55b4fe024e0a43e7aca610af976 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T19:03:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Bernardo Milward de Azevedo Spinelli.pdf: 2468118 bytes, checksum: 8b86d55b4fe024e0a43e7aca610af976 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / The Brazilian New Forestry Law establishes a farmer?s commitment with environmental adequacy of its properties. The Permanent Preservation Areas, currently used in the properties with crops and pastures in many cases need to a restauration techniques. The new law allows the exploration of agroforestry systems (AFS) even in areas of permanent preservation, since do not mischaracterize the native preexisting vegetation either not being detrimental to environmental function to protecting water springs, erosion protection and increasing biodiversity. This study aimed to systematize the author's personal experiences with agroforestry systems in the Atlantic Forest domain regions and show different techniques and implantation strategies and management of agroforestry systems that can be employed day to day by farmers, especially the small family farmer. The different AFS deployed were based on biodiversity and plant succession, with low use of inputs and capital resources. The structure of the recommended systems was grounded on labor, family labor, in multistrata systems and the use of common plants in each location with high biomass production potential to enhance nutrient cycling. On average, more than 30 species were introduced in each AFS and the issues related to the choice of species to plant recognizing the soil quality from indicator plants were discussed. In addition, how to plan and distribute the plants in agroforestry designs were also described in detail. The best ways of how to plant and manage, with pruning, different species in biodiverse agroforestry systems included in this dissertation were presented from about 20 years of the author's experience in order to assist all those interested in working with this theme. / O Novo C?digo Florestal estabelece o compromisso por parte dos produtores rurais com a adequa??o ambiental de suas propriedades. As ?reas de Preserva??o Permanente, hoje utilizadas nas propriedades para cultivos agr?colas e pastagens, em muitos casos necessitar?o ser recuperadas. A nova lei permite a explora??o de sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) at? mesmo em ?reas de preserva??o permanente, desde que n?o descaracterize a cobertura vegetal nativa existente e nem prejudique a fun??o ambiental da ?rea, protegendo nascentes, combatendo a eros?o e aumentando a biodiversidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sistematizar experi?ncias pessoais do autor com sistemas agroflorestais em regi?es de dom?nio da Mata Atl?ntica, mostrando diferentes t?cnicas e estrat?gias de implanta??o e manejo de SAFs que podem ser empregadas no dia a dia dos produtor rural, principalmente, do pequeno agricultor familiar. Os diferentes SAFs implantados foram baseados na biodiversidade e sucess?o vegetal, com baixo uso de insumos e recursos de capital. A estrutura dos sistemas preconizados foi alicer?ada na m?o-de-obra familiar, em multiestratos, na utiliza??o de plantas comuns em cada localidade com potencial de produ??o de biomassa, para intensificar a ciclagem de nutrientes. Em m?dia mais de 30 esp?cies eram introduzidas em cada SAF e as quest?es relacionados com a escolha das esp?cies, onde plantar reconhecendo a qualidade do solo a partir de plantas indicadoras foram abordadas. Al?m disso, como planejar e distribuir as plantas em desenhos agroflorestais tamb?m foram processos detalhadamente descritos. As melhores formas de como plantar e manejar, com podas, as diferentes esp?cies nos SAFs biodiversos constam desta disserta??o e foram apresentados a partir de cerca de 20 anos de experi?ncia do autor com intuito de auxiliar todos aqueles interessados em trabalhar com tem?tica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaPD.pdf: 601243 bytes, checksum: d461dd21e8a82ccf92df33c979e31098 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-24 / The Brazilian coast has a wide variety of complex environments and ecosystems along the coast, about 80% are represented by sandbanks and dunes. The coastal ecosystems were the first to suffer the impacts man and places, as the very fragile ecosystems, are somehow altered. Are few areas of restinga well as natural features, very few protected in conservation units. Only in the last two decades the Brazilian restinga have been studies that are showing their importance for biodiversity of the country, though