Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe the experiences of awake patients during surgery under regional anesthesia. In addition, the aim was to develop a model for intraoperative care that can support and enhance patients’ well-being during the intraoperative period.   Methods: Study I was a patient interview study guided by a reflective lifeworld approach. In study II a philosophical reflection of the findings from study I was carried out. In study III a hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur and Gadamer was used in order to interpret video recorded material. In study IV a hermeneutic approach inspired by Gadamer was used to synthesize the findings in studies I-III transformed into an intraoperative caring model.  Overall main findings: The analysis shows that being awake during surgery can be compared with walking a tightrope because of ambiguous feelings. The proximity and presence of the nurse anesthetist (NA) anchors the patient in the present and strengthens the patient’s feeling of trust. The temporary disruption in the relationship between the body and the world due to regional anesthesia means that the patient’s being in the world is exposed to revolutionary experiences. Gaps between the patient’s experiences and the situation can be bridged over when the NA acts as the patient’s bodily extension and links the patient as a subject to the world in the intraoperative situation. From the patient’s perspective this calls for the NA’s proximity and genuine presence in the ‘intraoperative caring space’. When the NA’s performance of his/her professional duties clashes with the patient’s existential being in the intraoperative situation the need of present presence from the NA is crucial. Conclusions: The findings contribute to knowledge development about intraoperative care and raise awareness that care for the awake patient cannot be performed on formal routines that might disregard the uniqueness of each patient’s situation. The model can be used as a tool to encounter awake patients’ existential needs in the intraoperative situation and to further enlighten NAs about the possible impact of their proximity, interaction and communication behavior in the delivery of intraoperative nursing care.

Bloqueios regionais periféricos têm sido frequentemente utilizados em uma variedade de procedimentos na rotina veterinária, para promover analgesia durante e após as cirurgias. Ropivacaína é um anestésico local de longa ação e farmacologicamente semelhante à bupivacaína, porém parece oferecer margem de segurança maior e menor cardiotoxicidade em comparação com a bupivacaína. A dexmedetomidina é um agonista α2-adrenérgico altamente seletivo para receptores α2. Estudos utilizando ratos como modelo experimental e diferentes doses de dexmedetomidina adicionada à bupivacaína ou ropivacaína, demonstraram prolongar a ação sensitiva e motora da anestesia periférica do nervo ciático. Em pacientes humanos, este efeito também foi comprovado. O presente trabalho testou a hipótese de que a dexmedetomidina associada à ropivacaína aumentaria o bloqueio sensitivo quando comparada à ropivacaína ou bupivacaína sem adjuvante, na anestesia periférica do membro pélvico de cães submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas de joelho. Um total de 25 cães (três para estudo piloto) que foram submetidos a cirurgias de ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial ou luxação de patela foram selecionados. Os dois principais nervos do plexo lombossacral (femoral e ciático) foram identificados através de neuroestimulação. 22 cães foram randomizados em um dos três grupos. No grupo ROPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75%, no grupo BUPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de bupivacaína 0,5% e no grupo ROPIDEX (n=8) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75% + dexmedetomidina 0,5 mcg.ml-1 de solução anestésica foram administrados. Inicio do bloqueio sensitivo, duração dos bloqueios, duração da analgesia e a estimativa de dor foram registrados. Características dos cães e tipo de cirurgia foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O inicio do bloqueio sensitivo foi similar entre os grupos (P= 0,102). A duração da ação sensitiva foi significativamente maior no grupo ROPIDEX (645 ±127,3 minutos) em comparação aos grupos ROPI (440±65,3 minutos) e BUPI (502±105,5 minutos) P= 0,004. O grupo ROPIDEX também teve a ação motora mais longa que o grupo ROPI (P= 0,035), 540±160 e 365±96 minutos respectivamente. A analgesia foi mais duradoura no grupo ROPIDEX (720 ±150 minutos) em comparação aos grupos ROPI (437±107 minutos) e BUPI (541±105 minutos) - P= 0,001. Não houve diferença significativa nas avaliações de dor entre os grupos nos momentos comparados. Um animal do grupo ROPIDEX apresentou bradicardia após a realização do bloqueio. Durante o período transanestésico o grupo ROPIDEX apresentou valores de pressão significativamente mais baixos nos momentos T3 e T5, mas nenhum paciente apresentou hipotensão. Bloqueio do membro contralateral foi observado em 1 caso (4,5%) no grupo ROPIDEX. Três pacientes (2 no grupo BUPI e 1nogrupo ROPIDEX ) tiveram que receber analgesia complementar com fentanil no período cirúrgico, 86% dos cães foi resgatado apenas após a recuperação total da anestesia local. Concluiu-se que o uso de dexmedetomidina associada à ropivacaína para a anestesia regional periférica dos nervos femoral e ciático prolonga a duração dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor e também da analgesia pós-operatória de procedimentos ortopédicos em joelhos de cães. / Peripheral nerve blocks are used frequently in a variety of procedures in veterinary practice for surgical anesthesia and postoperative pain. Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic with long duration, having similar pharmacology to bupivacaine; however, it has a wider safety margin and was shown to possess less cardiotoxicity in comparison with bupivacaine. Many additives to local anesthetics have been investigated in attempt to increase the duration of the block in order to improve postoperative pain. Dexmedetomidine is a α2-receptor agonist highly selective. Previous studies showed that different doses of dexmedetomidine enhanced the duration of sensory and motor blockade when added to bupivacaine and ropivacaine in a sciatic nerve block model in rat. In humans this results also has been reported. The present tested the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine, when compared to ropivacaine or bupivacaine alone, enhances the duraction of sensory blockade for peripheral femoral and sciatic nerve block for knee surgeries in dogs. 22 patients scheduled for elective hind limb surgery were divided into three goups in a randomized fashion. The two main nerves of the lumbosacral plexus (femoral and sciatic) were identified using neural stimulation. Pacients were assigned to one of the three group. In group ROPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 of ropivacaine 0,75%, in group BUPI 0,2 ml.kg-1of bupivacaine 0,5% and in group ROPIDEX 0,2 ml.kg-1+0,5 mcg.ml-1of anesthetic solution were given. Sensory block onsetime, motor and sensory block duration and duration of analgesia were recorded. Demographic data and surgical characteristics were similar in all groups. Sensory block onset time were not different between groups (P= 0,102). Sensory block duration were longer in ROPIDEX group (645 ±127,3 minutes) than ROPI (440±65,3 minutes) or BUPI (502±105,5 minutes) (P= 0,004). Motor block duration were longer in ROPIDEX than ROPI (P= 0,035), 540±160 e 365±96 minutos respectively, but not differ from BUPI. Duration of analgesia was longer in ROPIDEX group (720 ±150 minutes) when compared to ROPI (437±107 minutes) or BUPI (541±105 minutes) (P=0,001). There were no different between pain score evaluation among groups. One dog had bradycardia after peripheral block with ROPIDEX and during the anesthetic period arterial pressure levels were lower at T3 and T5 moments, but without hypotension. Contralateral hind limb block was present in one case (4,5%)in ROPIDEX group. Three dogs needed additional analgesia (2 in BUPI and 1 in ROPIDEX) during surgery while 86% of patients received rescue analgesia only when totally recovered from local anesthesia. It was concluded that dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for lateral pre-iliac and paravertebral lumbosacral plexus block prolongs the duration the block and the duration of postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing pelvic limbs orthopedic surgery.

Bloqueios regionais periféricos têm sido frequentemente utilizados em uma variedade de procedimentos na rotina veterinária, para promover analgesia durante e após as cirurgias. Ropivacaína é um anestésico local de longa ação e farmacologicamente semelhante à bupivacaína, porém parece oferecer margem de segurança maior e menor cardiotoxicidade em comparação com a bupivacaína. A dexmedetomidina é um agonista α2-adrenérgico altamente seletivo para receptores α2. Estudos utilizando ratos como modelo experimental e diferentes doses de dexmedetomidina adicionada à bupivacaína ou ropivacaína, demonstraram prolongar a ação sensitiva e motora da anestesia periférica do nervo ciático. Em pacientes humanos, este efeito também foi comprovado. O presente trabalho testou a hipótese de que a dexmedetomidina associada à ropivacaína aumentaria o bloqueio sensitivo quando comparada à ropivacaína ou bupivacaína sem adjuvante, na anestesia periférica do membro pélvico de cães submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas de joelho. Um total de 25 cães (três para estudo piloto) que foram submetidos a cirurgias de ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial ou luxação de patela foram selecionados. Os dois principais nervos do plexo lombossacral (femoral e ciático) foram identificados através de neuroestimulação. 22 cães foram randomizados em um dos três grupos. No grupo ROPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75%, no grupo BUPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de bupivacaína 0,5% e no grupo ROPIDEX (n=8) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75% + dexmedetomidina 0,5 mcg.ml-1 de solução anestésica foram administrados. Inicio do bloqueio sensitivo, duração dos bloqueios, duração da analgesia e a estimativa de dor foram registrados. Características dos cães e tipo de cirurgia foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O inicio do bloqueio sensitivo foi similar entre os grupos (P= 0,102). A duração da ação sensitiva foi significativamente maior no grupo ROPIDEX (645 ±127,3 minutos) em comparação aos grupos ROPI (440±65,3 minutos) e BUPI (502±105,5 minutos) P= 0,004. O grupo ROPIDEX também teve a ação motora mais longa que o grupo ROPI (P= 0,035), 540±160 e 365±96 minutos respectivamente. A analgesia foi mais duradoura no grupo ROPIDEX (720 ±150 minutos) em comparação aos grupos ROPI (437±107 minutos) e BUPI (541±105 minutos) - P= 0,001. Não houve diferença significativa nas avaliações de dor entre os grupos nos momentos comparados. Um animal do grupo ROPIDEX apresentou bradicardia após a realização do bloqueio. Durante o período transanestésico o grupo ROPIDEX apresentou valores de pressão significativamente mais baixos nos momentos T3 e T5, mas nenhum paciente apresentou hipotensão. Bloqueio do membro contralateral foi observado em 1 caso (4,5%) no grupo ROPIDEX. Três pacientes (2 no grupo BUPI e 1nogrupo ROPIDEX ) tiveram que receber analgesia complementar com fentanil no período cirúrgico, 86% dos cães foi resgatado apenas após a recuperação total da anestesia local. Concluiu-se que o uso de dexmedetomidina associada à ropivacaína para a anestesia regional periférica dos nervos femoral e ciático prolonga a duração dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor e também da analgesia pós-operatória de procedimentos ortopédicos em joelhos de cães. / Peripheral nerve blocks are used frequently in a variety of procedures in veterinary practice for surgical anesthesia and postoperative pain. Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic with long duration, having similar pharmacology to bupivacaine; however, it has a wider safety margin and was shown to possess less cardiotoxicity in comparison with bupivacaine. Many additives to local anesthetics have been investigated in attempt to increase the duration of the block in order to improve postoperative pain. Dexmedetomidine is a α2-receptor agonist highly selective. Previous studies showed that different doses of dexmedetomidine enhanced the duration of sensory and motor blockade when added to bupivacaine and ropivacaine in a sciatic nerve block model in rat. In humans this results also has been reported. The present tested the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine, when compared to ropivacaine or bupivacaine alone, enhances the duraction of sensory blockade for peripheral femoral and sciatic nerve block for knee surgeries in dogs. 22 patients scheduled for elective hind limb surgery were divided into three goups in a randomized fashion. The two main nerves of the lumbosacral plexus (femoral and sciatic) were identified using neural stimulation. Pacients were assigned to one of the three group. In group ROPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 of ropivacaine 0,75%, in group BUPI 0,2 ml.kg-1of bupivacaine 0,5% and in group ROPIDEX 0,2 ml.kg-1+0,5 mcg.ml-1of anesthetic solution were given. Sensory block onsetime, motor and sensory block duration and duration of analgesia were recorded. Demographic data and surgical characteristics were similar in all groups. Sensory block onset time were not different between groups (P= 0,102). Sensory block duration were longer in ROPIDEX group (645 ±127,3 minutes) than ROPI (440±65,3 minutes) or BUPI (502±105,5 minutes) (P= 0,004). Motor block duration were longer in ROPIDEX than ROPI (P= 0,035), 540±160 e 365±96 minutos respectively, but not differ from BUPI. Duration of analgesia was longer in ROPIDEX group (720 ±150 minutes) when compared to ROPI (437±107 minutes) or BUPI (541±105 minutes) (P=0,001). There were no different between pain score evaluation among groups. One dog had bradycardia after peripheral block with ROPIDEX and during the anesthetic period arterial pressure levels were lower at T3 and T5 moments, but without hypotension. Contralateral hind limb block was present in one case (4,5%)in ROPIDEX group. Three dogs needed additional analgesia (2 in BUPI and 1 in ROPIDEX) during surgery while 86% of patients received rescue analgesia only when totally recovered from local anesthesia. It was concluded that dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for lateral pre-iliac and paravertebral lumbosacral plexus block prolongs the duration the block and the duration of postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing pelvic limbs orthopedic surgery.

Bloqueios regionais periféricos têm sido frequentemente utilizados em uma variedade de procedimentos na rotina veterinária, para promover analgesia durante e após as cirurgias. Ropivacaína é um anestésico local de longa ação e farmacologicamente semelhante à bupivacaína, porém parece oferecer margem de segurança maior e menor cardiotoxicidade em comparação com a bupivacaína. A dexmedetomidina é um agonista α2-adrenérgico altamente seletivo para receptores α2. Estudos utilizando ratos como modelo experimental e diferentes doses de dexmedetomidina adicionada à bupivacaína ou ropivacaína, demonstraram prolongar a ação sensitiva e motora da anestesia periférica do nervo ciático. Em pacientes humanos, este efeito também foi comprovado. O presente trabalho testou a hipótese de que a dexmedetomidina associada à ropivacaína aumentaria o bloqueio sensitivo quando comparada à ropivacaína ou bupivacaína sem adjuvante, na anestesia periférica do membro pélvico de cães submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas de joelho. Um total de 25 cães (três para estudo piloto) que foram submetidos a cirurgias de ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial ou luxação de patela foram selecionados. Os dois principais nervos do plexo lombossacral (femoral e ciático) foram identificados através de neuroestimulação. 22 cães foram randomizados em um dos três grupos. No grupo ROPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75%, no grupo BUPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de bupivacaína 0,5% e no grupo ROPIDEX (n=8) 0,2 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75% + dexmedetomidina 0,5 mcg.ml-1 de solução anestésica foram administrados. Inicio do bloqueio sensitivo, duração dos bloqueios, duração da analgesia e a estimativa de dor foram registrados. Características dos cães e tipo de cirurgia foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O inicio do bloqueio sensitivo foi similar entre os grupos (P= 0,102). A duração da ação sensitiva foi significativamente maior no grupo ROPIDEX (645 ±127,3 minutos) em comparação aos grupos ROPI (440±65,3 minutos) e BUPI (502±105,5 minutos) P= 0,004. O grupo ROPIDEX também teve a ação motora mais longa que o grupo ROPI (P= 0,035), 540±160 e 365±96 minutos respectivamente. A analgesia foi mais duradoura no grupo ROPIDEX (720 ±150 minutos) em comparação aos grupos ROPI (437±107 minutos) e BUPI (541±105 minutos) - P= 0,001. Não houve diferença significativa nas avaliações de dor entre os grupos nos momentos comparados. Um animal do grupo ROPIDEX apresentou bradicardia após a realização do bloqueio. Durante o período transanestésico o grupo ROPIDEX apresentou valores de pressão significativamente mais baixos nos momentos T3 e T5, mas nenhum paciente apresentou hipotensão. Bloqueio do membro contralateral foi observado em 1 caso (4,5%) no grupo ROPIDEX. Três pacientes (2 no grupo BUPI e 1nogrupo ROPIDEX ) tiveram que receber analgesia complementar com fentanil no período cirúrgico, 86% dos cães foi resgatado apenas após a recuperação total da anestesia local. Concluiu-se que o uso de dexmedetomidina associada à ropivacaína para a anestesia regional periférica dos nervos femoral e ciático prolonga a duração dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor e também da analgesia pós-operatória de procedimentos ortopédicos em joelhos de cães. / Peripheral nerve blocks are used frequently in a variety of procedures in veterinary practice for surgical anesthesia and postoperative pain. Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic with long duration, having similar pharmacology to bupivacaine; however, it has a wider safety margin and was shown to possess less cardiotoxicity in comparison with bupivacaine. Many additives to local anesthetics have been investigated in attempt to increase the duration of the block in order to improve postoperative pain. Dexmedetomidine is a α2-receptor agonist highly selective. Previous studies showed that different doses of dexmedetomidine enhanced the duration of sensory and motor blockade when added to bupivacaine and ropivacaine in a sciatic nerve block model in rat. In humans this results also has been reported. The present tested the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine, when compared to ropivacaine or bupivacaine alone, enhances the duraction of sensory blockade for peripheral femoral and sciatic nerve block for knee surgeries in dogs. 22 patients scheduled for elective hind limb surgery were divided into three goups in a randomized fashion. The two main nerves of the lumbosacral plexus (femoral and sciatic) were identified using neural stimulation. Pacients were assigned to one of the three group. In group ROPI (n=7) 0,2 ml.kg-1 of ropivacaine 0,75%, in group BUPI 0,2 ml.kg-1of bupivacaine 0,5% and in group ROPIDEX 0,2 ml.kg-1+0,5 mcg.ml-1of anesthetic solution were given. Sensory block onsetime, motor and sensory block duration and duration of analgesia were recorded. Demographic data and surgical characteristics were similar in all groups. Sensory block onset time were not different between groups (P= 0,102). Sensory block duration were longer in ROPIDEX group (645 ±127,3 minutes) than ROPI (440±65,3 minutes) or BUPI (502±105,5 minutes) (P= 0,004). Motor block duration were longer in ROPIDEX than ROPI (P= 0,035), 540±160 e 365±96 minutos respectively, but not differ from BUPI. Duration of analgesia was longer in ROPIDEX group (720 ±150 minutes) when compared to ROPI (437±107 minutes) or BUPI (541±105 minutes) (P=0,001). There were no different between pain score evaluation among groups. One dog had bradycardia after peripheral block with ROPIDEX and during the anesthetic period arterial pressure levels were lower at T3 and T5 moments, but without hypotension. Contralateral hind limb block was present in one case (4,5%)in ROPIDEX group. Three dogs needed additional analgesia (2 in BUPI and 1 in ROPIDEX) during surgery while 86% of patients received rescue analgesia only when totally recovered from local anesthesia. It was concluded that dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for lateral pre-iliac and paravertebral lumbosacral plexus block prolongs the duration the block and the duration of postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing pelvic limbs orthopedic surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cetamina por via regional ou sistêmica melhora a analgesia pós-operatória. A hipótese testada nesse estudo foi a de que o uso profilático da cetamina S(+) por via peridural é melhor que a cetamina S(+) administrada por via venosa durante toda a anestesia, para o controle da dor pós-operatória em crianças submetidas a operações ortopédicas. MÉTODOS: 60 pacientes pediátricos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos de 30 pacientes. Os pacientes do grupo I receberam por via peridural 1 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína a 0,2%, acrescida de 0,5 mg.kg-1 de cetamina S(+). Os pacientes do grupo II receberam por via peridural a mesma dose de ropivacaína, e antes da incisão cirúrgica receberam por via venosa infusão contínua de cetamina S(+) na dose de 0,2 mg.kg-1.h-1, interrompida ao final da sutura da pele. A mesma técnica anestésica geral complementar foi utilizada para os dois grupos. A dor foi avaliada pela escala Oucher de faces. Também foi avaliado o tempo para a primeira dose do analgésico de resgate e o consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 h. Os resultados receberam tratamento estatístico pelo teste t de Student, não pareado, para comparação entre os dados demográficos dos grupos, tempo de duração do ato cirúrgico e tempo para recuperação, o teste do Qui quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher para análise de dados não paramétricos, e o teste de análise de variância, para comparar os valores da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas quanto à intensidade da dor, o tempo para a primeira dose de analgésico de resgate e o consumo de morfina entre os grupos. O valor da frequência cardíaca foi estatisticamente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. CONCLUSÕES: A intensidade da dor pós-operatória, o tempo para a primeira dose de analgésico de resgate e o consumo de morfina foi semelhante com o uso da cetamina S(+) por via peridural ou sistêmica. A incidência de efeitos adversos foi semelhante com o uso da cetamina por via peridural ou sistêmica, com exceção da frequência cardíaca que foi estatisticamente maior no grupo em que a cetamina S(+) foi empregada em infusão contínua por via venosa. / INTRODUCTION: Ketamine by neuroaxial as well as intravenousroute could improve postoperative analgesia. The hypothesis to be tested here was that the prophylactic epidural use the S(+) ketamine, added to a local anesthetic solution, would improve postoperative pain control after orthopedic surgical procedures in pediatric patients, when compared to intravenous administration. METHODS: 