Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main goal of this thesis was to better understand the role and function of the focus schools project in the Western Cape, to explore the reasons for their emergence in 2006, and to locate the policy initiative within historical and policy developments around vocationalism in the province. The study focused in particular on how one focus school experienced the roll-out of this policy decision, what the impressions of the learners and educators at a case study school were, and also how officials attached to the Western Cape Education Department described the emergence and implementation of the policy. Further goals of the study were to contextualize the policy process that led to this form of provision, and to conceptualise how this fitted in with educational development issues in the province. A brief backdrop of historical developments and its role in the education of communities in the Western Cape, particularly the coloured community, was provided to contextualize the policy initiative. The main contribution of the thesis is its description and analysis of policy documents and the viewpoints of a range of people connected to a new provincial initiative, focus schools, with regard to what a focus school is meant to achieve and how it is experienced. Data was collected by studying a range of unpublished policy documents, and to link these to interviews conducted with departmental and district officials, educators, learners, and one principal in relation to one case study school. The study showed that focus schools were regarded mainly as a form of vocational education provision to accommodate the desire of the Western Cape economy for intermediate skills in the mid-2000s. It illustrated how the focus school band has run its own unique course within educational structures since 2006, and highlighted how they have fulfilled their goal of getting more learners from historically disadvantaged communities into further study or into positions that better serve the needs of the local economy. The thesis suggested that the policy focus of getting learners into higher education seemed misguided and contrary to the goals of vocational education provision. This policy confusion was further highlighted by learners interviewed in the study who noted that they would have preferred to follow a more academically-based path. Few believed they could either get to university (as claimed by policy officials) or into a viable employment poisition by following a vocational route at school. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van die tesis was om ´n beter begrip van die rol en funksie van die fokusskool-projek in die Wes-Kaap te verkry, die redes vir die ontstaan van hierdie skole in die jaar, 2006 te ondersoek, asook om die beleids-inisiatief binne die historiese en beleidsontwikkeling rondom beroepsonderwys (vocationalism) in die provinsie na te speur. Die navorsing konsentreer hoofsaaklik op hoe een fokusskool die implementering van die beleidsbesluit ervaar, en in hoe ´n mate die leerders en die opvoeders verbonde aan die gevallestudie-skool die onderwysvoorsiening beleef. ´n Gedeelte van die ondersoek gee ook die sieninge van sleutelpersone in die Wes-Kaapse Onderwysdepartement weer. Verdere doelwitte van die ondersoek was om die beleidsproses wat gelei het tot hierdie onderwysvoorsiening te kontekstualiseer, en om dit te konseptualiseer in hoe ´n mate dit inpas in die opvoedkundige ontwikkeling binne die provinsie. ´n Kort agtergrond skets van die historiese ontwikkeling en die rol wat onderwys in die gemeenskappe van die Wes-Kaap, spesifiek die van die bruin (kleurling) gemeenskap was aangebied om die beleids-inisiatief te konseptualiseer. Die belangrikste bydrae van die tesis is die beskrywing en analise van beleidsdokumente en die standpunte van 'n verskeidenheid van mense wat betrokke is by die nuwe provinsiale inisiatief, fokusskole, met betrekking tot wat fokusskole beoog om te bereik en hoe dit beleef word. Inligting was versamel deur die bestudering van 'n reeks van ongepubliseerde beleidsdokumente, en dit verbind met onderhoude wat gevoer was met departementele- en distriks-amptenare. Opvoeders, leerders, en 'n skoolhoof verbonde aan een gevallestudie skool was ook ondervra. Die navorsing het getoon dat fokusskole ´n vorm van beroepsonderwys is om die strewe van die Wes-Kaapse ekonomie vir intermediêre vaardigheidsvlakke te verhoog. Die planne was gedurende die middel 2000´s in werking gestel. Die navorsing het ook getoon dat die fokusskool-projek sy eie unieke verloop binne die onderwys strukture sedert 2006 gehad het. Die ondersoek het ook getoon dat die strewe om meer leerders uit die historiese benadeelde gemeenskappe sover te kry om verder te gaan studeer of posisies te vervul om die plaaslike ekonomie te bedien, nie so suksesvol is soos die beleid dit vooruitstel nie. Die tesis stel voor dat die beleidsfokus om leerders na hoër onderwys te lei, misleidend is en teenstrydig is met die doelwitte van beroepsonderwys. Die verwarring wat deur die beleid veroorsaak was, was verder belig deur die leerders wat onderhoude mee gevoer was. Die leerders se mening is dat hulle liefs verkies om die meer akademiese-gebaseerde weg te volg. Min van hulle het geglo dat hul weg oop is na hoër onderwys soos wat amptenare van die Wes-Kaapse Onderwysdepartement beweer of dat beroepsmoontlikhede daar is nadat hy beroepsonderwys in fokusskole gevolg het.

