Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Dans ce mémoire, nous aborderons des questions portant sur la légitimité de la propriété privée, à quels moments est-ce que la propriété privée cesse d’être légitime ? Nous défendrons que chaque individu détient le droit inaliénable d’accéder aux ressources, et que cet accès aux ressources doit lui fournir tous les moyens nécessaires pour qu’il puisse se développer jusqu’à ce qu’il soit pleinement autonome. Ainsi, lorsque la propriété privée de certains individus bloque l’accès aux ressources, il doit y avoir des mécanismes de redistribution permettant de compenser la nuisance produite par la propriété privée. Par ailleurs, l’accès aux ressources peut être remplacé par une gamme d’opportunités de base : les opportunités de développement nécessaires à l’atteinte de l’autonomie en société. La redistribution n’a donc pas besoin de viser l’accès aux ressources, elle doit garantir que tous aient accès aux opportunités de base. Nous circonscrirons notre réflexion à un cadre de justice minimale dans le but d’attribuer une nécessité morale à chacune des conclusions de ce mémoire. Autrement dit, si les paramètres de redistribution développés au terme de ce mémoire représentent le strict minimum pour qu’une société se soucie de la justice, alors il est nécessaire que toutes les sociétés instituent au moins ces paramètres de redistribution. Pour démontrer le minimalisme de ces paramètres de justice, nous les déduirons à partir de la position des libertariens de droite. Considérant que leur position se veut la plus minimale possible, si nos paramètres de redistribution sont pleinement consistants avec leur position, alors ces paramètres relèvent de la justice minimale. / This paper is based on a crucial question of social justice: when does the private property stop to be morally legitimate? This paper will defend a universal right to have access to all the resources needed for the acquisition of a personal autonomy. Therefore, when the private properties of some people prevent others to gain a sufficient access to the resources they need, we have to institute a system of wealth redistribution in order to compensate the prejudice of loosing access to the resources. Furthermore, it is possible to substitute the right to resources by a group of basic opportunities, such as an education system accessible without indebtedness. Since the basic opportunities grant an access to personal autonomy, people do not need to have access to resources anymore. Therefore, private properties are legitimate if and only if there is a system of wealth redistribution ensuring that everyone has an access to the basic opportunities. In this paper, every conclusion concerning the wealth redistribution is bound to minimal justice. In other words, if a society fails to grand access to the basic opportunities, this society is necessarily unjust. To ensure that ours conclusions are bound to minimal justice, we will also demonstrate their consistency with right libertarianism. Although, every conclusion concerning basic opportunities come from the no harm principle and the full self-ownership, the two basis of right libertarianism.

Les aires marines protégées (AMPs), soulèvent un intérêt croissant pour leur capacité à améliorer la conservation des ressources marines et, potentiellement, les captures des pêcheries au travers de l'export de poissons et de larves vers les zones pêchées. Des lacunes importantes subsistent dans nos connaissances des impacts du mouvement des poissons sur le fonctionnement des AMPs, et sur la manière dont les AMPs protégeant les populations de poissons modérément à fortement mobiles pourraient être efficaces sans être extrêmement larges. Différents modèles sont utilisés ici afin de combler ces lacunes de connaissances. Tout d'abord, un modèle conceptuel a été développé afin d'explorer les impacts du mouvement des poissons sur l'efficacité des AMPs comparativement à ceux de la dispersion larvaire. Les résultats de ce modèle démontrent que le mouvement des poissons a un impact négatif plus fort sur la persistance d'une population dans les réseaux d'AMPs que la dispersion larvaire. La redistribution de l'effort de pêche anciennement dans les AMPs et la concentration des pêcheurs en bordure d'AMPs réduisent de façon significative la persistance et les captures des populations se dispersant dans le stade adulte, tandis qu'elles n'ont qu'un effet marginal pour les populations se dispersant dans le stade larvaire. Deux modèles appliqués ont été ensuite développés afin d'examiner les impacts des AMPs protégeant des fractions spécifiques de populations migratrices. Un modèle spatialement explicite a été utilisé afin d'étudier les effets des AMPs pour deux populations de merlus sud africaines effectuant des migrations ontogéniques. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que les AMPs ciblant les juvéniles entraînent une augmentation considérable de la biomasse féconde. Cette augmentation de biomasse conduit à une amélioration des captures de certaines, mais pas de toutes les flottes de pêche. Un modèle par recrue est utilisé afin d'évaluer les effets des AMPs pour les populations récifales effectuant des migrations pour former des agrégations de ponte transitoires. L'application de ce modèle à deux populations de poissons des Seychelles révèle que les AMPs protégeant les agrégations de ponte augmentent le potentiel reproductif des poissons en général, mais pas les captures par recrue. / Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly considered for their ability to improve species conservation and, potentially, fisheries yields via the export of fish and larvae to fished areas. Critical knowledge gaps remain on the impacts of fish movement for MPA functioning and on how MPAs protecting moderately to highly mobile populations may be effective without being extremely large. Here, different models are used to address these knowledge gaps. First, a conceptual model was developed to explore the impacts of fish movement versus larval dispersal on MPA effectiveness. Results demonstrate that fish movement has a stronger negative impact on population persistence in MPA networks than larval dispersal. Redistribution of the fishing effort formerly in MPAs and concentration of fishers on MPA borders dramatically reduce persistence and yields for mobile populations, while they marginally change results for populations with dispersing larvae. Two applied models examining the effects of MPAs targeting specific fractions of migratory populations were then developed. A spatially-explicit model was used to study the effects of MPAs on two South African hake populations undergoing ontogenetic migrations. Results show that MPAs targeting juveniles considerably increase hake spawning biomass. This increase in biomass improves the yields of some, but not all fishing fleets. A per-recruit model was used to assess MPA effects for reef populations migrating to form transient spawning aggregations. Applying the model to two populations from Seychelles, MPAs protecting spawning aggregations are found to improve fish reproductive potential in general, but not yield-per-recruit.

