A presente tese se propõe a responder a seguinte questão: É correto afirmar que o regionalismo desenvolvimentista sul-americano, implantado ao longo do século XX, e o novo regionalismo desenvolvimentista, implantado ao longo da primeira década do século XXI, são compatíveis com as regras do sistema multilateral de comércio? Em outras palavras, as organizações de integração regional da América do Sul têm balizado as suas políticas desenvolvimentistas no policy space decorrente das prerrogativas jurídicas para o desenvolvimento do sistema multilateral de comércio? Para tratar o refrido tema, parte-se da premissa que os países da América do Sul historicamente sempre fizeram uso das prerrogativas jurídicas para o desenvolvimento, desde que tais surgiram no sistema multilateral de comércio, e possibilitaram a implantação de políticas no plano nacional e regional. Ao longo da tese, é analisada, desde uma perspectiva jurídica, a compatibilidade com as regras do sistema multilateral de comércio dos principais aspectos desenvolvimentistas das organizações de integração regional criadas na América do Sul, desde a ALALC, em 1960, até a UNASUL, em 2008. Concluiu-se que tanto o velho quanto o novo regionalismo desenvolvimentista da América do Sul foram levados adiante em concordância com o direito internacional do comércio, seja ao longo do período GATT, seja ao longo do período OMC. Mesmo com a redução de policy space decorrente da entrada em vigor dos acordos da OMC, a América do Sul vislumbrou manter um relativamente alto nível de espaço político (policy space) para a criação de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento. Atualmente, percebe-se uma tendência das organizações de integração regional da América do Sul, especialmente da UNASUL e do MERCOSUL, de levar adiante políticas públicas em torno de temas não-regulados pela OMC, o que caracterizaria uma estratégia OMC-extra. O novo regionalismo desenvolvimentista sul-americano está finalmente se constituindo para além do policy space do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que, por não configurar, a priori, uma incompatibilidade dos processos de integração com as regras da OMC, contribui para fortalecer o primado do direito internacional na América do Sul. / This thesis aims to answer the following question: Can it be said that the South American developmental regionalism, carried out throughout the twentieth century, and the new developmental regionalism, implemented during the first decade of this century, are compatible with the rules of multilateral trading system? In other words, have the regional integration organizations in South America based their developmental policies in the policy space resulting from the developmental legal prerogatives of the multilateral trading system? To treat such theme, we start from the premise that the countries of South America have historically made use of legal rights for development, since these arose in the multilateral trading system, and enabled the implementation of policies at the national and regional levels. From a legal perspective, the thesis analyses the compatibility of the main developmental aspects of regional integration organizations created in South America since the LAFTA in 1960 to UNASUR, in 2008 with the rules of the multilateral trading system. It was concluded that both the old and the new developmental regionalism in South America were brought forward in accordance with international trade law, either through the GATT period, either during the WTO period. Even with the reduction of policy space resulting from the entry into force of the WTO agreements, South America managed to maintain a relatively high level of policy space for the creation of developmental public policies. Currently, there is a perceived trend of regional integration organizations in South America, especially the MERCOSUR and UNASUR, to carry out public policies on topics unregulated by the WTO, which would characterize a strategy WTO-extra. The new South American developmental regionalism is finally going beyond the policy space of the multilateral trading system, which, by not setting a priori incompatibility of the integration processes with WTO rules, contributes to strengthen the rule of international law in South America.