The purpose of this study was to understand what the role of SADTU (South African Democratic Teachers’ Union) is in the implementation of the Teacher Redeployment Policy in schools. The Approach to data collection was that of qualitative research. The methods used to collect data were interviews and literature review. The study used the interpretive paradigm. The theory applied is the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) theory. IPA aims to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world. The approach to data analysis was that of a qualitative research. Qualitative data were organised and arranged categorically into themes and patterns emanating from the responses of participants. The data were analysed using descriptive explanations, based on the frequencies and similarities of the responses. The approach was primarily exploratory, just as would be expected of a qualitative research design. A combination of purposive, quota and snowball sampling was used in this research. The main finding in this research is that the role of SADTU in the implementation of teacher redeployment is not limited to observation as the policy prescribes. SADTU members go beyond that role and assume the role of active participation and decision making in the process. The main recommendation was that the policy should be amended to allow SADTU to participate actively in discussions and decision making. This will avert the unnecessary conflicts and instability in schools caused by the suppression of the union to participate actively. When the Teacher Redeployment Policy was conceived, the purpose was to achieve equity in teacher distribution by moving teachers from the historically advantaged White schools to the historically disadvantaged Black schools. The implementation of Teacher Redeployment Policy is causing more harm than good in so far as effective teaching and learning in schools is concerned. For most of the time, teachers are pre-occupied with worrying about how the process of teacher redeployment is going to affect them instead of focussing on delivering quality teaching in schools. Teachers who are most fitting to be the ones identified in excess in some cases enjoy the benefit of escaping redeployment for the simple reason that they are members of SADTU. At the same time, candidates who do not qualify to be placed in specific posts are placed into those posts at the expense of the best suitable candidates because of the biases. The role of the union is not to implement policy, but also to make sure that the policy is implemented in the spirit and letter in which it was formulated. The status of the teacher union in the implementation of policy is that of an observer who only surfaces when an observation is made whether there is unfairness and biases in the manner the Teacher Redeployment Policy is implemented. / Educational Management and Leadership / M. Ed. (Educational Leadership and Management)

<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>