60 pediatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 30 patients each named I, and II. Before the surgical incision the patients of group I, received by epidural route 1 ml.kg-1 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.5 mg. kg-1 S(+) ketamine. Patients of group II received by epidural route the same ropivacaine dose and 0.2 mg.kg-1h-1 S(+) ketamine IV infusion through all surgical procedure long suspended after the skin suture. The same complement anesthesia technique was provided to all patients. The pain was assessed by Oucher scale, time elicited to first rescue analgesia and 24 h morphine consumption. All data were statistically managed as follow: t test for demographics, surgical procedure duration and time to postoperative recovery; square CHI and Fisher test for nonparametric data and ANOVA for comparing the values of arterial pressure and heart rate. RESULTS: there were no statistical differences on time elicited to the first rescue analgesia, degree of pain complaint or morphine consumption when compared groups I and II. Mild tachycardia was observed for group II with statistical differences when compared to group I (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: the time elicited to the first rescue analgesia, degree of pain complaint and morphine consumption were similar with S(+) ketamine, by epidural and intravenous either. The adverse effects incidence was similar except for the heart rate statistically higher for the group where S(+) ketamine was employed by continuous intravenous route.

Introdução. A morbi-mortalidade durante e após anestesia para aneurismectomia de aorta abdominal é alta, pois esta doença acomete pacientes após a sétima década de vida e que possuem várias doenças concomitantes. Objetivos. Analisar e discutir as condutas anestésicas utilizadas nos períodos pré e intra-operatório no Serviço de Anestesiologia do HCFMRP-USP. Casuística e Método. Foram analisados os prontuários de 104 pacientes submetidos à aneurismectomia de aorta no tocante às condutas utilizadas pelos anestesiologistas para a condução destes casos. Resultados. Apenas um paciente possuía menos de 40 anos de idade, 76,80% estavam na sétima ou oitava década de vida e 88,46% eram do sexo masculino. A hipertensão arterial acometeu 70,19% dos pacientes e 26,92% possuíam coronariopatia. Pacientes com obesidade foram a minoria (26,92%). O ecocardiograma pré-operatório demonstrou que a grande maioria dos pacientes apresentava função ventricular normal. A cirurgia foi realizada em regime de urgência em 7,69% dos casos. A anestesia geral exclusiva foi realizada em 17 pacientes e associada com a peridural em 57 pacientes, com a raquianestesia em 11 e com a raqui-peri combinadas em 19. O tempo cirúrgico variou de 120 a 510 minutos enquanto que o tempo de clampeamento aórtico variou de 30 a 165 minutos. Houve um óbito no período intra-operatório e a causa foi choque hipovolêmico e 10 óbitos até o vigésimo dia pós-operatório. Sessenta e seis pacientes receberam concentrado de papa de hemácias durante o período intra-operatório, mas só em 43,27% desses casos a indicação esteve suportada por exame laboratorial. Oitenta pacientes foram extubados ainda na sala de cirurgia, enquanto que os demais (23) permaneceram intubados no período pós-operatório e 19 necessitaram de suporte ventilatório que teve tempo que variou de 3 a 96 horas com média de 42,31 horas. Apenas quatro pacientes fizeram pós-operatório imediato no Centro de Terapia Intensiva enquanto que os demais permaneceram na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica. Conclusão. Não existe um protocolo único para a realização de anestesia para aneurismectomia de aorta no HCFMRP-USP e a técnica anestésica utilizada não influenciou o morbi-mortalidade. / Introduction. The morbidity and mortality during and after anesthesia for aneurysmectomy of the abdominal aorta are high since this disease affects patients after the seventh decade of life who have several concomitant diseases. Objectives. To analyze and discuss the anesthetic conducts used during the preoperative and intra-operative periods at the Service of Anesthesiology of HCFMRP-USP. Cases and Method. The medical records of 104 patients submitted to aneurysmectomy of the aorta were analyzed regarding the conducts used by the anesthesiologists for the management of these cases. Results. Only one patient was less than 40 years old, 76.80% were in he seventh or eighth decade of life, and 88.46% were male. Arterial hypertension was present in 70.19% of the patients and 26.92% had coronary artery disease. Obese patients were a minority (26.92%). The preoperative echocardiogram demonstrated that most patients had normal ventricular function. Surgery was performed on an emergency basis in 7.69% of cases. Seventeen patients received exclusive general anesthesia, while general anesthesia was associated with peridural anesthesia in 57, with rachi-anesthesia in 11 and with combined rachi-peridural anesthesia in 19. Surgical time ranged from 120 to 510 minutes and time of aortic clamping ranged from 30 to 165 minutes. One death occurred intra-operatively due to hypovolemic shock and 10 patients died up to the 20th postoperative day. Sixty-six patients received a red blood cell concentrate intra-operatively, but this indication was supported by a laboratory exam in only 43.27% of these cases. Eighty patients were extubated while still in the operating room while the remaining 23 continued to be intubated during the postoperative period and 19 required ventilatory support lasting 3 to 96 hours (mean duration: 42.31 hours). Only four patients spent the immediate postoperative period in the Intensive Care Unit, while the remaining ones stayed in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Room. Conclusion. There is no single protocol for the application of anesthesia for aneurysmectomy of the aorta at HCFMRP-USP and the anesthetic technique used did not influence morbidity-mortality.

