This dissertation comprises two essays. The unifying theme is the evaluation of non-pecuniary (information or norm based messages) conservation programs. These types of policies are widely applied in developing and developed countries to promote conservation, however, their empirical evidence and their effectiveness are not well documented. Each chapter examines some methodological facets of the heterogeneity of non-pecuniary conservation programs and the reliability of non-experimental methods (program evaluation and econometric techniques) to evaluate treatment effects in the context of non-pecuniary conservation programs.

Sammanfattning Inom äldreomsorgen ses ibland de äldre sitta ensamma tomt stirrandes. Funderingar kan uppstå om den äldre individen känner livskvalitet. Forskning visar att vad som ger livskvalitet är individuellt, det är därför viktigt att ta hänsyn till individens uppfattning om vad som ger livskvalitet.  Denna kvalitativa studies syfte var att beskriva hur äldre personer som bor i särskilt boende upplever sin livskvalitet. Resultatet bygger på tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer analyserade enligt Granheim & Lundmans metod. Till intervjuerna användes en semistrukturerad frågeguide med 8 öppna frågor.   Ett strategiskt urval användes för studien där inklusionskriterierna var att informanterna skulle vara över 80 år, svensktalande, boende på ett servicehus i Mellansverige som drivs i kommunal regi. Informanterna skulle även vara orienterade till tid, rum och tidigare yrkeserfarenhet var oviktig. Resultat visar att relationen till personalen är betydelsefull för informanterna, men att de ibland upplever sig vara beroende av dem och detta upplevs som negativt. Aktiviteter som ordnas på boendet uppskattas och valmöjligheten att delta eller inte samt kunna påverka utbudet av aktiviteterna upplevs som viktigt. Besvärande fysiska åkommor kan ibland begränsa informanternas deltagande i aktiviteterna, vilket upplevs negativt då aktiviteten ger de äldre individerna glädje och gemenskap. Fysisk träning är viktig, detta gör att de mår bra och känner sig mer självständiga. Besök av familj och vänner uppskattas och ger den äldre glädje, dock finns individer på det särskilda boendet som upplever ensamhet. Även lugna stunder i ensamhet uppskattas då de äldre ibland minns tillbaka i livet. Nyckelord: livskvalitet, särskild boendeform, äldre, kvalitativ studie

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Because of competing for the recreational needs of the new sound, it was resulting in long tones boom and changing the dominant status of the short term in Preceding Song Dynasty. Regarding Fu as Ci was learning the writing skills from Ci to expand the original technique of expression of Ci. It was the new practice in response to long tones or slow terms. The implication of this word "Fu" was based on the meaning of the repeated narrative, and both had the virtues of the Sao Fu, Xun Fu, prosaic Fu, antithetic Fu and metric Fu. Xin Qi-ji¡¦s actual performance on regarding Fu as Ci, and his repeated narrative used in the flow of time, ode to history and nostalgia, the category of thing, the entire space and the specific object, which were able to narrate with wonderful words, from that we can see the thousands of states. Excessive parallelism and antithesis not only reached to the effects of repeated narrative, but the antithesis caused by the double sentences and top word were both closed to the practice of metric Fu. It was also the example of lyricization. Stacks of allusions, the Fu requires itself to be very perfect, and it was appropriate for the poetry. The allusion-using of Xin¡¦s Ci, such as Congratulating the groom, was like the Hate Fu. Sao Fu and prosaic Fu were good at playing an active part in the imagination, and then falsely declared the otherness in order to modify. Xin¡¦s Ci of Magnolia slow used ¡§asking-God form¡¨ to issue continuously the contradictory questions, and they created the unreasonable and wonderful sense. It was the amazing performance of Xin Qi-ji¡¦s imagination. Hypothesized question and answer was able to use the third party to express the issues which were difficult to say directly. The one purpose was to be far from the conflict of interests, and the other purpose was to expound circuitously with superfluous words. The situation that the poets imitated the Fu by enchanting with the style of Fu writer, such as Liu Yong imitated Song Yu, and Xin Qi-ji liked to quote from Qu Yuan¡¦s Fu. By imitating deliberately the Fu, such as Water Dragon Verse was similar to Luo God Fu, with the use of rhyme ¡§xie¡¨. By completely imitating and shifting the words, with the use of famous sentences written by predecessors, it met one¡¦s own spirituality. The allegory of prosaic Fu focusd on the end of the article in order to boost the whole article¡¦s momentum, and because Xin Qi-ji had a sentimental mind, it was easy to see the allegory spirit appeared on the end of his Fu.

