Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Geography and Environmental Studies University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies January 2017. / Political transformations in most developing nations have been accompanied by vast land claims by indigenous communities who were forcibly detached from their traditional land during colonisation and apartheid-like dispensations. In the context of sub-Saharan African countries (including South Africa), the need for land reform has been aggravated by the great scarcity of farmland. However, most of the reclaimed land is in areas pursuing conservation activities. Now, caught between owning the land and pursuing conservation as a land use option to improve livelihood; local communities have tended to form partnerships and collaborations with external stakeholders in managing communally owned natural resources. Collaborative management is perceived as a sustainable route in governing common pool natural resources in re-claimed areas. It is in this regard, that this research aims at establishing the role to which social capital can be instrumental in promoting sustainable governance in co-managed community game reserves in Kwa-Zulu Natal. This study follows a case study approach, with Zondi and Gumbi communities in Umvoti and uPhongolo Districts of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa respectively being used to obtain empirical evidence. Two basic criteria were taken into consideration in selecting appropriate case study areas to attain the aim of the study. Firstly, whether the area had successfully claimed the land and secondly, if there were collaborative efforts from different stakeholders in managing available common resources. To ensure equal representation, research participants were drawn from households, community leaders, conservation organisations and policy makers from the government. This study’s methodological positionality is interpretive in nature, and its operational framework base is qualitative research. It therefore uses a number of qualitative techniques in an attempt to establish the role of social capital in governing Somkhanda (in Gumbi) and Ngome (in Zondi) Community Game Reserves. For instance, systemic-resilience thinking and socio-ecological learning approaches were used to analyse the participatory relationship and effects in managing community natural resources in Gumbi and Zondi communities. It has been revealed in this study that the key to successful collaborative environmental management projects revolves around issues of participation, transparency, reciprocity and effective communication. These elements are important ingredients in building strong social capital. Community social cohesion builds trust between internal and external actors, especially in communities that were once subjected to various forms of segregation and corrupt systems of governance. The presence of trust in managing common pool resources ensures effective stakeholder participation as well as involvement in decision making processes. Furthermore, the evidence from this study suggests that the frequent exclusion of rural populations from participation in processes with a direct influence on their lives, undermines efforts to pursue Community-Based Ecotourism. More profoundly, the study found that, as an analytical tool, social capital seems to provide a dynamic and holistic explanatory approach to the pursuance of Community-Based Ecotourism in land-claimed communities, compared with the dominant evaluative techniques in the tourism field. Another important practical implication is that social capital can be used to promote the analysis of communities as heterogeneous and evolving, as opposed to the assumptions of their homogeneity and static state. There is a strong possibility that social capital can also address power-relations, social exclusion and inequality, through consideration of both structural and cognitive indicators. The findings from this study make several contributions to the body of knowledge. Firstly, they provide a better understanding of social capital variables influencing community participation in conservation activities. This is of use when designing or developing future Collaborative Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CCBNRM) projects. Secondly, from a broader perspective, the study advises policy makers not to ignore related community policies which might impact community participation in CCBNRMs. This is essential in considering the direction of future conservation and rural development policy. Thirdly, they provide a framework for empowering local people and their communities to enhance participation in CCBNRM. In view of this, a binding conclusion can be made that social capital can be a vehicle through which the accumulation of different forms of capital can be achieved and contribute towards sustainable environmental management. / MT2017

