Le logement est l’un des besoins fondamentaux de l’homme, comme la nourriture et le vêtement. Or, les régions métropolitaines de Jakarta et de Surabaya font face à une crise du logement. La pénurie de logements a atteint 1, 02 million dans le « Grand Jakarta » et 46 058 dans le « Grand Surabaya » en 2015. Cette étude décrit le déséquilibre entre la demande et l’offre de logements dans ces deux régions métropolitaines, et les efforts des différents acteurs (publics et privés) à trois époques différentes : « l’Ordre Ancien », « l’Ordre Nouveau », et « la Réforme/ Démocratie décentralisée » pour résoudre ce problème. Cette étude cherche en outre à lister les difficultés rencontrées par tous les acteurs dans la construction de logements décents et abordables depuis l’ère de « la démocratie décentralisée ». Enfin, cette étude examine la stratégie de coopération multi-acteurs qui a été adoptée pour réduire la pénurie de logements depuis « la Réforme ». Cette stratégie semble prometteuse car les acteurs partagent leurs rôles de sorte que la mise en œuvre des projets de construction de logements bon marché devient plus réalisable, notamment dans les grandes régions urbaines. / Housing is one of the basic needs, like food and clothing. However, the metropolitan areas of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) and Surabaya (Gerbangkertosusila) are dealing with a huge housing shortage. In 2015, the number of housing needs has reached 1, 02 million in the "Greater Jakarta" and 46.058 in the "Greater Surabaya". Due to this issue, the study firstly describes the imbalance between supply and demand of low-cost housing in these two metropolitan areas, and then the attempts of the various actors involved (public and private) to solve this problem since the nation’s independence era until the presents days (“Old Order”, “New Order”, and the “Reform/ Democratic decentralisation”). Secondly, this study explores different factors that interfere the supply of affordable housing during the era of "democratic decentralisation”. Finally, this study examines several multi-actors cooperation strategies that were adopted lately to reduce the housing shortage. These strategies seem promising because each actor are capable of sharing their roles so that the implementation of low-cost housing development projects can become more feasible, especially if they will be implemented in the large urban areas.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the level of good governance understanding implementation in Indonesia regional governments, identify impeding variables to good governance implementation, and evaluate the extent of international good governance standards alignment. The influence of economic and political transition, decentralisation and regional autonomy regime, bureaucracy culture, and political history is analysed to reflect the degree of good governance implementation and level of convergence to international good governance standards. The methodological approach involves a triangulation of in-depth interview, document analysis, and International Good Governance Standard comparison. Findings from the study reflect disparities in good governance understanding and implementation between Indonesia regional governments, nine main impeding variables to good governance implementation including bureaucratic culture and political history, and a positive response to convergence towards international good governance standard alignment. Findings also act as an in depth study and analysis of current Indonesia regional government situation, resulting in inputs and recommendations geared towards public policy development and good governance implementation guidelines.

A divisão de competências entre o governo central e os regionais definida durante a primeira metade do século XIX deixou às províncias a responsabilidade sobre um dos mais importantes itens do serviço público relacionados ao desenvolvimento econômico de um país ou região, a educação básica. Durante o Império Brasileiro, não obstante a centralização da maior parte dos recursos em mãos do governo central, foi possível às províncias manterem seus orçamentos equilibrados e, portanto, a definição sobre como tratariam suas finanças e investimentos em suas regiões. Esta divisão, que deixava a responsabilidade sobre a oferta de educação básica às províncias, foi mantida após a Proclamação da República e a adoção do federalismo no final do século XIX, em um contexto no qual a autonomia das antigas províncias, renomeadas como estados, foi ampliada. Portanto, o desenvolvimento da educação básica e dos itens que a compõe, como oferta de escolas, alcance da escolaridade e da alfabetização, estiveram, entre 1850 e 1930, sob a responsabilidade dos governos regionais e, dessa forma, os resultados que obtiveram vinculados ao modo com que cada uma delas tratou tal item do serviço público. Mesmo que, no plano geral, os resultados educacionais no Brasil tenham sido desfavoráveis se comparados ao que outros países alcançaram, é possível identificar diferenças relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da instrução primária que estiveram vinculadas à maneira com que cada região analisada Pernambuco, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul trataram e, principalmente, financiaram a educação básica, item reconhecidamente como um dos mais relevantes na formação e desenvolvimento de uma nação. / The division of powers between the central government and regional set during the first half of the nineteenth century has left the provinces responsibility for one of the most important items of public service related to the economic development of a country or region, the basic education. During the Brazilian Empire, despite the centralization of most resources in the hands of the central government, provinces was possible to keep their budgets balanced and therefore the definition on how they would treat their finances and investments they made in their regions. This division, which left the responsibility for the provision of basic education to the provinces, was retained after the Proclamation of the Republic and the adoption of federalism in the late nineteenth century, in a context in which the autonomy of the former provinces, renamed as states, was extended. Therefore, the development of basic education and the items that comprise an offering of schools, access to schooling and literacy, were between 1850 and 1930 under the responsibility of regional governments and thus the results obtained related to so that each item was treated as public service. Even though, in general terms, educational outcomes in Brazil have been unfavorable compared to what other countries have achieved, it is possible to identify related to the development of primary education differences were linked to the way that each region analyzed - Pernambuco, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul - treated and mainly financed basic education, admittedly item as one of the most important in the formation and development of a nation.