its economic importance remains largely unknown. In Rio Grande do Norte in the restinga vegetation and dune environments extend for almost the entire coast. The dunes are distinguished in the coastal landscape of the state due to the exuberance of its forms, heights and coating plants. The dune system is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of coastal urban settlements, especially for the city of Natal, acting on the hydrological dynamics of water table and reducing the effect of wind and movement of grains of sand to the interior and thus avoiding the burial City. However, the ecosystem of restinga and dune environments have been weakened and destroyed according to the intense urbanization and the knowledge of the vegetation of restinga installed on the dunes are still scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the structure and floristic composition of vegetation established on a dune in the Dunes State Park Christmas and gather information to develop a model of recovery of the dune ecosystem. This dissertation is composed of 2 chapters, the first being: Structure of the vegetation of the dunes Dunes State Park in Natal, RN with the objective of describing the structure and composition of species of tree-shrub vegetation of restinga dunes of the Parque das Dunas and second: Recovery of degraded areas in a sand dune, which aimed to review the terms and concepts used in the theme of recovery and the techniques for recovery of degraded areas with emphasis on sandy environments and poor in nutrients, reporting some experiences within and external to Brazil the country, mainly in the Northeast and dunes positive and negative aspects that should be followed in building a model to be adopted for the recovery of local dunes / O litoral brasileiro possui uma grande diversidade de ambientes e ecossistemas complexos ao longo da costa, cerca de 80% s?o representados por restingas e dunas. Os ecossistemas litor?neos foram os primeiros a sofrer os impactos antr?picos e as restingas, consideradas ecossistemas de grande fragilidade, encontram-se de alguma maneira alteradas. S?o raras as ?reas de restinga ainda com caracter?sticas naturais, muito poucas protegidas em unidades de conserva??o. Somente nas ?ltimas duas d?cadas as restingas brasileiras tem sido alvo de estudos que est?o evidenciando a sua import?ncia para a biodiversidade do pa?s, ainda que sua import?ncia econ?mica permane?a praticamente desconhecida. No Rio Grande do Norte a vegeta??o de restinga e os ambientes dunares estendem-se por quase todo o litoral. As dunas se destacam na paisagem litor?nea do estado devido ? exuber?ncia de suas formas, alturas e revestimentos vegetais. O sistema de dunas ? de fundamental import?ncia para a manuten??o dos aglomerados urbanos litor?neos, sobretudo para a cidade de Natal, atuando na din?mica hidrol?gica do len?ol fre?tico e atenuando o efeito dos ventos e o deslocamento dos gr?os de areia para o interior e assim evitando o soterramento da cidade. No entanto, o ecossistema de restinga e os ambientes dunares v?m sendo descaracterizados e destru?dos em fun??o da intensa urbaniza??o e os conhecimentos sobre a vegeta??o de restinga instalada sobre as dunas ainda s?o escassos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a estrutura e a composi??o flor?stica da vegeta??o estabelecida sobre uma duna do Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal e reunir informa??es que permitam elaborar um modelo de Recupera??o do ecossistema dunar. A presente disserta??o ? composta por 2 cap?tulos, sendo o primeiro: Estrutura da vegeta??o de dunas do Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, RN com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura e a composi??o de esp?cies da vegeta??o arbustivo-arb?rea da restinga dunar do Parque das Dunas e o segundo: Recupera??o de ?reas degradadas em ambiente dunar, que teve como objetivo revisar os termos e conceitos utilizados na tem?tica da recupera??o e as t?cnicas de recupera??o de ?reas degradadas com ?nfase em ambientes arenosos e pobres em nutrientes, relatando algumas experi?ncias externas ao Brasil e dentro do pa?s, principalmente em dunas do Nordeste e seus aspectos positivos e negativos que devem ser seguidos na constru??o de um modelo a ser adotado para a recupera??o de dunas locais

