The purpose of this study was to determine attitudes toward low carbohydrate diets among consumers and the attributes that influence their purchase decision. A growing number of diet trends are spreading across the nation in an effort to improve health and lose weight such as the Atkins diet and the South Beach diet.

Den bullerreducerande beläggnigen har en porös struktur som förbättrar dräneringen och reducerar buller vid källan men egenskaperna orsakar ett snabbt slitage och portäppning. Detta medför att beläggningen måste omläggas och rengöras oftare än en konventionell beläggning som t.ex. ABS 16. Kritiken mot den bullerreducerande beläggningen riktar sig på de höga drift- och underhållskostnaderna, detta gör att många väghållaren satsar på bullerskärm som bulleråtgärd.  Syftet med arbetet är att jämföra bullerreducerande beläggning med bullerskärm, för att reda på vilken bulleråtgärd är mer kostnadseffektivt under 20 år. Ett teoriavsnitt kommer att förklara och beskriva på ett tekniskt sätt: väg, ljud och buller, bullerskärm och bullerreducerande beläggningar. Kostnadsjämförelsen mellan bulleråtgärderna omfattar investering, drift och underhåll. Den fördjupar sig på en befintlig sträcka vid Gamla Enskede i Nynäsvägen, där det sedan 2012 finns bullerskärmar. De riktiga priserna av skärmarna ställs mot priserna för en eventuell bullerreducerande beläggning i sträckan. Priserna, antal omläggningar och bullerreducerande förlusten per år för den bullerreducerande beläggningen blev antagna genom beräkningar utifrån verkliga sträckor. Med hjälp av kalkyler och diagram kunde det noteras att bullerskärmarna är dyrare än bullerreducerande beläggningen. Förklaring av kostnadsresultat medföljs av rekommendationer som anses vara relevanta för att ha i åtanke för framtida val av bullerreducerande åtgärder. / Noise reducing pavement has a porous structure that improves drainage and reduces traffic noise but these propitious qualities causes’ problems such as rapid wear and pore clogging. This means that the pavement must be repaved and cleaned more frequently than a conventional pavement such as ABS 16. Criticism of the noise reducing pavement has been raised and has to do with the high operating and maintenance costs, this result in more invests in noise barriers instead. The purpose with this review is to compare noise reducing pavement with noise barriers, in order to determine which noise provision is more cost effective during a period of 20 years.  There will be a theory chapter were it will be explain and describe in a technical method: Road, sound and noise, noise barriers and noise-reducing pavement. Cost comparison of noise provisions includes investment-, operation- and maintenance cost. This review immerses on an existing road at Gamla Enskede in Nynäsvägen, which since 2012 has noise barriers. The actual prices of the noise barriers in Gamla Enskede will be compared to a possible noise reducing pavement. Prices, quantity of pavement replacement and noise loss per year for the noise reducing pavement was presumed by calculations based on actual distances with noise reducing pavement. Observation of our calculations and charts reveals that noise barriers are more expensive than noise reducing pavement.  Explanations of cost results are accompanied by recommendations that are considered relevant to have in mind for future choices of noise reduction provisions.

No description available.

Polisens brottsförebyggande arbete mot våld i nära relation har tidigare främst varit riktat mot den brottsutsatta. Under 2018 initierades dock metoden riskreducerande insatser som istället skiftade fokuset mot gärningspersonen. Riskreducerande insatser består av tre komponenter i form av riskreducerande samtal med gärningspersonen, coachande samtal med brottsoffret och samverkan med förundersökningsledare. Rådande studie har genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer undersökt hur verksamma inom polismyndighetens brottsoffer- och personsäkerhetsverksamhet och förhandlarenhet upplever användningen av riskreducerande insatser i det brottsförebyggande arbetet mot våld i nära relation. Av resultatet framgick att riskreducerande samtal med gärningspersonen prioriteras i arbetet och upplevs ge goda resultat. Rutinen för de coachande samtalen med den brottsutsatta upplevdes inte vara lika etablerad men beskrevs oavsett kunna komplettera de riskreducerande samtalen. Därutöver upplevdes genomförandet av coachande samtal som meningsfullt. Det framkom dock utmaningar vid både riskreducerande och coachande samtal i att uppnå goda resultat då mottagligheten hos individen är låg. En förutsättning för att kunna genomföra framförallt riskreducerande samtal är ett godkännande från förundersökningsledaren. Samverkan med förundersökningsledaren bedömdes vara god och resultaten visade dessutom att det finns ett mervärde i att samverka med fler aktörer både internt och externt. Sammantaget upplevdes det brottsförebyggande arbetet med riskreducerande insatser fungera bra. Därtill återfanns en gemensam vilja bland deltagarna att fortsätta arbeta med och utveckla metoden. / The police have previously directed their crime prevention efforts towards the victim. In 2018, a new method called risk reducing interventions was initiated that instead shifted the focus towards the perpetrator. Risk reducing interventions consists of three components including risk reducing conversations, coaching conversations with the victim