Many view tourism as a tool for community development. Especially in the rural areas experiencing economic hardships, tourism often is considered an instrument for revitalization of a local economy helping to improve quality of life and protect natural and cultural resources. However, many researchers have raised concerns about an overly optimistic view by asserting that tourism development inevitably affects the corresponding community. Empirical studies suggest that development of tourism brings environmental, sociocultural, and economic changes to the community where it is developed. Thus, it is important that planners look at the attitudes of local people towards tourism development in their community before an actual development takes place. The conceptual basis of this study is development and change theory and empirical findings of tourism impact research. This study provides information to assist in understanding questions related to the rural communities’ tourism planning process in a development context, and residents’ perceptions of the impact of tourism and its further development. A self-administered mail-back survey was administered to see how the residents of Brewster County, Texas perceive tourism development in the region. Considering the 43% of the Hispanic population in the area, both English and Spanish versions of the questionnaires were sent to the possible respondents. The overall response rate was 37% after two rounds of survey administered during January and February of 2006. The structural model confirmed that people’s value orientation regarding nature was an important variable that explained residents’ community attachment, which influenced their attitudes toward tourism through attitudes toward local participation. The results indicated that residents’ values were oriented toward nature and that they were highly attached to their communities. In addition, their tourism attitudes were varied based on the types of tourism impacts they were expecting. Although they were supportive of tourism related development, they felt that certain types of tourism development were more appropriate for their community. Specifically, “medium impact” tourism development were perceived to be desirable for the northern part of the region, whereas low impact development options were perceived to be more acceptable for the southern part of the region by their residents.

This study examined the impact of oncology social workers’ expectations regarding aging and expectations regarding aging with cancer on their emotion and clinical judgment using path analysis. The data was collected via an on-line survey distributed through the Association of Oncology Social Workers’ listserv. Participants were randomly assigned one of four vignettes that described a patient diagnosed with lung cancer. The vignettes differed by the age (78 or 38) and gender (female or male) of the patient, while the content remained the same. Oncology social workers’ expectations regarding aging were measured to provide an understanding of their beliefs about the aging process with respect to physical health, mental health, end-of-life, and cancer and mental health. These responses were utilized to predict oncology social workers’ clinical judgment during three judgment phases, i.e. anticipatory, diagnostic and treatment. Emotion was evaluated as a possible indirect effect between expectations regarding aging and clinical judgment. Age differences across gender were examined. Overall, the research supported the hypothesis that practitioners’ expectations regarding aging and expectations regarding aging with cancer influence their emotion and clinical judgment. However, the results suggest a disconnection between diagnosis and treatment judgment. Though practitioners were able to diagnose depression and prioritize it highly, the prioritization of treatment for this depression was very low. Moreover, this research suggests that “preparation for end-of-life” and “mental health with cancer” are viable components of the “expectations regarding aging” construct. The results of this study have implications for social work education, practice, policy and research. / text

This dissertation studies models of belief-dependent motivations in three essays.The first essay studies the Koszegi-Rabin model of reference-dependent preferences in a laboratory experiment. The propose a model where the reference point to which consumption outcomes are compared is endogenously determined as a function of lagged, probabilistic beliefs. This paper presents an experiment designed to test some predictions of the Koszegi-Rabin model. The experimental design controls for potential confounds suggested by their theory. The experimental results support their prediction of an endowment effect but do not show the attachment effect predicted by their model.The second essay, coauthored with Martin Dufwenberg and Matt Van Essen, studies how revenge may mitigate the hold-up problem from contract theory. When contracts are incomplete or unenforceable, inefficient levels of investment may occur due to hold-up. If individuals care for negative reciprocity these problems may be reduced, as revenge becomes a credible threat. However, negative reciprocity has this effect only when the investor holds the rights of control of the investment proceeds. We explore this issue analytically, deriving predictions for hold-up games which differ as regards assignment of rights of control. We also test and support these predictions in an experiment.Revenge may be driven by anger. The third essay proposes two belief-dependent models of anger: frustrated anger and anger from blame, which correspond to differing views of the emotion in the psychology literature. Both models build upon the idea that anger occurs when outcomes differ from players expectations. They differ in that anger from blame also incorporates updated beliefs and a notion of other-responsibility. The models are compared with each other and with existing models of negative reciprocity in several examples.