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-11-17T17:43:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 patricia_monteiro_costa.pdf: 502036 bytes, checksum: 032cd25c3dc0c50f0fb888d41c9d7414 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-11-17T17:44:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 patricia_monteiro_costa.pdf: 502036 bytes, checksum: 032cd25c3dc0c50f0fb888d41c9d7414 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-17T17:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 patricia_monteiro_costa.pdf: 502036 bytes, checksum: 032cd25c3dc0c50f0fb888d41c9d7414 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-28 / Foram realizados dois experimentos para avalia??o das caracter?sticas produtivas e qualitativas de forragens produzidas em sistemas de cons?rcio milho, capim-braqui?ria e diferentes leguminosas. No primeiro, avaliou-se a produtividade, composi??o bromatol?gica e perfil fermentativo das silagens dos seguintes tratamentos: milho em cultivo exclusivo (MCE); cons?rcio milho, capim-braqui?ria (MB), cons?rcio milho, capim-braqui?ria e Calopogonium mucunoides (MBC); cons?rcio milho, capim-braqui?ria e Macrotyloma axillare (MBM) e cons?rcio milho, capim-braqui?ria e Stylozanthes capitata (MBS). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado. Para cada tipo de cultivo ceifaram-se aleatoriamente cinco parcelas ou repeti??es de tr?s metros lineares e procedeu-se uma separa??o do material. As vari?veis avaliadas foram: produtividade da mat?ria seca por ?rea (PMS/ha), produtividade da MS do milho por ?rea (PMS milho-kg/ha), produ??o de prote?na bruta por ?rea (PPB-kg/ha), e produtividade de nutrientes digest?veis totais por ?rea (PNDT-kg/ha). Houve diferen?a entre as formas de cultivo para a produ??o de mat?ria seca por hectare. O milho cultivo exclusivo (MCE), n?o diferiu de milho e capim-braqui?ria (MB) e milho, capim-braqui?ria e Calopogonioum mucunoides (MBC), entretanto foi superior aos cons?rcios milho, capim-braqui?ria e Macrotyloma axillare (MBM) e milho, capim-braqui?ria e Stylosanthes captata (MBS). O material oriundo das culturas foi ensilado quando os gr?os de milho encontravam-se numa posi??o intermedi?ria na ?linha do leite?, com mat?ria-seca entre 28 e 32. Ent?o o material foi colocado e adequadamente compactado em silos baldes de polivinil carbono, nos quais foram adaptados flanges nas tampas para permitir o extravasamento de gases. Ap?s o enchimento, os baldes foram lacrados para evitar a troca de ar com o meio. Retirou-se uma amostra de cada repeti??o para a determina??o dos teores de MS, PB, extrato et?reo (EE), lignina, FDN, FDA e NDT. Os teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA, lignina e NDT n?o variaram entre as silagens dos diferentes tratamentos. Uma fra??o de amostra de silagem de cada tratamento foi prensada para extra??o do suco e determina??o do pH, do teor de ?cido l?tico, but?rico. Os teores de ?cido l?tico n?o variaram entre os tratamentos. O teor de ?cido but?rico do MCE (0,0252% na MS) diferiu dos tratamentos MBM e MBS que apresentaram valores de 0,0358 e 0,0403% na MS, respectivamente. Todas as silagens apresentaram boa qualidade com bons padr?es de fermenta??o. No segundo experimento avaliou-se o consumo, a produ??o e composi??o do leite de vacas F1 (Holand?s x Gir) alimentadas com silagens oriundas de forragens dos diferentes cons?rcios acima relatados. Para tanto, utilizaram-se cinco vacas em mesmo per?odo de lacta??o, distribu?das em um quadrado latino balanceado (5x5). Os animais receberam as cinco dietas e concentrado comercial. O experimento foi constitu?do de cinco per?odos com dura??o de dez dias cada (sete de adapta??o ?s dietas e tr?s para coleta). Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais, cobertas, com piso cimentado, contendo comedouros e bebedouros individuais. Foram avaliados o consumo a digestibilidade, a produ??o e a composi??o do leite das vacas. N?o foram observadas varia??es no consumo e na digestibilidade das diferentes silagens pelos animais. A produ??o e a composi??o de leite n?o diferiram entre os tratamentos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2011. / ABSTRACT Two experiments had been conducted to evaluate the productivity and quality of forages produced on intercropping systems - corn, signal grass and various legumes. At first, there has been evaluated the yield, chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of silages of the following treatments: corn in exclusive cultivation (MCE); intercropping corn and signal grass (MB); intercropping corn, signal grass and Calopogonium mucunoides (MBC), intercropping corn, signal grass and Macrotyloma axillare (MBM) and intercropping corn, signal grass and Stylozanthes capitata (MBS). The experimental design was completely randomized. For each type of crop, there have been reaped at random five plots or replications of three linear meters and carried out a separation of the