This work analyzes impacts on redistribution of family policy in the Czech and Slovak Republic.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Dans ce mémoire, nous aborderons des questions portant sur la légitimité de la propriété privée, à quels moments est-ce que la propriété privée cesse d’être légitime ? Nous défendrons que chaque individu détient le droit inaliénable d’accéder aux ressources, et que cet accès aux ressources doit lui fournir tous les moyens nécessaires pour qu’il puisse se développer jusqu’à ce qu’il soit pleinement autonome. Ainsi, lorsque la propriété privée de certains individus bloque l’accès aux ressources, il doit y avoir des mécanismes de redistribution permettant de compenser la nuisance produite par la propriété privée. Par ailleurs, l’accès aux ressources peut être remplacé par une gamme d’opportunités de base : les opportunités de développement nécessaires à l’atteinte de l’autonomie en société. La redistribution n’a donc pas besoin de viser l’accès aux ressources, elle doit garantir que tous aient accès aux opportunités de base. Nous circonscrirons notre réflexion à un cadre de justice minimale dans le but d’attribuer une nécessité morale à chacune des conclusions de ce mémoire. Autrement dit, si les paramètres de redistribution développés au terme de ce mémoire représentent le strict minimum pour qu’une société se soucie de la justice, alors il est nécessaire que toutes les sociétés instituent au moins ces paramètres de redistribution. Pour démontrer le minimalisme de ces paramètres de justice, nous les déduirons à partir de la position des libertariens de droite. Considérant que leur position se veut la plus minimale possible, si nos paramètres de redistribution sont pleinement consistants avec leur position, alors ces paramètres relèvent de la justice minimale. / This paper is based on a crucial question of social justice: when does the private property stop to be morally legitimate? This paper will defend a universal right to have access to all the resources needed for the acquisition of a personal autonomy. Therefore, when the private properties of some people prevent others to gain a sufficient access to the resources they need, we have to institute a system of wealth redistribution in order to compensate the prejudice of loosing access to the resources. Furthermore, it is possible to substitute the right to resources by a group of basic opportunities, such as an education system accessible without indebtedness. Since the basic opportunities grant an access to personal autonomy, people do not need to have access to resources anymore. Therefore, private properties are legitimate if and only if there is a system of wealth redistribution ensuring that everyone has an access to the basic opportunities. In this paper, every conclusion concerning the wealth redistribution is bound to minimal justice. In other words, if a society fails to grand access to the basic opportunities, this society is necessarily unjust. To ensure that ours conclusions are bound to minimal justice, we will also demonstrate their consistency with right libertarianism. Although, every conclusion concerning basic opportunities come from the no harm principle and the full self-ownership, the two basis of right libertarianism.