摘要 過去進入時機的研究多落入先發與後進兩分法的比較，探討先發與後進各有怎樣的優勢來源？先發者是否較為成功？後進者應採取怎樣的策略作為？雖然進入順序有相當的重要性，但是產業中除了少數的先發者，絕大多數都是後進者，後進者之間仍有很大的時機差異；此外，僅研究先後順序的影響忽略了情境因素（contingencies），本研究試圖從環境觀點探討怎樣才是好的進入時機？時機有利程度的變化受哪些因素影響？進而探討新創事業應如何進行時機決策，期能補充過去的進入時機理論。 在以事業單位為分析對象之下，事業進入產業是一項不可逆轉的資源承諾（resource commitment），新創事業特別需要自外部取得資源，因而僅以產品上市代表進入並不貼切；且各種資源有本身環境的變化，其取得也有時機的議題，因而本研究藉由組織生態觀點所強調的環境資源豐富性與可得性、競食與共生群體等概念，從環境觀點分別探討新事業進入產業的「資源取得時機」與「市場進入時機」。 然而因為研究對象為新創事業，取得外部資源乃為能進入市場，故又必須考量在適當的時間點開始獲取資源（培養能力），以便在進入市場時必要的資源能力到位而使新事業能有效運作，因而資源取得時機與市場進入時機並非獨立而需同時考量，二者在時間上有前後配合的關係。 由於本研究主題在目前未有足夠的文獻探討，故採用探索性個案研究，先經過四個產業各一個案例做為前導個案研究，以瞭解研究之意涵是否具有理論價值？是否值得繼續進行正式的研究，同時藉以作為後續研究方法設計的參考依據。 根據Eisenhardt(1989)建議，探索性個案研究仍可帶先驗構念（ a priori constructs）進入田野，本研究第一階段即是帶著「環境有利程度」、「資源可得性」等概念以及產業知識進入田野，進行半結構化的訪談，針對草創期間資源之取得過程以及市場進入時機之回顧，從受訪者對其時機議題的說法歸納其中的道理（reasoning）。從前導個案中又發現「資源效益性」、「補救成本」與「持有成本」的概念以及時機相關理論意涵之後，確認本主題具有研究價值，於是再繼續進行第二階段多重個案的探索，將構念之面向及意涵發展得更加完整，並從個案複現所得到之研究發現推導出命題和觀念模式。 在第二階段的研究中，本研究將紮根理論方法的開放性譯碼融入Eisenhardt(1989)個案研究建立理論的步驟中，針對前導個案研究中兩個一次到位產業再進行多個案研究；資料來源以訪談為主、產業客觀資料為輔，分析過程包括個案內分析與跨個案分析。 個案內分析乃利用開放性譯碼對訪談逐字稿分析與時機有關的概念賦予標籤（Labeling）並編碼（Coding），得出該個案的時機相關意涵與概念關係圖。跨個案分析部分先確認構念意涵與效度，再歸納主要的研究發現；前者乃透過不斷反覆於資料與構念之間，逐一界定本研究所發現之重要構念的涵意，並加以精緻化，再將該構念在所有個案逐字稿之證據整合建立證據表，以確認構念的聚合效度與區別效度；後者運用複現邏輯（replication logic）將研究發現之相關證據從個案逐字稿中一一加以引用，藉以強化研究發現。整個研究是一個不斷重複於資料與理論建構的過程（an iterative process），在新增個案之構念及關係皆已重複的情況下，研究者認為已經達到理論飽和。 本研究的理論貢獻在發展時機相關構念，以及描述環境變化下「何謂時機有利」，過程中並發現資源特性對於取得時機之影響，以之建立資源取得與市場進入之有利時機以及二者如何配合等概念模式。主要的研究結論如下： 本研究首先要探討的是何謂資源取得之有利時機？由於新創事業往往需要從外部取得資源，在環境觀點下，時機有利程度的變化主要受環境因素的影響，環境變化導致資源可得性以及效益性的變化；此外，資源具有技術進步性者，亦隨著時間演進而效益越來越提升。因而在不同時間取得特定資源，其可得性與效益性不同，能在可得越高、效益性越高之時取得資源，時機越有利，錯失有利時機將發生補救成本。 另外在「市場環境有利程度」方面，除了市場需求成長性、競爭程度、環境不確定性之外，支援網絡與共生族群協力程度以及基礎設施完備程度等面向在個案證據中亦獲得確認，表示考慮市場進入時機時應依此五項構面加以評估。本研究同時發現此市場環境有利程度變化的驅動因子包括制度環境因素以及產業環境的改變。 由於研究情境是新創事業，個別資源取得時機除了考量本身資源環境的有利程度之外，尚須與市場進入時機配合，在適當的前置時間開始取得各項資源、培養能力，使進入產業所需具備的基本資源能力都建置完成（取得到位），如此才能掌握市場有利的時機。提前取得由於需等待其他資源齊備而將發生「持有成本」，不過有些資源可回復性高，因而持有成本較低；延後取得則可能延誤市場有利時機而發生「延遲成本」。 因此，對於新創事業而言，資源取得時機應如何與市場進入時機做配合？在已經預定理想的市場進入時間且延遲成本高之下，進入前必須資源能力到位，故最晚應在各資源（能力）必要之前置時間開始取得，或是提前取得，提前取得與否取決於在前置時間取得之補救成本以及提前取得之持有成本的高低；亦即若為把握有利的資源取得時機以避免較高的補救成本，就要提前取得資源而發生持有成本；反之，若為避免較高的持有成本可能錯過資源有利時機而發生補救成本。 若是資源的持有成本高且有利的取得時機在預定的取得時間之後，則需考量市場進入時間跟著延後是否錯過有利時機而發生「延遲成本」？延後取得資源與否取決於資源環境變化下取得時機的補救成本以及延後取得之延遲成本的高低；亦即若為把握有利的資源取得時機以避免較高的補救成本，就要延後進入市場而發生延遲成本；反之，若為避免較高的延遲成本可能無法把握資源有利時機而發生補救成本。 整體而言，各項資源之取得時機除需考量本身時機的補救成本外，尚應考量提前取得之持有成本以及延後取得可能錯過市場有利時機的延遲成本；特別是在市場有利的期間短、稍有延誤則延遲成本很高的情況下，則不能延後取得資源，進而須考量資源面的補救成本和持有成本，決定是否提前取得；若是市場有利的期間長、延後進入之延遲成本不高的情況下，則考量資源面的補救成本、持有成本和市場面延遲成本的高低，決定資源取得時機。如此兼顧市場面及資源面之有利時機，新事業可做出較佳之時機決策以擁有時機優勢。 從上述結論中引伸出比較重要的管理涵義如下： 環境變化導致資源取得與市場進入時機之有利程度不同，新事業應在分析市場環境的五個構面之趨勢下，預定理想的市場進入時機，並研判市場有利時機期間的長度，接著一一分析生存所需之基本資源能力應於何時開始取得（培養）；但資源環境的有利時機未必正好落在該時間，故應綜合考量資源補救成本、持有成本與市場延遲成本以決定個別資源之取得時機。因而對於新創事業而言，辨識環境狀況與資源特性，在補救成本、持有成本與市場延遲成本的權衡之下決定資源取得時機，能兼顧資源面與市場面之有利時機；雖然理想上各項資源取得時機有利，又能在有利期間進入市場是最佳狀態，然而實際上往往只能有所取捨。 在資源特性對於取得時機的影響方面，可得性低的稀少性策略資源（例如管制性資源），只要能在短暫的可得時間取得即是好時機，因為若未取得將導致無法進入產業，或是延誤市場進入時機，需付出相當高的補救成本或是延遲成本；反之，其取得往往能帶來獨佔利益。錯失時機之補救成本越高者，表示該資源的時機越重要。管制性資源的供應者往往就是政府，或是政府可扮演協助取得資源的角色，因而妥善配合政府政策取得資源，是值得新創事業重視的時機策略。可回復性高的資源，提前取得之持有成本較低，在其他條件相同之下可提前取得。技術進步性明顯的資源，越晚取得效益越高，故應必要時方取得。