material. The variables evaluated were: dry matter yield per area (PMS/ha); yield of corn?s dry matter per area (corn PMS - kg/ha), crude protein production per unit area (PPB-kg/ha), and yield of total digestible nutrients per unit area (PNDT- kg/ha). There have been differences between the forms of cultivation for the production of dry matter per hectare. The corn in exclusive cultivation (MCE) did not differ from corn and signal grass (MB) and corn, signal grass and Calopogonioum mucunoides (MBC), however, it was higher than corn, signal grass and Macrotyloma axillare (MBM) and corn, signal grass and Stylosantes captata (MBS) intercropping. Material from crop was ensiled when maize grains was in an intermediate position in the "milk line, with dry matter between 28 and 32. Then the material was properly placed and compacted in buckets silos of polyvinyl carbon with a capacity of 12 kg of fresh material; in which were adapted silicone flanges on the covers to allow the release of gas. After filling the buckets they were tightly sealed with adhesive tape to prevent air exchange with the environment. There has been removed a sample of each replicate for the determination of MS, PB, ether extract (EE), lignin, FDN, FDA e NDT. The amount of MS, PB, FDN, FDA, lignin and NDT did not vary among silages from different treatments. The MCE?s amount of butyric acid (0.0252% of MS) differed from the MBM and MBS treatments that had values of 0.0358 and 0.0403% of dry matter, respectively. All silages presented good quality with good standards of fermentation. The second experiment evaluated the milk?s consumption, production and composition of crossbred cows F1 (Holstein x Gir) fed with silages from the different consortia reported above. To this end, there have been used the same five cows in lactation period, distributed in a balanced Latin square (5x5). The animals were fed with the five diets and with commercial concentrate. The experiment consisted of five periods lasting ten days each (seven for adaptation to diets and three for collection). They were kept in individual stalls, covered and with cemented floor, equiped with individual feeders and drinkers There have been evaluated the digestibility, production and composition of cows? milk. There hasn?t been observed variations inn the intake and digestibility of different silage. The production and milk composition did not differ between treatments.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaMRBS_DISSERT.pdf: 996388 bytes, checksum: 08c8d6c2ef785ce009a2019320a22cb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / Analysis of the elements of the Constitutional Order of the letter 1988 politics, with emphasis in the principles of this, a study on the intervention of the State in the private initiative by means of the Law of Recovery of Companies and Bankruptcies (law 11.101/05). New enterprise vision is admitted, over all in the interdependence between economic and social factors. Study on the globalization and the interdependence of economic and legal sciences in the construction of a legal optics in the search for the economic and social development, with the recognition of the interference of the Economy in the Right and its uneven importance. Still, we delineate the state intervention in the economic scope, of company and in the judicial recovery, as well as the consequences of such intervention in the involved credits in the judicial recovery and patrimony of the debtor in recovery. For such task, the elements of the Judicial Recovery, its principles and adequacy of these to the related ones in the chapter had been analyzed that turns on the national economic Order, describing the formal procedure for concession of the benefit of the Judicial Recovery and the principles in existing them. The forms of intervention of the State in the private economy were not disrespected, relating its direct and indirect performance as half of preservation of interests writings in the constitutional scope as public interest and preservation of the National economic Order. The regulating agencies as of direct state intervention were half not disrespected of the study for the relevance of the subject. It is revised national bibliography with incursions in French, Portuguese and North American comparative jurisprudence. One contributes in the aspect of the paper of the Judiciary Power in the protection of the companies in crisis and the social and economic impacts, over all in relation to the rights of the worked ones, credit and enterprise / An?lise dos elementos da Ordem Constitucional da carta pol?tica de 1988, com ?nfase nos princ?pios