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Maria Santana Carvalho.pdf: 1773545 bytes, checksum: 572d1633886fe67d1c1c9e04035fcc25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / This thesis is about the Reform of the State Apparatus, known as Managerial Reform of the State in Brazil, that was performed in the first Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, at Bresser-Pereira s leadership. It s an empirical work about the conception, negociation and implementation of the Reform of the State Apparatus, and identifies the political actors and political arenas, facilitators factors and challenges faced along the way. Finally, it is discussed its results towards the republican rights / Esta tese é sobre a Reforma do Aparelho do Estado, conhecida como Reforma Gerencial do Estado no Brasil, que foi empreendida no primeiro mandato de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) na Presidência da República, sob a liderança de Bresser-Pereira. Trata-se de trabalho empírico sobre a concepção, negociação e implementação da reforma do aparelho do Estado, identificando seus atores políticos e arenas, fatores facilitadores e desafios enfrentados no decorrer desse processo. Ao final, é discutido o que significa a reforma gerencial para a afirmação da quarta geração de direitos dos cidadãos, denominada direito à res pública, mediante o controle social, a eficiência e eficácia das políticas públicas implementadas pelo Estado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Maria Santana Carvalho.pdf: 1773545 bytes, checksum: 572d1633886fe67d1c1c9e04035fcc25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / This thesis is about the Reform of the State Apparatus, known as Managerial Reform of the State in Brazil, that was performed in the first Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, at Bresser-Pereira s leadership. It s an empirical work about the conception, negociation and implementation of the Reform of the State Apparatus, and identifies the political actors and political arenas, facilitators factors and challenges faced along the way. Finally, it is discussed its results towards the republican rights / Esta tese é sobre a Reforma do Aparelho do Estado, conhecida como Reforma Gerencial do Estado no Brasil, que foi empreendida no primeiro mandato de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) na Presidência da República, sob a liderança de Bresser-Pereira. Trata-se de trabalho empírico sobre a concepção, negociação e implementação da reforma do aparelho do Estado, identificando seus atores políticos e arenas, fatores facilitadores e desafios enfrentados no decorrer desse processo. Ao final, é discutido o que significa a reforma gerencial para a afirmação da quarta geração de direitos dos cidadãos, denominada direito à res pública, mediante o controle social, a eficiência e eficácia das políticas públicas implementadas pelo Estado

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2005 / Refer to the abstract

p. 1-300 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-29T18:26:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 5555555555.pdf: 1083860 bytes, checksum: 204d78a0d8fb5313232e478fba316c97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:35:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 5555555555.pdf: 1083860 bytes, checksum: 204d78a0d8fb5313232e478fba316c97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5555555555.pdf: 1083860 bytes, checksum: 204d78a0d8fb5313232e478fba316c97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Passados 20 anos da 8ª. Conferência Nacional de Saúde e três décadas da fundação do Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde, justifica-se uma análise sobre o projeto, processo e perspectivas da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira. Desse modo, o objetivo da presente investigação é analisar a emergência e o desenvolvimento de uma Reforma Sanitária numa formação social capitalista, seus fundamentos e características, discutindo os desafios da práxis. Partindo de quatro tipos de práxis e de mudanças em sociedades - reforma parcial, reforma geral, movimentos políticos revolucionários e revolução social total - defende-se a tese segundo a qual a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira, como fenômeno social e histórico, constitui uma reforma social. O estudo tem como hipótese que a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira, embora proposta como práxis de reforma geral e teorizada para alcançar a revolução do modo de vida, apresentaria como desfecho uma reforma parcial - setorial e institucional. Realizou-se um estudo de caso, a partir de pesquisa documental, em duas conjunturas, tendo como componente descritivo o ciclo idéia-proposta-projeto-movimento-processo e, como componente explanatório, a análise do desenvolvimento da sociedade brasileira, recorrendo ao referencial "gramsciano", particularmente as categorias de revolução passiva e transformismo. Os resultados apontam para uma reforma parcial cuja práxis tenderia à manipulação político-ideológica na medida em que aponta para mudanças, mas mantém o status quo. Equivale ao binômio alusão-ilusão presente nas práticas ideológicas, quando alude aos problemas de saúde e da organização dos serviços e ilude quanto à solução. Procura-se acentuar a relevância do elemento jacobino no caso de uma Reforma Democrática da Saúde, cuja radicalização da democracia contribuiria para a alteração da correlação de forças, desequilibrando o binômio conservação-mudança em benefício do segundo e conferindo um caráter mais progressista para a revolução passiva. Esta poderia, devidamente compreendida, compor um critério para os novos sujeitos sociais constituídos mudarem a direção do transformismo. / Salvador