This short dissertation briefly examines the English law statutory provisions and the English judicial approach relating to the clean break principle. A comparison between English law and South African law (in particular s 7 of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979) shows the latter to allow the application of the clean break principle, but rigidity in the legislative wording and further rigidity in the wording by the courts result in the clean break principle not being a dominant feature of South African divorce law. A detailed analysis of South African case law follows in which the fundamental issues relative to the clean break principle are examined, namely the one third rule, universal partnership, misconduct and its effect on court orders, the nature of a contribution and what property is distributed on divorce. Trends in maintenance orders are looked at and how these affect the clean break principle, in particular rehabilitative maintenance and token maintenance wards. / Law / LL.M.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 22318242 bytes, checksum: 4351a310199468e6df013ff385c10c32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / When one focus a radiation in an atomic vapor, the radiation may undergo absorption and emission several times before the photons leave the cell volume that contains the vapor. As a result of these several scattering occurring inside the cell, the spectral profile of the incident radiation undergoes an evolution, which is governed by the mechanisms of frequency redistribution. There are two kinds of frequency redistribution: a Partial Frequency Redistribution (PFR) and a Complete Frequency Redistribution (CFR). When there is a correlation between the emission and absorption frequencies, we say that a PFR occurred. Otherwise, when there is no correlation between the absorbed and emitted frequencies, we say that a CFR occurred. This frequency redistribution has its origin in the inhomogeneity of the spectral profiles of the incident radiation and the response of the resonant vapor. It may be noted also that this inhomogeneity determines the distribution of step lengths of photons in an atomic vapor. The photons which propagate through this atomic medium perform a random walk between successive processes of absorption and emission, whose step length r is described by a probability distribution so-called "long tail". However, the superdifusive behavior of these photons is characterized by a single step length, which decreases asymptotically following a power law P(r) r with < 3. In this work we study, on a hand, the frequency redistribution in two parts: the first one is for several detunings of the radiation relative to the absorption center and we fix the vapor density, and, at a second part, we fixed the radiation detuning of the radiation and we changed the atomic density. In our numerical model, we studied rubidium atoms, by considering its optically active electronic structure with only two levels of energy and we excited it at the frequency of its D2 line. For the second part of this work, we analyzed numerically the exponent of the power law for the probability distribution of the single step lengths of the photons in an atomic vapor for absorption spectra and modified emission. For the last part of this work, we developed an experimental model to analyze the frequency redistribution, where the emitted photons coming out of the cell volume are collected in a certain solid volume by a lens of a few centimeters, directed through a fiber for analysis by a Fabry-Perot. Furthermore, an experimental setup has been developed to generate the probability distribution of photon steps, where we modified the spectra of the incident radiation or absorption. In the case of the incident radiation, it is guided by a fiber towards a second cell where a CCD camera with high sensitivity allows measuring the length of individual photon steps. / Quando incide-se uma radiação em um vapor atômico, esta pode sofrer processos de absorção e de emissão várias vezes antes que os fótons saiam do volume da célula que contém o vapor. Em consequência destes diversos espalhamentos, que ocorrem no interior da célula, o prol espectral da radiação incidente sofre uma evolução, o qual é regido pelos mecanismos de redistribuição em frequências. Existem dois tipos de redistribuição em frequências, a Redistribuição Parcial em Frequências (PFR) e a Redistribuição Completa em Frequências (CFR). Quando existe correlação entre a frequência de emissão e da absorção, dizemos que ocorreu uma PFR. Caso contrário, quando não há quaisquer correlação entre as frequências absorvidas e emitidas, dizemos que ocorreu CFR. Esta redistribuição em frequências tem sua origem na inomogeneidade dos perfis espectrais da radiação incidente e da resposta do vapor ressonante. Pode-se destacar, também, que esta inomogeneidade determina a distribuição dos comprimentos de passos dos fótons no vapor atômico. Os fótons que propagam-se neste meio atômico executam um passeio aleatório entre sucessivos processos de absorção e emissão, cujo comprimentos dos passos r é descrito por uma distribuição de probabilidade de dita "cauda longa". Contudo, o comportamento superdifusivo destes fótons é caracterizado por um comprimento de passo único, decaindo assintoticamente como uma lei de potência P(r) r com < 3. Neste trabalho estamos estudando, de uma parte, a redistribuição em frequências em duas etapas, sendo a primeira para diversas dessintonizações da radiação em relação ao centro de absorção, mantendo-se fixa a densidade do vapor e, em uma segunda etapa, deixamos fixa a dessintonização da radiação, variando-se a densidade atômica. Em nosso modelo numérico estudamos átomos de rubídio, considerando sua estrutura eletrônica oticamente ativa com apenas dois níveis de energia e excitado na frequência de sua linha D2. Para a segunda parte deste trabalho analisamos, de forma numérica, o expoente da lei de potência para a distribuição de probabilidade dos comprimentos de passos individuais dos fótons em um vapor atômico para espectros de absorção e emissão modificados. Para a última parte deste trabalho, desenvolveu-se um modelo experimental para analisar a redistribuição em frequências, onde os fótons emitidos que saem do volume da célula são coletados em certo volume sólido por uma lente de alguns centímetros, direcionados através de uma fibra para análise por um Fabry-Pérot. Além disso, foi desenvolvido uma técnica experimental para gerar a distribuição de probabilidade de passos dos fótons onde modificamos os espectros da radiação incidente ou de absorção. No caso da radiação incidente, esta é guiada por uma fibra para uma segunda célula, onde uma câmera CCD, de sensibilidade elevada, permite medir o comprimento de passos individuais dos fótons.