norteadores desta, em um estudo sobre a interven??o do Estado na iniciativa privada por meio da Lei de Recupera??o de Empresas e Fal?ncias (lei 11.101/05). Admite-se nova vis?o empresarial, sobretudo na interdepend?ncia entre fatores econ?micos e sociais. Estudo sobre a globaliza??o e a interdepend?ncia das ci?ncias econ?micas e jur?dicas na constru??o de uma ?tica jur?dica pautada na busca pelo desenvolvimento econ?mico e social, com o reconhecimento da interfer?ncia da Economia no Direito e sua import?ncia ?mpar. Ainda, delineamos a interven??o estatal no ?mbito econ?mico, de empresa e na recupera??o judicial, bem como os reflexos de tal interven??o nos cr?ditos envolvidos na recupera??o judicial e patrim?nio do devedor em recupera??o. Para tal tarefa, foram analisados os elementos da Recupera??o Judicial, seus princ?pios e adequa??o destes aos elencados no cap?tulo que versa sobre a Ordem econ?mica nacional, descrevendo o procedimento formal para concess?o do benef?cio da Recupera??o Judicial e os princ?pios neles existentes. As formas de interven??o do Estado na economia privada n?o foi desconsiderado, explicitando sua atua??o direta e indireta como meio de preserva??o de interesses insculpidos no ?mbito constitucional como interesse p?blico e preserva??o da Ordem econ?mica Nacional. As ag?ncias reguladoras como meio de interven??o estatal direta n?o foi desconsiderado do estudo pela relev?ncia do tema. Revisa-se a bibliografia nacional com incurs?es em direito comparado franc?s, portugu?s e norte-americano. Contribui-se no aspecto do papel do Poder Judici?rio na prote??o das empresas em crise e os impactos sociais e econ?micos, sobretudo em rela??o aos direitos do trabalhados, credit?cios e empresariais

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisaCP.pdf: 1955160 bytes, checksum: 7051a33823820be485db53c8225425a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-09 / Petroleum exists in the nature in certain underground formations where it is adsorbed into the rocks pores. For the conventional recovery methods usually only 30% of the oil is extracted and this can be credited, basically, to three aspects: high viscosity of the oil, geology of the formation and high interfacial tensions between the reservoir s fluids. The enhanced recovery methods use the injection of a fluid or fluids mixture in a reservoir to act in points where the conventional process didn't reach the recovery rates. Microemulsion flooding, considered an enhanced method, has the purpose to desorb the oil from the rock formation and to attain an efficient displacement of the oil emulsion. With this in mind, this work was accomplished with two main objectives: the study of the parameters effect that influence a microemulsified system (surfactant and cosurfactant types, C/S rate and salinity) and the evaluation of displacement efficiency with the microemulsions that showed stability in the rich aqueous area. For the analyzed parameters it was chose the microemulsions composition used in the recovery stage: 25% water, 5% kerosene, 46.7% of butanol as cosurfactant and 23.3% of BC or SCO cosurfactant. The core plugs of Assu and Botucatu sandstones were appraised in porosity and permeability tests and then submitted to the steps of saturation with seawater and oil, conventional recovery with water and enhanced recovery with the selected microemulsions. The Botucatu sandstone presented better recovery parameters, and the microemulsion composed with BS surfactant had larger recovery efficiency (26.88%) / O petr?leo ocorre na natureza em determinadas forma??es subterr?neas onde ? adsorvido nos poros destas rochas. Pelos m?todos convencionais de recupera??o geralmente apenas 30% deste petr?leo ? extra?do e isto pode ser atribu?do, basicamente, a tr?s aspectos: alta viscosidade do petr?leo, geologia da forma??o e elevadas tens?es interfaciais entre os fluidos do reservat?rio. Os m?todos avan?ados de recupera??o envolvem a inje??o de um fluido ou de uma mistura de fluidos em um reservat?rio para atuar nos pontos onde o processo convencional n?o conseguiu atingir as taxas de extra??o desejadas. A inje??o de microemuls?o, considerado um m?todo avan?ado, tem por finalidade dessorver o ?leo da forma??o rochosa e obter um deslocamento eficiente da emuls?o de petr?leo. