Obesity negatively affects quality of life of children and its high prevalence is a global problem. Obesity is a multifactorial disease, whose formation influence genetic and exogenous factors. Exogenous factors can act directly on obese individuals and can be defined by the markers of personal history, or may act within the family and then they are define by the markers of family history. The health risks associated with obesity are high and therefore you need to focus on the treatment of obesity in childhood. In childhood it is still possible to change unhealthy habits and lifestyle. The aim of this work is to describe the relationship of severity of obesity of obese children in the selected data from their personal and family history and analyze the success of reducing treatment of children in dependence selected aspects of their personal and family history. Monitored set includes 398 girls and 216 boys aged 6 to 18 years who were examined anthropometric at the beginning and in the end of the stay in the hospital, Dr. Philip in Poděbrady, and whose parents responded to the survey questions for parents of obese children. Data where colected between years 2000 and 2010. The following parameters were monitored: body weight, body height, BMI, skinfolds thickness, circumferential and width parameters...

Electric pumps are extensively used in many industrial and commercial applications worldwide and account for about twenty percent of the world’s electrical energy demand. The useful energy consumed by the pumps is less than what they demand due to inefficiency caused by a number of reasons including the mismatch between the rated operating conditions and their actual operating conditions. Some studies including those done by the US Department of Energy, show that as much as 30-50% of energy consumed by pumping systems could be saved through equipment and control changes in the pumping systems.   Zambia, like many countries, faces an electricity shortage. Improving energy efficiency in pumping related operations can help save electricity costs and thus promote sustainable development and ultimately reduce global warming. This document discusses various methods of reducing pumping related electricity costs which can be categorised under either mechanical or electrical methods.  Preliminary energy audits on some pumping infrastructure for three water utility companies in Zambia were carried out and results showed various opportunities for saving electricity costs. Detailed study on selected pumping infrastructure revealed that as much as fifty four (54%) electricity cost savings could result at one pump station by correcting the operating points of pumps such that the Best Efficiency Points (BEP) on the pump characteristic curves matched the pumping system head requirements. / <p>Interactive presentation was done via Skype</p>

This project was compiled in co-operation with the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm and Veolia Environmental Services (Australia) at the Woodlawn Bioreactor in NSW, Australia. Hydrogen sulphide is an unwanted component of landfill gas, raising occupational health and safety concerns, whilst leading to acid gas corrosion of power generation equipment and increased emissions of SOx, a primary constituent of acidification. Australian governmental requirements to place a periodic cover over the unused proportion of the tipping surface of landfills and bioreactors create an interesting opportunity for the removal of the hydrogen sulphide component of landfill gas. Using waste materials containing a high concentration of metals as waste cover can enhance the precipitation of sulphur in the form of metal sulphides. The reduction of sulphate via sulphate reducing bacteria is prevalent in sites that have a sizeable inflow of sulphate. The Woodlawn Bioreactor is located in an area where the influence of sulphate has a critical influence of bioreactor performance and production of hydrogen sulphide. Through a series of experimental bioreactors it was established that from the use of metalliferous periodic waste covers, the hydrogen sulphide component of landfill gas was maintained at an extremely low level when compared to the levels of hydrogen sulphide produced in waste under the influence of high sulphate loads with no waste cover. / www.ima.kth.se