Bakgrund: I dagsläget föreligger det en bristande empirisk kunskap om patienters upplevelser av att opereras i regional anestesi. Operationssjuksköterskan ansvarar för patientens vård och välmående under den intraoperativa perioden. Därav behöver det finnas en kunskap hos operationssjuksköterskan om hur patienter upplever att opereras i vaket tillstånd för att kunna ge en personcentrerad och evidensbaserad omvårdnad. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters erfarenheter av att vara vakna under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie innehållande 11 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Analysen har utförts genom metasyntes. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudteman med underteman av patienternas erfarenheter. 1) Erfarenheter av regional anestesi med underteman: erfaranheter av att medverka, erfarenheter av att hantera situationen, erfaranheter skapade genom sinnen, erfaranheter från omgivningen samt erfaranheter av smärta. 2) Vårdpersonalens betydelse med underteman: betydelsen av vårdpersonalens närvaro, betydelsen av en god kommunikation samt betydelsen av att erhålla information. Resultatet visar att opereras i regional anestesi ger patienter en känsla av deltagande och kontroll, samtidigt förekommer det att patienter upplever ångest och smärta under sitt kirurgiska ingrepp. Patienter erfar vårdmiljön genom sina sinnen och använder sig av olika sätt att hantera upplevelsen av att opereras i vaket tillstånd. För att känna trygghet är det av betydelse att få kontinuerligt med information och att känna en närhet till vårdpersonalen. Slutsats: För att operationssjuksköterskan ska kunna ge en god omvårdnad till patienter som opereras i regional anestesi behöver det finnas en kunskap om hur patienter erfar den intraoperativa perioden samt en förmåga att kunna se och bemöta varje patient utifrån sin unika livsvärld. / Background: In the current situation there is a lack of empirical knowledge of patients' experiences of being operated in regional anesthesia. The operating theatre nurse is responsible for patient care and well-being during the intraoperative period. Therefore the operating theatre nurse needs knowledge about patients' experience of being awake during surgery, to provide person-centered and evidence based nursing. Aim: To investigate patients' experiences of being awake during a surgical procedure. Methods: A systematic literature study containing 11 articles with a qualitative approach. The analysis has been performed with metasynthesis. Results: The result emerged two main themes with subthemes about patients' experiences. 1) Experiences of regional anesthesia, with subthemes: experiences of participation, experience of handling the situation, experiences created by the senses, experiences from the environment and experiences of pain. 2) Importance of the carers, with subthemes: The importance of presence by the carers, the importance of a good communication and the importance of receive information. The findings show that being operated in regional anesthesia gives patients a sense of participation and control, while at the same time it appears that patients experience anxiety and pain during their surgical procedures. Patients experience the environment through their minds and use different ways to handle the experience of being operated in a wakeful state. To feel safe it is important to receive continuous information and to feel presence to the carers. Conclusions: To provide good care for patients operating in regional anesthesia, the operating theatre nurse must have knowledge about patients experience in the intraoperative period as well as the ability to see and respond to each patient based on their unique lifeworld.

Bakgrund: Regional anestesi är en metod som blivit allt vanligare inom sjukvården. Metoden innebär att alla sinnesintryck temporärt elimineras från den valda kroppsdelen där kirurgin ska genomföras, detta görs genom att anlägga en nervblockad. Metoden möjliggör att patienten kan vara vaken under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Den högteknologiska operationsmiljön beskrivs många gånger som opersonlig, distanserad och kall, vilket kan medföra att patienterna upplever osäkerhet och sårbarhet. Således är det av vikt att undersöka patienters upplevelser för att anestesisjuksköterskan bättre ska kunna bemöta, vårda och stödja dem genom kirurgin. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att vara vaken under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp i regional anestesi. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie med kvalitativ design, baserad på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar. De vetenskapliga artiklarna har analyserades med hjälp av Bettany-Saltikov och McSherrys dataextraktion. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre huvudkategorier: Miljöns och kirurgins påverkan, Upplevelser av att överlämna sin kropp och Vårdpersonalens betydelse. Upplevelsen av att vara vaken under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp i regional anestesi kan upplevas både positivt och negativt. Vissa patienter upplevde delaktighet och kontroll medan andra upplevde motsatsen. Vidare kunde de uppleva smärta, rädsla, oro och obehag i samband med det kirurgiska ingreppet, trots detta var de generellt nöjda genom interaktionen de hade med vårdpersonalen. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskan har en avgörande roll för patientens upplevelse av att vara vaken under kirurgi. Stöd, tröst och omtanke från anestesisjuksköterskan hjälpte patienten att överkomma sin oro och rädsla. En god kommunikation, information och närhet från vårdpersonalen kan stärka patientens välbefinnande och delaktighet.