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho foi realizado com dois objetivos principais: estudo dos par?metros que influenciam o sistema microemulsionado (tipo de tensoativo, cotensoativo, raz?o C/T e salinidade) e a avalia??o da efici?ncia de deslocamento do petr?leo com as microemuls?es que apresentaram estabilidade na regi?o rica em ?gua. Pelos par?metros analisados estipulou-se microemuls?es para serem submetidas ? etapa de recupera??o com composi??o: 25% ?gua, 5% querosene, 46,7% de n-butanol como cotensoativo e 23,3% de tensoativo BS ou SCO. Os testemunhos de arenitos Assu e Botucatu foram avaliados em ensaios de porosidade e permeabilidade posteriormente submetidos ?s etapas de satura??o com ?gua do mar e petr?leo, recupera??o convencional com ?gua do mar e avan?ada com as microemuls?es selecionadas. O arenito Botucatu apresentou os melhores par?metros f?sicos para a recupera??o, e a microemuls?o composta pelo tensoativo BS foi a que obteve maior efici?ncia de deslocamento (26,88%)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoKGS.pdf: 2171353 bytes, checksum: e45c25ca9137eeb633f0f529e7d80d83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / In heavy oil fields there is a great difficulty of the oil to flow from the reservoir to the well, making its production more difficult and with high cost. Most of the original volumes of oil found in the world are considered unrecoverable by the use of the current methods. The injection of micellar solutions has a direct action in the oil interfacial properties, resulting in an enhanced oil recovery. The objective of this research was the study and selection of micellar solutions with ability to decrease the interfacial interactions between fluids and reservoir formation, increasing oil production. The selected micellar solutions were obtained using commercial surfactants and surfactants synthesized in laboratory, based on the intrinsic properties of these molecules, to use in the enhanced oil recovery. Petroleum Reservoirs were simulated using sandstone plugs from Botucatu formation. Experiments with conventional and enhanced oil recovery techniques were accomplished. The obtained results showed that all micellar solutions were able to enhance oil recovery, and the micellar solution prepared with a SB anionic surfactant, at 2% KCl solution, showed the best recovery factor. It was also accomplished an economic analysis with the SB surfactant solution. With the injection of 20% porous volume of micellar solution, followed by brine injection, the increment in petroleum recovery can reach 81% recovery factor in the 3rd porous volume injected. The increment in the total cost by the addition of surfactant to the injection water represents R$ 7.50/ton of injected fluid / Em campos de ?leos pesados h? uma grande dificuldade de escoamento do ?leo do reservat?rio at? o po?o, tornando sua produ??o mais dif?cil e de alto custo. A maior parte dos volumes originais de ?leo encontrados no mundo ? considerada irrecuper?vel pelos m?todos convencionais. A inje??o de solu??es micelares propicia uma atua??o direta nas propriedades interfaciais do ?leo, provocando um aumento da recupera??o. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar e selecionar solu??es micelares capazes de diminuir as intera??es interfaciais entre os fluidos e a forma??o, visando o aumento da produ??o. A sele??o das solu??es micelares foi feita a partir de tensoativos comerciais e sintetizados em laborat?rio, baseado em propriedades intr?nsecas dessas mol?culas, para se realizar uma recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo. Reservat?rios de petr?leo foram simulados a partir de plugs de arenito da forma??o Botucatu Bacia do Paran?. Foram realizados, dentre outros, ensaios de recupera??o convencional e avan?ada de petr?leo com as solu??es micelares. Os principais resultados mostram que todas as solu??es micelares foram capazes de recuperar o ?leo, e que a solu??o micelar preparada com tensoativo ani?nico SB, em solu??o 2% KCl, apresentou maior fator de recupera??o dentre as demais. Foi realizada, tamb?m, uma an?lise econ?mica, com a solu??o de tensoativo SB. Injetando-se 20% do volume poroso de solu??o micelar, seguida de inje??o de salmoura, o acr?scimo de recupera??o de petr?leo pode chegar a uma fra??o de recupera??o de 81% ao longo do 3? volume poroso injetado. O acr?scimo do custo do tensoativo ? ?gua de inje??o representa um valor de R$ 7,50/tonelada de fluido injetado