Bakgrund: Oro och ångest är ett vanligt förekommande problem hos patienter som inväntar operation. Sjuksköterskan har till uppgift att uppmärksamma och identifiera patientens individuella behov preoperativt men ansvarar även för att stötta, lugna och trösta patienten utifrån hans eller hennes behov. Oro och ångest kan yttra sig fysiskt såväl som psykiskt och dessa oroskänslor orsakar ett lidande för patienten samtidigt som det ökar risken för ett sämre postoperativt förlopp. Syfte: Att belysa patienters värderingar av omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan lindra preoperativ oro och ångest som är relevanta för den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan att använda sig av. Metod: För att besvara valt syfte gjordes en litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Sökningarna genomfördes i PubMed och CINAHL. Resultatet baserades på tio kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som belyste preoperativ oro och ångest inför ett elektivt kirurgiskt ingrepp. Resultat: Studierna i resultatet belyste ett antal olika patientperspektiv och värderingar på de omvårdnadsåtgärder som visat sig lindra preoperativ oro och ångest. Resultatet mynnade ut i tre huvudkategorier där olika värderingar belystes; patienters tillgång till information, användandet av musik och relationsfördjupning mellan vårdgivare och patient för att stärka patientens egenmakt pre- och postoperativt. I resultatet beskrivs även vilka åtgärder som inte haft någon effekt alternativt orsakat patienten oroskänslor preoperativt. Slutsats: Utökad information utformad på patientens villkor, användandet av musik preoperativt och att arbeta enligt Peplau’s relationsfördjupande modell är kliniskt tillämpbara verktyg som kan gynna patienten och lindra preoperativ oro och ångest. / Background: Preoperative anxiety is a common issue among patients undergoing surgery. The nurse has a responsibility to be attentive and identify the patient's individual needs before surgery. It is important that the patient is supported, reassured and comforted by the nurse based on his or her needs. Anxiety and worry can manifest themselves physically as well as mentally and these feelings cause suffering for the patient as well as an increased risk of a negative postoperative outcome. Purpose: The aim was to investigate the impact of different nursing measures on a patient’s preoperative anxiety and explain how patient values these measures. The measures are intended to be relevant and applicable to nurses. Method: The study was designed as a quantitative literature review. The search was conducted through the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The result is based on ten quantitative articles that include discussion of preoperative anxiety for patients undergoing an elective surgical procedure. Result: The nursing measures that were shown to reduce preoperative anxiety can be split into three categories; a patient’s access to information, the use of music, and a relationship development between the caregiver and patient in order to empower the patient both pre- and postoperatively. The measures were also examined to show which interventions didn’t have an effect or worse – caused the patient distress. Conclusion: Increased access to information on the patient’s terms, the use of pre-operative music, and working with Peplau’s relationship model are nursing measures which can be applied within the working environment in order to benefit patients in reducing preoperative worry and anxiety.

Magister Legum - LLM / It has been held that agricultural domestic support would not be such a contentious issue if its only effect was the benefit of local farmers, but this is not the case.1 It was found that several forms of domestic support have the effect of distorting the patterns of agricultural production and trade at an international level, leaving non-supported farmers elsewhere worse off.2 It was thus concluded that such support measures may indeed nullify the benefits which accrue from trade liberalisation and explains how the AoA3 regulates these measures in a way that reduces their trade distorting effects.4 It has been noted that the agricultural sector only accounted for a small percentage of the developed world's Gross Domestic Product {GDP}, yet the regulation of international agricultural trade was not an easy task.5 Smith explains that numerous attempts were made to implement some form of regulation, including a half-hearted effort in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the subsequent AoA upon the creation of the WTO in 1995.6 According to Smith, the successful regulation of international agricultural trade remained elusive, despite Desta MG and McMahon JA explain that the WTO is not very concerned with countries that provide domestic support to their agricultural sectors, as this only matters to the extent that it hopes for liberalising trade in the sector.7 affects trade in that sector.8 It is further observed that the AoA balances out the freedom to provide domestic support with the need to reduce or eliminate the trade distortive effects thereof and note that the AoA has essentially made all forms of domestic support more transparent and easier to deal with.9 A party is therefore unlikely to be challenged, successfully, if domestic support is given in accordance with the provisions of the AoA.10 The aforementioned views only seem to address the merits of the AoA and the way in which it regulates the use of agricultural subsidies. It should however be noted that the literature fails to address the fact that the WTO has not enforced the provisions of the AoA very effectively against the EU and the USA, in light of the continued misuse of subsidies within both parties. In this regard it must be ascertained whether the WTO should impose stricter penalties as a means to deter its member states, especially the EU and USA, from using subsidies in an abusive way. In addition to this, it must be determined which types of penalties can and should be imposed.

Early avoidable 30-day post discharge readmission among patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with poor transition care processes. The purpose of this project was to analyze organizational system processes for admission and discharge transition care of patients diagnosed with COPD to identify key intervention strategies that could decrease the rate of 30-day post-discharge readmission by 1%. The project used the transitional care model as the framework to target specific care transition needs and create patient-centered, supportive, evidence-based relationships among the patient, the providers, the community, and the health care system to identify key intervention strategies for implementation. A retrospective chart review was conducted of transitional care management and care coordination practices of providers of patients diagnosed with COPD. Analysis of the data revealed that the local regional organization used a single, generic, computerized discharge planning and care transition process for patients diagnosed with COPD. As a result, missed opportunities to target a patient's specific care needs led to higher rates of readmission. The implications of the findings of this project for social change include identification of evidence-based recommendations and practices that could influence clinician practices and improve patient outcomes and the quality of health care delivery.