Gibt es Unterschiede der subjektiven Schmerzempfindung auf der NRS vom 1. bis 7. posto-perativen Tag nach Knie-TEP von Patienten, die einen kombinierten Femoralis- und Ischiadikuskatheter erhielten und Patienten die mit einer lokalen Infiltration plus lokalem Schmerzkatheter versorgt wurden? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurden 140 Patienten in einer prospektiv, randomisierten, monozentrischen Vergleichsstudie in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt. 72 Patienten erhielten eine Regionalanästhesie. Unter Sonografiekontrolle und lokaler inguinaler Betäubung erfolgten präoperativ die Infiltration von 20 ml Ropivacain 0,5% perineural um den N. femoralis und das Anlegen eines entsprechenden Schmerzkatheters (Sonolong Curl, Fa. Pajunk, Geisingen, Deutschland). Anschließend wurde um den N. ischiadicus ein Bolus von 20 ml Prilocain 1,5% appliziert, und ebenfalls ein Schmerzkatheter perineural belassen. Beide Katheter wurden mit jeweils 6ml/h Ropivacain 0,2% über ca. 72 h befahren. 67 Patienten wurden mit Methoden der Lokalanästhesie versorgt. Sie erhielten eine LIA mit 50 ml Ropivacain 2% intraoperativ und einen lokalen Schmerzkatheter (Fa. Pajunk, Geisingen, Deutschland), über welchen kontinuierlich 350 ml Ropivacain 2% mit 8 ml/h über 44 h intraartikulär verabreicht wurden. Untersucht wurden die Schmerzwerte der Patienten auf der NRS 2x tgl., der Opioidverbrauch, die Mobilisation, sowie die Rate an Komplikationen, in der ersten Woche postoperativ. Es wurden folgende wesentlichen Ergebnisse erhalten: 1. Die Patienten mit kombinierten NFK und PIK berichteten im Durchschnitt über eine ge-ringere Schmerzstufe am OP-Tag (p=0,014) und am Morgen des POD1 (p=0,013), danach waren beide Gruppen hinsichtlich der Schmerzangabe vergleichbar. 2. Es zeigte sich ein signifikant höherer Verbrauch an Morphinäquivalenten am POD1 (p=0,003) und POD2 (p=0,021) in der Gruppe L (LIA + lokalen Schmerzkatheter) 3. 15,3% der Patienten mit kombinierten NFK und PIK hatten motorische Defizite über den POD2 hinaus. In den 3-Monatskontrollen zeigten sich bei den be-troffenen Patienten keine motorischen Beeinträchtigungen. 4. 44,1% der Patienten mit kombinierten NFK und PIK benötigten zur OP zusätzlich eine Vollnarkose oder Spinalanästhesie. Die Arbeit liefert Hinweise auf die Überlegenheit des regionalen Schmerzkatheters gegenüber einem intraartikulären Schmerzkatheter hinsichtlich der postoperativen Schmerztherapie in den ersten 24 h. Dafür war die Rate an motorischen Defiziten über den 2. postoperativen Tag hinaus in der Gruppe der regionalen Schmerzkatheter deutlich höher, was die Mobilisation ungünstig beeinflusste. Letztendlich zeigt die Arbeit auch, dass beide Verfahren der postoperativen Schmerztherapie nach Knie-TEP, eine sichere und effiziente Analgesie bieten.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Abbildungsverzeichnis III 2 Tabellenverzeichnis IV 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 4 Einleitung 1 4.1 Gonarthrose 1 4.2 Klinisches Management der Gonarthrose 4 4.2.1 Diagnostik und Therapie 4 4.2.2 Knieendoprothetik 5 4.2.3 Postoperative Schmerztherapie 8 4.3 Regionalanästhesie in der Knieendoprothetik 10 4.4 Lokalanästhesie in der Knieendoprothetik 13 4.5 Motivation zur Arbeit 14 5 Material und Methoden 16 5.1 Studiendesign 16 5.2 Fallzahlplanung 17 5.3 Patientenrekrutierung 17 5.4 Randomisierung 18 5.5 Operative Methodik 19 5.5.1 Knie-Totalendoprothese 19 5.5.2 Regionale Schmerzkatheter 20 5.5.3 Lokaler Schmerzkatheter 22 5.5.4 Anästhesie 24 5.6 Postoperatives Management 24 5.6.1 Postoperative Schmerztherapie 24 5.6.2 Dokumentation 26 5.7 Datenschutz und Datenerhebung 26 5.8 Statistische Datenauswertung 27 6 Ergebnisse 28 6.1 Aufteilung und Homogenität der Gruppen 28 6.2 Ergebnisse des Schmerztagebuchs 30 6.3 Funktionelle Ergebnisse der Mobilisation 35 6.4 Ergebnisse der postoperativen Schmerztherapie 38 6.4.1 Der Schmerzmittelverbrauch 38 6.4.2 Komplikationen 43 6.5 Weiterführende Betrachtungen 47 6.6 Score-Ergebnisse 51 7 Diskussion 53 7.1 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse 53 7.2 Vergleich der vorliegenden mit externen Ergebnissen 54 7.3 Limitierungen der eigenen Arbeit 63 7.4 Schlussfolgerungen 65 7.5 Ausblick 67 8 Zusammenfassung 68 9 Summary 70 Anlage 1 71 Anlage 2 72 10 Literaturverzeichnis 73 11 Anhang 80 12 Danksagung 90 / Is there any difference in pain sensation in the first week after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) between patients who received a preoperative combined femoral and sciatic nerve block and those that got intraoperative local infiltration analgesia and a postoperative local catheter? To answer this question, a total of 140 patients were enrolled in a randomized, prospective and monocentric trial and were divided into two groups. 