and cooperation with the person in charge of the investigation. The present study has, through five semi-structured interviews, examined how professionals active in the crime victims and personal security unit and personal security operations within the police authority experience the method in relation to crime prevention directed to intimate partner violence. Results showed that risk reducing conversations with the perpetrator was prioritized and was perceived to show good results. As for routines for the coaching conversations with the victim, they were not as established but they were described as a good compliment to the risk reducing conversations. However, there were challenges for the risk reducing conversations and coaching conversations in achieving good results when the responsivity of the individual was low. Implementing the risk reducing conversations requires an approval from the person in charge of the investigation. Cooperation with the person in charge of the investigation was assessed to be good and the results showed that internal and external cooperations give an added value. Overall, using risk reducing interventions in the crime prevention work against intimate partner violence was perceived as working well. In addition, there is a common will to continue working with the method and develop it further.

No description available.

No description available.

<p> </p><p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Problem och bakgrund: </strong>Bokföringsnämnden (BFN) har arbetat fram ett regelverk för de enskilda näringsidkare som bör implementeras från den 1 januari 2007. Syftet anses vara bland annat att underlätta den administrativa bördan. Huvudfrågan som ställs i denna studie är en undran om, till vilken grad har användbarheten av K1 regelverket för de enskilda näringsidkarna förändrat redovisningsarbetet? De andra nyckelfrågorna är, har en effektivisering skett av redovisningsarbetet samt har det lett till väsentliga kostnadsbesparingar vad gäller den administrativa bördan?</p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida K1 regelverket har förenklat den administrativa arbetsbördan för enskilda näringsidkare, samt om det skett en effektivisering av arbetet med redovisningen.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Studien tillämpar huvudsakligen den deduktiva forskningsmetoden med hjälp av statistisk datasamling. Detta innebär att studien utgår från en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med ett slumpmässigt urval av respondenter.</p><p><strong>Referensram: </strong>I studiens teoretiska referensram presenteras olika interrelaterade teorier som belyser K1 regelverkets motiv och funktion samt dess betydelse för redovisningen för de enskilda näringsidkarna i ett bredare perspektiv.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>Studiens syfte var att försöka förklara användbarheten av det nya K1 regelverket i samband med praktiken. Hur K1 regelverket har bidragit till en enklare redovisning och hur den har reducerat de administrativa kostnaderna.</p><p>Studiens resultat visar att det förenklade årsbokslutet används i väldigt liten skala bland deltagande respondenter i undersökningen. Största orsaken till att K1 regelverket inte används i den utsträckning som förväntats är bristen på information och kunskap hos de enskilda näringsidkarna om K1:s strukturella form och funktion. Då få respondenter använder sig av ett förenklat årsbokslut, blev det svårt att på ett adekvat sätt besvara hur väl det lett till att de administrativa kostnaderna har minskats.</p> / <p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Problem and background:</strong> The Swedish Accounting Standards Board (BFN) has issued a set of standards for small businesses that have been implemented since January the 1^st 2007. The purpose of these standards is to facilitate and simply the administrative burden. This study poses the question "To what extent has the usability of the K1 framework for small businesses changed the accounting workload? Has there been a streamlining of the accounting workload and has it led to significant cost savings in terms of administrative burden."</p><p><strong>Aim of this study:</strong> The aim of this study is to investigate whether the K1 framework has simplified the administrative workload for small businesses, and if it has led to a streamlining of the process of accounting.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> The study applies mostly to the deductive research method with the aid of statistical data collection. This means that the study is based on a quantitative survey of a random sample of respondents.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Frame of references:</strong> In the study's theoretical frame of reference various inter-related theories are presented, highlighting the motives behind the K1 framework as well as its functions and its importance to the workload in preparing the financial statements for sole trade businesses in a broader perspective.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study's main objective was to try to explain the usefulness of the new K1 framework in the context of its use in practice. How the K1 framework contributed to a simpler accounting and how it has reduced the administrative costs.</p><p>The results of the study show that only a small set of the respondents to the survey use the simplified annual accounts from the K1 framework. The principal reason that the K1 framework is not used to the extent expected, is due to the lack of awareness by the small businesses on the K1 framework's structural form and function. It is evident that more could have been done to widen the knowledge and information on the K1 framework. Given that only a small subset of the respondents use the simplified annual accounts from the K1 framework, it is not adequate to conclude on how well the framework has been used to lessen the administrative costs and burdens.</p>