<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (SATRC), using the theoretical and conceptual framework of the five pillars of transitional justice. Chitsike (2012) identified the five Pillars of Transitional Justice that the study uses. For that reason, Truth-Seeking and Truth-Telling, Trials and Tribunals, Reparations, Institutional Reform and Memorialisation are the Five Pillars of Transitional Justice that this study elected to use as the conceptual and theoretical framework. The Five Pillars of Transitional Justice that were delineated by Boraine (2005) are referred to for analytical purposes in the study. Methodologically, the study assumes a qualitative posture. Literature study through content analysis that uses description and exploration is deployed to make interpretation of the used literature. This study notes that each one of the pillars of transitional justice has its recommendations and limitations, and the pillars are much more enriched and enriching when applied in complementarity to each other rather than in isolation. The SATRC process also had its achievements and limitations, and its popularity was based on political impressions rather than concrete transitional justice achievements on the ground, in the view of the present study. Furthermore, it appears to the present study that more time is needed for much more reliable evaluations of the effectiveness of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to be made, some of its successes and limitations will take many years and or even decades to manifest because at the end of the day, TRCs are historical process and not events. / Political Sciences / M.A. (Politics)

This study briefly discusses land restitution in several countries in Europe and the Americas, the history of land deprivation in South Africa, and the legislation introduced to remedy the inequality of land ownership. Differing interpretations of the legislation in respect of the valuation of land to be purchased by the state for restitution purposes and the valuation formulae recommended at various times by the state and its advisors are discussed. Some of the problems encountered in the implementation of the South African restitution program, including the highly emotional expropriation/confiscation issues, are mentioned. Three case studies based on these differing interpretations are given. The case studies illustrate the evolution of the interpretations of the legislation concerning land restitution valuations in South Africa. / School: Management sciences / M. Tech. (Real Estate)

Between 1980-2006, thousands of South African pension funds converted members from defined benefit to defined contribution structures. This research set out to answer the questions of why this phenomenon occurred and whether peculiar environmental circumstances influenced the outcome. The research framework identified various stakeholders in the retirement fund industry - government; regulator; pension fund adjudicator; ombudsman for long term insurance; trade unions; members; trustees; business; employers and service providers - and isolated the elements to be considered in the research. Industry experts were interviewed to obtain a macro view of the phenomenon and specific manifestations of the phenomenon were also considered in case studies. The purpose of the research was to develop a model for managers to assist them in dealing with environmental change. Qualitative research methodology was utilised and feedback from semi-structured interviews was categorised into several emergent themes. Within-case and cross-case analyses were