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-01-23T14:27:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-25T11:49:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T11:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / M?todos de recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo s?o utilizados com o objetivo de aumentar a produtividade de reservat?rios nos quais, os m?todos convencionais s?o pouco eficientes, ou mesmo como alternativa inicial para produ??o. Dentre esses m?todos, existem os m?todos t?rmicos, misc?veis e qu?micos. A utiliza??o dos m?todos qu?micos de recupera??o avan?ada atua na altera??o de propriedades f?sico-qu?mica rocha/fluido, diminuindo a satura??o residual de ?leo e aumentando o deslocamento de ?leo no meio poroso. A inje??o de fluidos qu?micos, como solu??o de pol?mero, solu??o de tensoativo e microemuls?o, busca aumentar a viscosidade de fluido injetado, diminuir a tens?o interfacial e aumentar a miscibilidade entre o fluido injetado e o ?leo retido. Estudos nessa ?rea mostram que fluidos qu?micos s?o considerados uma alternativa eficaz na produ??o de petr?leo ap?s a utiliza??o de ?gua ou g?s como fluido de inje??o. Neste trabalho foi avaliado a utiliza??o de fluidos qu?micos (solu??o de tensoativo e microemuls?o) na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo (EOR) com a Ultramina NP200 como tensoativo. Os sistemas microemulsionados foram compostos por: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; querosene e ?gua de abastecimento local. Os sistemas microemulsionados (SM) foram caracterizados por medidas de di?metro de part?cula, tens?o superficial, tens?o interfacial e viscosidade. Nos testes de EOR, avaliou-se a influ?ncia da concentra??o de tensoativo injetado e a forma como a tens?o superficial, interfacial e a viscosidade influenciam na recupera??o de ?leo cru (29? API). A utiliza??o de solu??o de Ultramina NP200 conseguiu aumentar a capacidade de deslocamento de petr?leo em rela??o a inje??o de salmoura. Por?m, a solu??o de tensoativo, apesar da alta concentra??o (25% m/m), obteve fator de recupera??o inferior quando comparado a microemuls?o, mesmo quando a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa ? baixa (1,0% - m/m). O fator de recupera??o aumentou com o aumento da concentra??o de tensoativo na microemuls?o, por?m esse crescimento foi significativo para a inje??o de SM com at? 6% (m/m) de tensoativo. Observou-se tamb?m que ? poss?vel alcan?ar resultados satisfat?rios de recupera??o injetando menores quantidades microemuls?o, seguida de inje??o de salmoura. A utiliza??o do sistema microemulsionado com 6% tensoativo (SM4) com vaz?o de 0,5 mL/min, chegou a recupera??o do ?leo in place de 24,1% (%OOIPA) e recupera??o total de 77,2% (%OOIPT). Na avalia??o econ?mica, foi observado que a utiliza??o de pequenos volumes de microemuls?o, com maior concentra??o de tensoativo, pode resultar em um projeto mais vi?vel, mediante an?lise do pre?o do barril de petr?leo. No cen?rio atual (50 USD/bbl) ? poss?vel alcan?ar uma taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 27% por inje??o e 0,5Vp de SM3 e 2,5Vp de salmoura. / Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are used to increase the productivity of reservoirs when water or gas injections are inefficient, or can be used as a initial alternative to production. EOR methods is classified in thermal, miscible and chemical. The use of chemical methods acts on the alteration of physicochemical rock / fluid properties, reducing the residual oil saturation and increasing the displacement of oil in the porous medium. Injection of chemical fluids, such as polymer solution, surfactant solution and microemulsion, seeks to increase the viscosity of injected fluid, decrease interfacial tension and increase miscibility between the injected fluid and the retained oil. Studies in this area show that chemical fluids are efficient alternative in the production of oil after the use of water or gas as an injection fluid. In this work the use of chemical fluids (surfactant and microemulsion solution) in the EOR with Ultramina NP200 as a surfactant was evaluated. Microemulsion systems are composed of: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; kerosene and local water supply. Microemulsion systems (SM) were characterized by measurements of droplet size, surface tension, interfacial tension and viscosity. In the EOR tests, the influence of the injected surfactant concentration and the way in which surface tension, interfacial and viscosity influence the recovery of crude oil (29? API) was evaluated. The use of Ultramina NP200 solution has been able to increase the capacity of displacement of petroleum in relation to the injection of brine. However, the surfactant solution, despite the high concentration (25% m / m), obtained a lower oil recovery when compared to the microemulsion, even when the active matter concentration is low (1.0% - m / m). The oil recovery increased with increasing surfactant concentration in the microemulsion, but this growth was significant for SM injection with up to 6% (m / m) of surfactant. It has also been observed that satisfactory results of %OOIPA can be achieved by injecting smaller amounts of microemulsion followed by injection of brine. The use of the microemulsified system with 6% surfactant (SM4) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL / min, reached the oil recovery in place of 24.1% (% OOIPA) and total recovery of 77.2% (% OOIPT). In the economic evaluation it was observed that the use of small volumes of microemulsion, with higher concentration of surfactant, can result in a more viable project, by analyzing the price of a barrel of oil.