Le soufre existe dans l’hydrosphère dans des état d’oxydation allant des sulfates (+VI) aux sulfures (-II) et incluant de nombreuses espèces à des états d'oxydation intermédiaires, telles que le soufre élémentaire (0), les thiosulfates (-I, V) et les sulfites (IV). Ces espèces en particulier sont considérées comme des intermédiaires importants dans les réactions biologiques et abiotiques qui transforment (oxydent, réduisent ou dismutent) le soufre et sont fréquemment couplées aux cycles biogéochimiques du carbone, de l’azote, de l'oxygène et du fer.Les processus du cycle du soufre sont étudiés en mesurant les concentrations des différentes espèces contenant du soufre (analyse de spéciation) et en mesurant leur rapport isotopique respectif (analyse isotopique). Des difficultés analytiques sont fréquemment rencontrées, car les espèces soufrées, notamment celles de valence intermédiaire, sont présentes en faibles concentrations et sont difficiles à isoler. Ainsi, les rapports isotopiques des espèces de valence intermédiaire sont rarement déterminés. Les études des processus du cycle du soufre gagneraient grandement à l'amélioration des méthodes de mesure des rapports isotopiques des espèces de soufre inorganiques, en particulier des espèces intermédiaires les moins abondantes.Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse s’est consacré à l’élaboration de stratégies analytiques combinant spéciation et isotopie du soufre, afin de réaliser la mesure des rapports isotopiques du soufre de plusieurs espèces inorganiques présentes simultanément dans des échantillons liquides. Une méthode de spéciation permettant de quantifier les sulfites, les sulfates et les thiosulfates par chromatographie liquide couplée à un spectromètre de masse à plasma à couplage inductif haute résolution (LC-HR-ICP-MS) a tout d’abord été mise en place. Ensuite, une approche hors-ligne a été développée pour l’analyse isotopique des sulfures, des sulfates et des thiosulfates. Elle consiste en une préparation d’échantillon par précipitation séquentielle des espèces soufrées, suivie de leur analyse par analyseur élémentaire couplé à un spectromètre de masse à rapport isotopique (EA-IRMS). Cette méthode permet de déterminer les valeurs de δ34S des sulfures, des sulfates et des thiosulfates avec des incertitudes de mesure inférieures à 0,5 ‰ pour des échantillons d’eau contenant au moins 27 µg de soufre. Cette méthode a été appliquée à l’étude d’eaux de source et d’eaux d’un aquifère profond et au suivi du fractionnement isotopique du soufre dans une culture de bactéries sulfato-réductrices.Un couplage entre séparation anionique et détection par spectromètre de masse à plasma à couplage inductif multicollecteur (LC-MC-ICP-MS) a été mis au point pour la détermination en ligne des valeurs de δ34S des sulfites, des sulfates et des thiosulfates. Cette méthode nous a permis de déterminer δ34S des sulfites, des sulfates et des thiosulfates pour des échantillons d’eau contenant 1 µg de soufre par espèce avec des incertitudes de mesure inférieures à 0,6 ‰. / Sulfur is present in the hydrosphere at oxidation states ranging from sulfate (+VI) to sulfide (-II) and including many species at intermediate oxidation states, such as elemental sulfur (0), thiosulfate (-I, V) and sulfite (IV). These species in particular are considered as important intermediates in biological and abiotic reactions (oxidation, reduction or disproportionation) involving sulfur and are frequently coupled to the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron.Sulfur cycle processes are studied by measuring the concentrations of different species containing sulfur (speciation analysis) and by measuring their respective isotope ratios (isotopic analysis). Analytical difficulties are frequently encountered because sulfur species, especially intermediate valence species, are present in low concentrations and are difficult to isolate. Thus, the isotope ratios of intermediate valence species are rarely determined. Methods for measuring isotope ratios of inorganic sulfur species, particularly the least abundant intermediate species, would be a great assistance in deciphering sulfur cycle processes.In this context, this thesis work was devoted to the development of analytical strategies combining speciation and isotopic analysis of sulfur, in order to measure sulfur isotope ratios of several inorganic species that can be simultaneously present in liquid samples. First, a speciation method for quantifying sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LC-HR-ICP-MS) was set up. Then, an off-line approach was developed for the isotopic analysis of sulfide, sulfate and thiosulfate. It consisted of a sample preparation by sequential precipitation of the sulfur species, followed by elemental analyzer coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) analysis. This method made it possible to determine the δ34S values of sulfide, sulfate and thiosulfate with measurement uncertainties below 0.5 ‰ for water samples containing at least 27 µg of sulfur. This method has been applied to the study of spring waters and deep aquifer waters and the monitoring of isotopic fractionation of sulfur in a culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria.Moreover, an on-line analytical method coupling anionic separation and detection by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LC-MC-ICP-MS) has been developed for the determination of δ34S values of sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate. This method allowed us to determine δ34S of sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate for water samples containing as little as 1 µg of sulfur per species with measurement uncertainties below 0.6 ‰.