Bakgrund: Enligt Tanzanias regering är ett av de första stegen för att uppnå målet om hälsa till alla, att tillse åtkomsten av tillräckligt med sjukvårdspersonal, med resurser nog att genomföra arbete av kvalité. För tillfället är dessa mål inte uppfyllda, och situationen är värre på landsbygden. På grund av bristen på professionell sjukvårdspersonal, speciellt i geografiskt avlägsna områden i Tanzania, måste sjuksköterskor ibland arbeta över sin utbildningsnivå. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska omvårdnadspersonals erfarenheter av att arbeta på landsbygden i Tanzania. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie, baserad på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med omvårdnadspersonal som arbetar på landsbygden. Textmaterialet analyserades genom en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fem kategorier uppkom: Arbetssituationen, visar att omvårdnadspersonalen klarar att erbjuda all service genom att arbeta över sin utbildningsnivå. Tillgång till resurser, påvisar brist på personal, faciliteter, utrustning och medicin. Personalens mentalitet, visar att omvårdnadspersonalen var glad trots att de gav upp sitt privatliv för att jobba där. Landsbygdspopulation, beskrivs med att de besitter mindre kunskap om hälsa. Boendesituation, påvisar att omvårdnadspersonalen efterfrågade en plats nära arbetet att bo på. Konklusion: Omvårdnadspersonalen var nöjd med deras arbete på landsbygden i Tanzania, trots att de mötte svårigheter. De kunde ge all service på grund av att de kunde utföra varandras sysslor och arbetade då över sin4utbildningsnivå. Det kan argumenteras för att detta arbetssätt inte svarar för en säker och evidensbaserad sjukvård. / Background: According to the government in Tanzania, one of the first steps to achieve the goal of health is to ensure access to health care workers with enough resources and capacity to deliver quality care. Today these goals are not reached, and the situation is worse in rural areas. Due to the lack of professional health care workers in Tanzania, especially in geographic remote areas, nursing staff have to perform beyond their formal education level. Aim: The aim was to explore nursing staff’s experience regarding working in rural Tanzania. Method: A qualitative interview study design was used, based on eight semi-structured interviews with nursing staff working in rural areas in Tanzania. The data were analyzed by using thematic content analysis. Result: Five categories emerged: Working situation, which demonstrates how nursing staff manage to provide all the services through working beyond their education level. Access to resources, which indicates lack of staff, facilities, equipment and medicine. Staff mentality, which demonstrates that the nursing staff were happy, although giving up their personal life to work there. Rural population, which was described as a population with less knowledge about health. Living conditions, which showed that all nursing staff requested a place to stay close to the dispensary. Conclusion: The nursing staff was satisfied with their work in rural Tanzania, yet they faced difficulties. They could still provide all services, mainly by handling different tasks and by working over their formal level. It is arguable that this is not corresponding to a safe and evidence based healthcare.

This dissertation contains three essays on the impact of other-regarding behavior on human decision-making. Chapter II uses experimental methods to analyze the relative performance of a variety of compensation contracts. This study creates an environment in which individuals are paid via common payment mechanisms employed in the dual-principal agent relationships (Piece Rate, Flat Rate, Salary, Bonus and Socialization) and examines the effect that different incentive structures have on agent behavior. In Chapter III I explore the potential outcomes of blended payment structures in a dual-principal agent environment. I draw from the previously conducted experimental study in Chapter II and simulate agent behavior induced by blended payment mechanisms. In Chapter IV, I move away from studying payment mechanisms to investigate the impact of intentionality and responsibility on an individual's decision-making process. I explore the effects of direct and indirect responsibility as well as selfish and kind intentions using experimental methodology. Each of these essays provides further evidence that other-regarding behavior has a significant impact on the outcome of an economic situation; therefore, emphasizing the need to address such behavior in theoretical designs. / Ph. D.

The research question on problems that involves information asymmetry has been drawing more and more attention since the past decades, and in particular, two of the pioneers Bengt Holmström and Oliver Hart) in this field won the Nobel Prize of Economics in 2016. With the emergence of information economics, accounting researchers started focusing on the information asymmetry problems, with a particular interest and emphasis on moral hazard problems, within the firm. In this essay, we intend to fill the blank in this area by investigating some specific information asymmetry problems in managerial accounting under the presence of both moral hazard and adverse selection, or moral hazard and post-contract information asymmetry, respectively. The first study analyzes the expected value of information about an agent’s type in the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection. The value of the information decreases in the variability of output and the agent’s risk aversion, two factors that are typically associated with the severity of the moral hazard problem. However, the value of the information about agent type first increases but ultimately decreases in the severity of adverse selection. The second study draws attention to the tradeoffs associated with relying on pre-contracting ability measures in the design of executive compensation schemes. We show that the more sensitive of the ability signal to ability the more weight should be placed optimally, and the more precise of the ability signal the more weight should be placed optimally, in accordance with the informativeness principal. We further prove that under a broad class of distributions a linear aggregation of multiple pieces of pre-contracting information is sufficient for contracting purposes without loss of generality. The third study investigates three mechanisms of organizational control: outcome control (contracting on the outcome), effort control (contracting on the signal of action), and clan control (employing an agent whose preferences are partially aligned with the principal’s goal through a socialization process). In doing so, we expand the standard agency framework by introducing the concept of other-regarding preference and clan control to provide new insights into organizational control design. / Business Administration/Accounting