Le modèle ELIE (pour Equal Labour Income Equalization) est un modèle inédit de redistribution globale des revenus – qui a été proposé par Serge-Christophe Kolm dans Macrojustice (2005). Les enjeux de ce modèle, qui repose notamment sur une réflexion profonde concernant les implications économiques des systèmes de valeurs acceptés dans les sociétés occidentales contemporaines, méritent d’être discutés. Notre thèse est qu’en prenant ses distances avec le paradigme dominant en économie normative, à savoir le welfarisme, Kolm est conduit à modifier la définition de l’économie normative. Pour être plus précis, alors que l’économie normative ne traitait jusque-là que de la question des modalités de la redistribution, laissant celle de la nature de l’assiette de redistribution à la philosophie morale et politique (comme en atteste la controverse « égalité de quoi ? » initiée par Sen), Kolm entend réintroduire cette seconde question dans le champ de l’économie normative. La thèse se compose de trois parties portant sur les implications de ce changement de paradigme et de la redéfinition du champ de l’économie normative. La première partie s’attache aux fondements du modèle ELIE et plus précisément à la justification de la redistribution des revenus et à la détermination de son intensité à travers la question d’un choix social libéral. La deuxième partie aborde les implications théoriques de ce changement de paradigme et traite plus spécifiquement de la relation du modèle avec la théorie mirrleesienne de la fiscalité optimale et avec le welfarisme en général. La troisième partie se tourne vers les conséquences de ce modèle en termes de règles de redistribution. / The ELIE model (for « Equal Labor Income Equalization ») is a new model of global income redistribution – proposed by Serge-Christophe Kolm in Macrojustice (2005). What is at stake in this model, which is based on a Deep Thought concerning economic implications of values systems accepted in contemporary occidental societies, deserves to be discussed. I defend the idea that by distancing himself from the dominant paradigm in normative economics, namely the welfarism, Kolm is led to modify the definition of normative economics. To be more precise, while until then normative economics dealt only with the question of redistribution modality, leaving the question of nature of redistribution to moral and political philosophy (as shown in the « equality of what? » controversy initiated by Sen), Kolm reintroduces this second question in the field of normative economics. The dissertation is composed of three parts relating to implications of this paradigm shift and to Kolm’s redefinition of normative economics field. The first part focuses on fundaments of the ELIE model and, more precisely, on income redistribution justification and on the determination of the intensity of redistribution, through the question of a liberal social choice. The second part is about implications of this paradigm shift and is devoted more specifically to the relation of the ELIE model with the mirrleesian theory of optimal taxation and with welfarism in general. The third part turns toward this model’s consequences in terms of redistribution rules.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'analyse des variables d'opinion. Les opinions couvertes concernent spécifiquement des questions économiques comme le niveau de bien-être, la situation financière, le niveau minimum de revenu nécessaire pour vivre dignement, la préférence pour la redistribution. Le traitement de ces variables d'opinion et leur mise en relation avec les grandeurs économiques traditionnelles comme le niveau de revenu ou sa dynamique nécessitent des techniques micro-économétriques spécifiques. Dans cette thèse, les modèles dynamiques de panel sont utilisés pour étudier la mobilité des revenus et la mobilité des statuts d'emploi. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous discutons également le modèle Tobit dynamique et l'importance des conditions initiales. Dans les modèles de panel, se pose la question du choix entre effet fixe et effet aléatoire. Parce que les variables subjectives sont ordinales et discrètes, les effets fixes sont difficilement identifiables. L'identification des effets aléatoires est moins problématique, mais l'estimation devient pourtant difficile quand la dimension d'intégration augmente. Pour résoudre cela, je l'utilise intensivement les techniques de simulation, soit pour le modèle dynamique multinomial logit, soit pour le modèle dynamique Tobit. La technique de simulation est également appliqué au modèle trivarié probit pour mesurer les corrélations conditionnelles entre trois (ou même plus) variables ordinales. / This dissertation studies option variables. These opinions cover specially economic questions such as the level of wellbeing, financial situations, the minimum income question and the preference for redistribution. The treatment of these opinion variables and their relation to conventional economic questions such as income level or dynamics requires the use of special micro-econometric models. In this dissertation, the dynamics panel models are used to study the job status and income mobility. In the 6 chapter, we discuss the dynamic Tobit model with an emphasis on initial conditions. The choice between fixed or random effect is another question. Because subjective variables are ordinal and discrete, the identification of fixed effects is problematic. Random effects are better identified while the estimation difficulty increases with the integration dimension. To solve that, I use intensively simulation method in the study of dynamic multinomial logit model or dynamic tobit model. It is also been applied in the trivariate probit model to measure the conditional correlations among more than 2 ordinal variables.