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da sulfetogênese sobre a produção de metano em reator anaeróbio de leito fixo ordenado tratando água residuária orgânica contendo sulfato. A escolha dessa configuração de reator foi devida à possibilidade de manutenção de uma área transversal de escoamento na zona reacional, o que minimiza diversos problemas oriundos da colmatação do leito por acúmulo de polímeros extracelulares e sólidos suspensos nos interstícios do material suporte. Foram utilizados dois sistemas em paralelo com as mesmas características operacionais e alimentados com água residuária sintética simulando alguns componentes da fração solúvel da vinhaça, e matéria orgânica constituída por uma mistura de sacarose, etanol e fenol. Um dos reatores recebeu adição de sulfato apenas como fonte de enxofre requerido pela digestão anaeróbia e o outro recebeu dosagem de sulfato para relações DQO/Sulfato de 3 a 5. O estudo se estendeu por 7 fases operacionais distintas. A concentração afluente de matéria orgânica variou de 800 para 1000, 2000 e 4000 mg.L-1. O tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) foi de 24 h. Na última fase operacional (com carga orgânica aplicada de 4 g.L-1.dia-1) as eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica chegaram a cerca de 97% no reator metanogênico e de 96% no reator sulfetogênico. Este último também obteve eficiências de remoção de sulfato da ordem de 97% nessa fase (com relação DQO/Sulfato de 3 e concentração afluente de sulfato de 1300 mg.L-1), chegando ao máximo de 99% de remoção em alguns dias de operação. No sistema sulfetogênico a relação DQO/Sulfato que proporcionou maiores eficiências de remoção combinada de matéria orgânica e sulfato, com maior geração de alcalinidade, foi de 3 gDQO/gSO42-. Os reatores metanogênico e sulfetogênico apresentaram rendimentos de metano próximos ao longo do tempo, tendo o sistema sulfetogênico apresentado rendimento de metano superior ao alcançado pelo sistema metanogênico em alguns dias da operação. Na última fase os rendimentos médios de metano obtidos foram, nas CNTP, da ordem de 320 mLCH4/gDQOremovida no reator sulfetogênico, e da ordem de 315 mLCH4/gDQOremovida no reator metanogênico. Esses resultados não indicaram inibição significativa da atividade metanogênica sob as condições impostas no sistema sulfetogênico, viabilizando a recuperação de energia pelo aproveitamento do metano. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of sulphidogenesis on methane production in structured bed anaerobic reactor treating organic wastewater containing sulphate. Choosing this setting reactor was due to the possibility of maintaining a crosssectional area of flow in the reaction zone, which minimizes several problems caused by the clogging of the bed by accumulation of extracellular polymers and suspended solid in the interstices of support material. Two parallel systems were used with the same operational features and fed with synthetic wastewater simulating some compounds of the soluble fraction of vinasse, and organic matter constituted by a mixture of sucrose, ethanol and phenol. One reactor received sulphate just as a source of sulfur required for anaerobic digestion and another one received sulphate dosage for COD/Sulphate ratios from 3 to 5. Seven distinct operational phases were tested. The influent concentration of organic matter ranged from 800 to 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg.L-1. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 24 h. In the last step (with organic loading rate of 4 g.L-1.day-1) the efficiencies of organic matter removal were around 97% in the methanogenic reactor and 96% in sulfidogenic reactor. The last one also achieved efficiencies of sulphate removal close to 97% in this phase (COD/Sulphate ratio of 3 and influent sulphate concentration of 1300 mg.L-1), reaching a maximum removal of 99% in some operational days. The COD/Sulphate ratio in sulfidogenic system that showed higher efficiencies of combined removal of organic matter and sulphate, with higher generation of alkalinity, was 3 gCOD/gSO42-. The methanogenic and sulfidogenic reactors showed similar values of methane yield, having the sulfidogenic system presented higher methane yield than achieved by methanogenic system at some operational days. In the last phase the average yields of methane obtained, at NTP, were around 320 mLCH4/gCODremoved in the sulfidogenic reactor, and around 315 mLCH4/gCODremoved in the methanogenic reactor. These results indicated no significant inhibition of methanogenic activity under the conditions imposed in sulfidogenic system, enabling energy recovery by use of produced methane.