The introduction of the first democratic Constitution and the land reform programme in South ' Africa provided the impetus for the development of a new perception of property. In terms of the traditional private law perception property rights are reduced to abstract, scientific concepts which form part of a hierarchical system of rationally and logically related concepts and definitions, the relationships between which remain largely unaffected by social and political realities. In this view the constitutional property clause is interpreted as a guarantee of existing individual property rights against unwarranted state interference. Proponents of the traditional private law view argue that this perception of property need not be replaced by a new constitutional perception of property, because the traditional private law perception is legitimated by the fact that it developed in an uninterrupted, linear line from Roman law. It is regarded as flexible enough to adapt to new and different social and political circumstances. However, the truth is that the development of property rights was disrupted by a number of discontinuities or fundamental breaks in different periods of its development. It is argued in this thesis that the introduction of the new constitutional order in South Africa can be regarded as another of these discontinuities, and that the strict adherence to the private law perception of property may be abandoned in favour of a new debate on property where the social and political function of property is emphasised more strongly. Land reform promotes the public interest in that it ensures the equitable use, distribution and exploitation of property. In most cases the implementation of land reform necessitates the limitation of property rights. A conservative judiciary's adherence to the traditional private law perception of property may lead to a constitutional conflict between the judiciary (that aims to afford existing property rights strong constitutional protection) and the legislature (that aims to promote the public interest by implementing land reform). Such a constitutional conflict can be avoided if the South African courts adopt an approach in terms of which the social and political role and function of property in society is recognised. / Private Law / LL.D.

China’s rise and Russia’s fall shape today’s global political economy. This new great divergence originates from the different policies pursued in the transition from a command economy. Russia applied a ‘big-bang’ doctrine with rapid price liberalisation at its core. In contrast, a policy of experimentalist gradualism manifested in the dual track price system (DTPS) laid the foundations for China’s economic success. But the Chinese reform approach was highly contested in the 1980s and China came close to implementing a big bang. My dissertation sheds light on this critical crossroads by asking on what intellectual grounds China escaped a big bang in price reform; or to turn the question positively, on what intellectual grounds the DTPS was defended against the plans to implement a big bang. To derive an answer, the first part presents the broad historical and theoretical context of the 1980s Chinese price reform debate. In particular, I analyse the ancient Chinese tradition of price regulation, the US price control experience and controversies during and after the Second World War, and the Chinese Communists’ price policies in the Maoist period. Against this background, the second part conducts an in-depth study of the 1980s price reform debate drawing on more than 50 interviews with Chinese and foreign economists, previously unexplored archival evidence and a wealth of Chinese sources. I show that the DTPS emerged from bureaucratic practices and was justified by large-scale empirical research efforts conducted by young intellectuals, who had gained influence through their contribution to rural reform. In contrast, I find that the big bang reform approach was introduced to China by Eastern European émigré scholars and Western economists, and was promoted by a group of Chinese academic economists. I demonstrate how the DTPS was grounded in a pragmatic philosophy of economic policy-making deeply rooted in China’s bureaucratic tradition, which prevailed over the idealist stance underlying the panacea of a big bang.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_BernardJosePereira_D.pdf: 237746178 bytes, checksum: c8b687c59181028ae9b20d2746b37324 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O período que antecede o golpe militar de 1964 foi marcado por profundas tensões sociais no campo brasileiro, com a intensa participação de grupos organizados demandando projetos de reforma agrária e acesso a direitos. Esta pesquisa propõe uma análise entre diferentes formas de luta colocadas em prática nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Pernambuco entre o final da década de 1950 e início de 1960. O estado gaúcho foi palco de uma série de mobilizações que foram legitimadas pelas ações promovidas especialmente durante o governo de Leonel Brizola (1959-1963), por meio do recurso aos dispositivos legais existentes na Constituição do estado. Em Pernambuco emergiram as Ligas Camponesas, movimento que corporificou grande parte a luta pela reforma agrária no país à época, sedimentando espaço para o avanço de medidas como a sindicalização dos trabalhadores rurais, implantada durante o curto governo de Miguel Arraes (1963-1964). Assim, a tese busca apontar como diferentes formas de enfrentamento dos problemas no campo contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a consolidação de instrumentos de luta que se mantiveram como fonte de resistência, mesmo depois do avanço da repressão imposta pelo regime militar / Abstract: The period before the military coup of 1964 was marked by profound social tensions in the Brazilian rural area, with the active participation of organized groups demanding land reform projects and access to rights. This research proposes an analysis of different forms of struggle put into practice in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco between the late 1950s and early 1960s. The gaucho state was the scene for a series of demonstrations that were legitimized by the actions promoted especially during the administration of Leonel Brizola (1959-1963), by using existing legal provisions in the state constitution. In the state of Pernambuco emerged the Peasant Leagues (Ligas Canponesas), a movement that embodied much of the struggle for land reform in the country at the time, settling room for advanced measures, such as the unionization of agricultural workers, introduced in the short government of Miguel Arraes (1963-1964). Thus, the thesis seeks to identify how different ways of coping with problems in the rural area contributed directly or indirectly to the consolidation of instruments of struggle that remained as a source of strength even after the advance of repression imposed by the military regime / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