72 patients underwent methods of regional anaesthesia. 20 ml Ropivacain 0.5% was injected around the femoral nerve and 20 ml Prilocain 1.5 % was applied to the sciatic nerve under ultrasound guidance. Further-more, the patients received two catheters (Sonolong Curl, Fa.Pajunk, Geisingen, Germany), which were administered with 6 ml/h Ropivacain 0.2% for nearly 72h to get optimal analgesia quality. The second group, made up of 67 patients, was infiltrated with 50 ml Ropivacain 2% into the joint cavity and subcutaneous tissue and received a local catheter (Fuser Pump, Fa.Pajunk, Geisingen, Germany) that administered 350 ml Ropivacain 2%, 8 ml/h in 44 h in the joint. The patient’s pain scores were measured twice a day, using the NRS-pain scale. In addition, we examined opioid consumption, mobilisation and satisfaction of the patients. The mean results are summarized as follows: 1. Patients who received the combined femoral and sciatic catheter reported on aver-age a lower NRS-pain score of one point in the first 24h after operation (p=0,014). At ≥ 24h after surgery there was no significant difference between the groups. 2. Patients in the group with the infiltration + local catheter acquired significantly more morphine equivalents on the first (p=0,003) and second (p=0,021) day after surgery. 3. 15.3% of the patients got the combined femoral and sciatic catheter had motoric complications throughout the second day after operation. 4. 44.1% of the patients with a combined femoral and sciatic catheter needed additional general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia in the operation . This investigation shows aspects of a moderate superiority of the regional anaesthesia in contrast to the local catheter in the first 24 h of postoperative pain management after TKA. On the other the study revealed that regional anaesthesia had more complications which resulted in a prolonged mobilisation. In conclusion, it seems that both techniques provide an effective and secure analgesia after TKA.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Abbildungsverzeichnis III 2 Tabellenverzeichnis IV 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 4 Einleitung 1 4.1 Gonarthrose 1 4.2 Klinisches Management der Gonarthrose 4 4.2.1 Diagnostik und Therapie 4 4.2.2 Knieendoprothetik 5 4.2.3 Postoperative Schmerztherapie 8 4.3 Regionalanästhesie in der Knieendoprothetik 10 4.4 Lokalanästhesie in der Knieendoprothetik 13 4.5 Motivation zur Arbeit 14 5 Material und Methoden 16 5.1 Studiendesign 16 5.2 Fallzahlplanung 17 5.3 Patientenrekrutierung 17 5.4 Randomisierung 18 5.5 Operative Methodik 19 5.5.1 Knie-Totalendoprothese 19 5.5.2 Regionale Schmerzkatheter 20 5.5.3 Lokaler Schmerzkatheter 22 5.5.4 Anästhesie 24 5.6 Postoperatives Management 24 5.6.1 Postoperative Schmerztherapie 24 5.6.2 Dokumentation 26 5.7 Datenschutz und Datenerhebung 26 5.8 Statistische Datenauswertung 27 6 Ergebnisse 28 6.1 Aufteilung und Homogenität der Gruppen 28 6.2 Ergebnisse des Schmerztagebuchs 30 6.3 Funktionelle Ergebnisse der Mobilisation 35 6.4 Ergebnisse der postoperativen Schmerztherapie 38 6.4.1 Der Schmerzmittelverbrauch 38 6.4.2 Komplikationen 43 6.5 Weiterführende Betrachtungen 47 6.6 Score-Ergebnisse 51 7 Diskussion 53 7.1 Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen Ergebnisse 53 7.2 Vergleich der vorliegenden mit externen Ergebnissen 54 7.3 Limitierungen der eigenen Arbeit 63 7.4 Schlussfolgerungen 65 7.5 Ausblick 67 8 Zusammenfassung 68 9 Summary 70 Anlage 1 71 Anlage 2 72 10 Literaturverzeichnis 73 11 Anhang 80 12 Danksagung 90

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