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-10T12:38:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPaulaJustinoSoares_TESE.pdf: 2174721 bytes, checksum: fe3b7e218d94b342d0872ff92d4d7bc9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-11T13:02:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPaulaJustinoSoares_TESE.pdf: 2174721 bytes, checksum: fe3b7e218d94b342d0872ff92d4d7bc9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T13:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPaulaJustinoSoares_TESE.pdf: 2174721 bytes, checksum: fe3b7e218d94b342d0872ff92d4d7bc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-24 / Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo - ANP / Buscando otimizar as t?cnicas de produ??o de petr?leo, tanto em efici?ncia, quanto em custo operacional, a molhabilidade do reservat?rio, propriedade que afeta diretamente a produ??o de ?leo, desempenha um papel importante nos v?rios processos de recupera??o de petr?leo utilizados. Baseado neste contexto, este trabalho estudou a influ?ncia da invers?o na molhabilidade da rocha na produ??o e recupera??o de petr?leo de reservat?rios carbon?ticos, utilizando solu??o de tensoativo, sistemas microemulsionados e sistemas microemulsionados com adi??o de pol?mero. Foram utilizados diferentes sistemas rocha-fluidos, escolhidos de forma a permitir diferenciar entre os efeitos relativos ? redu??o na tens?o interfacial e altera??o na molhabilidade ?leo-?gua. Foi escolhido um tensoativo cati?nico, o brometo de cetiltrimetilam?nio (C16TAB) e avaliadas duas das principais propriedades do tensoativo, concentra??o micelar cr?tica e ponto de Krafft, e todos os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados atrav?s de medidas de tamanho de got?cula, tens?o superficial e interfacial e viscosidade. A modifica??o da molhabilidade da rocha foi avaliada principalmente por medidas de ?ngulo de contato, por?m para alguns sistemas foram realizados tamb?m os testes de embebi??o espont?nea. Os sistemas com o maior potencial, de acordo com os resultados das caracteriza??es e mudan?a na molhabilidade da rocha de molh?vel ao ?leo para molh?vel a ?gua, foram aplicados no simulador de reservat?rios para que fosse poss?vel quantificar os efeitos da utiliza??o desses sistemas nas propriedades da rocha e dos fluidos nela contidos. Os melhores resultados de recupera??o foram alcan?ados quando se utilizou a microemuls?o polim?rica, conseguindo recuperar at? 95% do petr?leo. / In order to optimize the oil production techniques, both in efficiency and in operating costs, the wettability of the reservoir, a property that directly affects the oil production, plays an important role in various advanced oil recovery processes. In this context, this thesis studied the influence of the inversion of the wettability of the rock in the production and recovery of carbonate reservoirs using surfactant solution, microemulsion systems and microemulsion systems with added polymers. Different systems were used (rock-fluid), which were chosen to elucidate the relative effects of the reduction in interfacial tension and changes in oil-water wettability. A cationic surfactant has been chosen, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB), and two important surfactant properties were evaluated, critical micelle concentration and the Krafft point, and all systems were characterized by droplet size measurements, surface and interfacial tension, and viscosity. The modification of rock wettability was primarily evaluated by contact angle measurements, however for some systems tests of spontaneous imbibition were also carried out. Systems with the highest potential, in accordance with the results of the characterizations and change in wettability of wet-oil to wet-water, were applied to the reservoir simulator to make it possible to quantify the effects of the use of such systems in the rock properties and the fluid contained therein. The best recovery results were achieved when using the polymeric microemulsion, obtaining recovery up to 95% of the oil.