Nos últimos anos, novas tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas para a redução da emissão de gás carbônico, um dos principais causadores do efeito estufa. Na indústria de ferro e aço, grande emissora de gás carbônico, tecnologias para uso mais eficiente de carvão fóssil tem sido desenvolvidas. Uma dessas tecnologias é o produto chamado de CCB (Carbon Composite Iron Ore Hot Briquette), um composto de minério de ferro e carbono briquetado a quente que usa a plasticidade térmica do carvão fóssil como aglomerante para aumento da resistência mecânica do aglomerado. Esse produto tem como vantagens a alta velocidade de reação e alta resistência mecânica a altas temperaturas, diferentemente das pelotas autorredutores que usam aglomerantes inorgânicos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) propor um método para a fabricação de aglomerados autorredutores de minério de ferro e carvão fóssil via briquetagem a frio seguida de tratamento térmico; (b) identificar a principais variáveis de processo de fabricação; e (c) estudar o comportamento cinético durante a redução dos briquetes produzidos. Para fabricar os briquetes foram utilizados dois métodos de briquetagem, um em matriz cilíndrica de compressão uniaxial, e outro em prensa de rolos. Foram identificadas as principais variáveis de processo na fabricação dos briquetes: temperatura de tratamento térmico; tamanho de partícula dos componentes da mistura; características do carvão fóssil; pressão de compressão na conformação dos briquetes; proporção dos componentes; e taxa de aquecimento do tratamento térmico. A qualidade dos briquetes foi mensurada por sua resistência à compressão. Foi observado que a obtenção de um briquete autorredutor comparável com os CCBs, deve levar em conta as seguintes condições de fabricação: (a) tamanho de partícula do carvão fóssil entre 0,105 e 0,053 mm (150 e 270 mesh); (b) quantidade de carvão fóssil na mistura entre 25 e 30% em peso; e (c) temperatura de tratamento térmico de 500°C. Além disso, quanto maior a taxa de aquecimento do tratamento térmico, maior a resistência à compressão dos briquetes. A cinética de redução dos briquetes autorredutores tratados termicamente é bastante sensível à temperatura (E = 369 kJ/mol), principalmente quando comparada a pelotas autorredutoras de minério de ferro e carvão vegetal (E 200 kJ/mol). / In recent years, new technologies have been developed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect. Innovative energy saving technologies have been developed to improve the efficiency of coal usage, especially in the iron making industry, which emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. One of these technologies is a product known as CCB (Carbon Composite Iron Ore Hot Briquette), a self-reducing carbon composite iron ore that uses the thermal plasticity of coking coals as a binder to enhance the mechanical strength of the agglomerate. This product has advantages such as high reaction rate and high mechanical strength at high temperatures when compared against self-reducing pellets that uses inorganic binders. The objectives of this study are: (a) to propose a method for manufacturing composite briquettes of iron ore and coal hardened by heat treatment; (b) to identify the main process variables of the fabrication; and (c) to study the agglomerate reduction kinetics. Two methods of briquetting have been employed, one using a cylindrical die and the other using a laboratory roller press. The main process variables for manufacturing the briquettes have been identified: the heat treatment temperature; the particle size of the components; the coal characteristics; the briquetting pressure; the proportion of the components; and the heating rate. Compressive strength tests have been performed. It was observed that obtaining a self-reducing briquette as strong as the CCB should consider the following fabrication conditions: (a) coal particle size between 0,105 and 0,053 mm (150 and 270 mesh); (b) coal amount in the mixture between 25 and 30 wt%; and (c) heat treatment temperature of 500°C. Also, higher heating rates showed higher briquette compressive strengths. The self-reducing briquettes reduction kinetics are very sensitive to temperature (E = 369 kJ/mol), especially when compared against self-reducing pellets of iron ore and charcoal (E 200 kJ/mol).