conducted. Research results indicate that the conversion phenomenon occurred in two waves - one initiated in the 1980s and driven by the trade unions and a second in the 1990s, driven by employers, often at the advice of their consultants. Evidence of the start of a third wave also emerged. Results indicate that an environmental shock exerted a substantial influence on the course of events. Under these: &#61482; Various factors combined to drive organisational evolution (i.e. adaptation to the environment). &#61482; Adaptation speed was inappropriate and exceeded that which was required for sufficient thought. &#61482; Uncertainty and vacuum circumstances arose leading to consequences that require redress. &#61482; The power of the relative stakeholders changed and influenced the strategic outcome. &#61482; An imbalance in stakeholder interests arose and ethical factors became consequential. &#61482; Business acted to restore certainty for itself. Existing literature explained organisational behaviour in environments of competitive shock and high turbulence, but not in circumstances of environmental shock. A model emerged to assist managers to deal with environmental change, which was applied to an analysis of pension fund reform. It was also applied to the pension fund perspective on Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment. This model may also be applied in analysis of land redistribution, sanctions and constitutional development. / Business Management / DBL

This study, in the main, focuses on the racial imbalances and inequities that characterised South African education between 1965 and 1992. A historical background of the South African educational system as well as an account on the apartheid ideology and its impact on education is presented. For the four principle racial groups in South Africa, namely, the Africans, Indians, Whites and Coloureds, a historicaleducational survey of the imbalances and inequities prevalent in pre-primary, school-based and post-secondary education in respect of access to education, financing of education, and human and physical resources is given. As a way forward, some recommendations for the redressing of the imbalances and inequities identified in this study are presented. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

The purpose of the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 is to provide for the restitution of rights in land to persons or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. The restitution of a right in land can include the restoration of a right in land. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the requirement of feasibility in restoring land rights and in particular the role of feasibility studies and the courts’ interpretation of the feasibility requirement in restoring such rights. The methodology used includes a review of literature, legislation and policies on land restitution and an analysis of case law. The outcome of the research indicates that while actual restoration ought to take preference in all instances, it may only be granted once all the relevant circumstances and factors have been considered. In certain circumstances it may not be feasible to restore land rights. / Private Law / LL. M. (Property Law)