This thesis is a social psychological approach to youth empowerment and social change in urban African contexts. Over a period of 22 months, 39 young people from Dar es Salaam and Soweto participated in a community‐based initiative called Shooting Horizons. The aim of the project was to engage young people in a process of critical consciousness and social action to represent themselves and their communities through their own words and images using Photovoice methodology. Six Photovoice workshops, involving a total of 23 young women and 16 young men, took place in multiple sites, two youth centres in Dar es Salaam and one in Soweto. The data was collected through multiple methods, including a series of 37 photo‐stories, 6 focus groups on development and social change, a record of daily discussion groups, and 1 focus group and 10 individual interviews post‐project. Emerging from the narrative positions of the participants, the project affirms the different directions for living envisaged by young people and promotes alternatives to the stigmatization of young people and their communities by the grand discourses and practices of development. Through a social psychological lens, I explore the impact that stigmatizing representations of development have on individual and social identities in order to make sense of the contradictions and ambiguities that it presents for enacting social change. I argue that a community empowerment framework, supported by an agenda of resistance to the exclusionary discourses and practices of development, can overcome some of the complex mechanisms of power that lead to oppressive social stratifications. The analysis observes the politics of knowledge and recognition in constructing social identities and building social capital to open up spaces for alternatives within the limitations of these particular contexts. The findings of this study consistently refer to how ‘difference’ is imbued in the narratives of young people and the need to address the gendered and racialized beliefs that contribute to participants’ internalized and victimising perspectives and that constrain processes of social change. Recommendations include practical, concrete, and innovative methods for urban African youth to engage in initiatives that suit their own development interests within a social psychological approach to empowerment that redefines community as a space of inbetweens, a citizenry of people sharing common interests and different agendas.

The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the potential benefits of affiliation with nature on British and Greek secondary school students’ positive functioning, and the variations in relation to climate and geography conditions. Particular emphasis is given on the role of schools' environmental education programs and activities. Following the contemporary positive psychology theory, we have focused on two main well-being conceptualizations: (i) the hedonic (or so-called subjective well-being), i.e. life satisfaction/happiness, and (ii) the eudaimonic, i.e. personal growth/flourishing life. A wide range of objective and subjective indicators have been used to represent various environmental parameters. The subjective indicators include students’ perceptions about the surrounding environment, their experiential exposure to nature (participation in outdoor sports, excursions to nature, etc.), environmental attitudes, values and knowledge, while the objective indicators assess the local climate and geographical characteristics, such as average annual temperature, wind and precipitation, altitude, distance from sea, rural vs. urban areas, and local environmental conditions, such as air pollution, proximity to heavy industries and airports, and proximity to areas of outstanding natural beauty. The study employs a quantitative survey approach (paper and internet based) to collect cross-sectional data from various lower and upper secondary schools across the two countries. A sample of 3614 students (aged between 14 and 19 years old) from 94 Greek secondary schools and 527 students (aged between 12 and 19 years old) from 15 English secondary schools have been collected during the academic years 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. The statistical analysis is mainly based on OLS and ordered logistic regressions with clustered standard errors, to control for intraclass correlation among the respodents. The findings highlight the significant effect of connectedness with nature on subjective and eudaimonic well-being, and the beneficial role of environmental education in promoting overall life satisfaction, school satisfaction and eudaimonia, either directly or indirectly through the enhancement of connectedness with nature.