The aim of the thesis is design posibility for speed increasing and reduce traveling time of the trains between Brno and Znojmo and so demonstrate railway competitive ability. In the thesis is design of reconstruction alignement and vertical profile of railway track including line relocation in some sections for reach traveling time under one hour. The thesis include the assessment of traveling time and investment costs.

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Bakgrund: Majoriteten av de personer som genomgått ett amputationsingrepp drabbas av fantomsmärta. Trots att fantomsmärta är ett vanligt fenomen inom denna patientgrupp så är det ofta missförstått och det föreligger problem förknippade med hanteringen av fantomsmärtor. Tidigare forskning har visat inkonsekventa resultat som varierar från en forskare till en annan och komplexiteten med fantomsmärta har lett till behandlingsresultat med varierande effekt. I första hand har farmakologisk behandling använts, men många patienters smärta förblir refraktär mot farmakologiska medel och kräver därför andra alternativ. En alternativ behandling som först föreslogs i början på 1990-talet i vårdandet av fantomsmärta är spegelterapi. Spegelterapi kan användas som en omvårdnadsåtgärd för att smärtlindra fantomsmärtor och ska minska den amputerade kroppsdelens smärta.Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie är att belysa effekten av spegelterapi som en omvårdnadsåtgärd för smärtlindring av fantomsmärtor.Metod: Metoden som använts är systematisk databassökning i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Litteraturstudien baseras på 10 vetenskapliga studier med kvantitativ studiedesign.Resultat: Litteraturstudiens syfte blev besvarat och kunde fastställa att spegelterapi har en smärtlindrande effekt för fantomsmärtor. Ett bifynd var att interventionen även bidrar till enförbättrad livskvalitet. Således delades resultatet in i två huvudteman: Spegelterapins smärtlindrande effekt utifrån olika smärtskattningsskalor samt påverkan på livskvaliteten. De frågor som ställts är om spegelterapi är en omvårdnadsåtgärd som kan användas i praktiken.Konklusion: Spegelterapi har en smärtlindrande effekt och minskar fantomsmärtor. Ett bifynd var att interventionen även bidrar till en förbättrad livskvalitet samt ökar välmåendet hos amputerade personer som lider av fantomsmärtor. Spegelterapi hade kunnat användas i praktiken efter att ha blivit optimerad och där en standardmetod för spegelterapi tagits fram. Däremot krävs det vidare forskning om spegelterapi. / Background: The majority of amputees suffer from phantom pain. Although phantom pain isa common phenomenon, it is often misunderstood and there are often problems with themanagement of phantom pain. Previous research has shown inconsistent results that varyfrom one researcher to another. The complexity with phantom limb pain has led to treatmentresults with varying effects. Primarily pharmaceuticals have been the main treatment. But many patients' discomfort still remains and the need for alternative treatment options isimperative. One alternative treatment is mirror therapy which was first suggested in thebeginning of the 1990’s century. Mirror therapy is supposed to reduce the phantom limb pain.Aim: The aim of this literature review is to highlight the effect of mirror therapy as a nursing treatment for reducing phantom limb pain.Method: The method that is used is a systematic database search in PubMed and Cinahl. The literature study is based on 10 scientific articles with a quantitative study design.Result: The literature study proved that mirror therapy is effective for reducing phantom limb pain. A secondary finding was the improvement of quality of life. Therefore the result was divided into two main themes: Change in phantom pain based on different pain assessment scales and the impact on the quality of life. Questions that were asked are whether mirror therapy is an intervention that can be used in the treatment of the phenomenon.Conclusion: Mirror therapy does reduce phantom pain in amputees. A secondary finding was that the intervention also contributes to a better quality of life and increases the well-being for the amputee. Mirror therapy could be practically applied after a standard method has been produced. However, further research is needed on mirror therapy.