The thesis surveys the formation, development and the present state of integration process in the three developing world regions -- Latin America, Africa and Asia and the Pacific -- as one of the most significant processes of the world economy since the end of the last century. The first part of the opening chapter presents the issues of regionalism, the second one presents the issues of the developing world. The objective of the thesis is to point out the differences in processes of the international economic integration in the three developing regions, in terms of both historical point of view and motives and factors influencing the integration initiatives in developing countries. In that case the individual chapters analyze motives for integration and disintegration, affecting the formation and development of integration processes in each developing region, and present the first attempts to integration in the area as well as the overall development of regional integration as a whole. Finally, the chapters list current regional groupings, focusing on the degree of integration achieved and the set, respectively achieved, objectives.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-14T16:20:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Nayanna Sabiá de Moura.pdf: 1654962 bytes, checksum: c06d4ed7b1f2abf6127332643d6c7736 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T16:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Nayanna Sabiá de Moura.pdf: 1654962 bytes, checksum: c06d4ed7b1f2abf6127332643d6c7736 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CAPES / South America has become an important geo-strategic axis for Brazil’s Foreign Policy, during the twenty-first century. With the creation of Unasur, in 2008, regional cooperation initiatives were potentiated, conducted by the auspices of the Brazilian presidential diplomacy. Unasur is an institution with multi-dimensional character, but has great accomplishment in managing regional political crisis, by convening an extraordinary meeting. Thus, the aim of this work is to analyze how Brazil has conducted its foreign policy in resolving regional disputes, which accounted for destabilization of the democratic order. Four political crisis were chosen: disputes over resources of hydrocarbons, Bolivia (2008); insurrection of the National Police, Ecuador (2010); impeachment of President Fernando Lugo, Paraguay (2012); far-right politics demonstrations in Venezuela (2014). The time frame analysis covers the period between 2008 and 2014, which corresponds to the governments of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. The methodological approach adopted is qualitative and inductive, with exploratory, bibliographical and documentary basis, covering two major areas of International Relations: Foreign Policy Analysis and Regional Integration. The Hermann’s Model (1990) of Foreign Policy Change is adopted as a theoretical approach, aimed at understanding the decision-making process of Brazilian Foreign Policy in the analyzed cases. These reflections on the action lines in Brazil are relevant to identify their standard of performance in the regional political crisis, managed by Unasur. / A América do Sul tornou-se um eixo geoestratégico importante para a Política Externa Brasileira, durante do século XXI. Com a criação da Unasul, em 2008, as iniciativas de cooperação regional foram potencializadas, aos auspícios da diplomacia presidencial brasileira. A Unasul é uma instituição com caráter pluridimensional, mas tem se destacado na gestão de crises políticas regionais, através da convocação de reuniões extraordinárias. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar como o Brasil tem conduzido sua política externa, nos processos resolutivos de contenciosos regionais, que representaram desestabilização da ordem democrática. Foram escolhidas quatro crises políticas: disputas pelos recursos dos hidrocarbonetos, na Bolívia (2008); insurreição da Polícia Nacional, no Equador (2010); destituição do presidente Fernando Lugo, no Paraguai (2012); manifestações de extrema direita, na Venezuela (2014). O recorte temporal analisado compreende o período entre 2008 e 2014, que corresponde aos governos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e de Dilma Rousseff. O procedimento metodológico adotado é qualitativo e indutivo, com pesquisa exploratória, de fundamentação bibliográfica e documental, abrangendo duas grandes áreas das Relações Internacionais: Análise de Política Externa e Integração Regional. O Modelo de Hermann (1990) é adotado como abordagem teórica, visando à compreensão do processo de tomada de decisão da política externa brasileira nos casos analisados. Essas reflexões sobre as linhas de ação do Brasil são relevantes para identificar seu padrão de atuação, nas crises políticas regionais, geridas pela Unasul.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanni Blanco Sarquis.pdf: 22189091 bytes, checksum: 227447413e3ea714f1e6b036437a4fea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This research addresses the relationship between modern -understood as revisiting aspects inherent in modern architecture and taken as reference projectual - and regional - adopted as the position of knowledge and interpretation of characteristics of place and external references relevant to the local situation - in architectural production belenense between 1979 and 2007 (considering how to cut the territorial area of Belém, including, besides the metropolitan region of Belém (RMB), the adjacent municipality of Barcarena); investigating how the articulation of these guidelines has contributed to the creation of a segment of contemporary architecture belenense as a result of the review and/or reinterpretation of modern references and regional aspects. Part of the recognition that we can identify as qualitatively different segment of the local architectural production over the period in question, a set of works that, while guided by a pragmatic approach, relies on the support as a modern design (tradition that remains), while establishing constructive dialogues with expressions adapted to the context, to attend in order to adjust the project to the specific environmental of site, especially climate of order. This paper demonstrates that these attitudes, realized in the works - of which twenty were selected for initial analysis, four of which could be subject to further study - are placed as appropriate and linked to the specific circumstances, (re)discussing the modern legacy and updating the discussions on a regional architecture. Thus, the contemporary architecture belenense not be expressed from a comparison between these two issues, but as a dialogue between the regional thematic - not shaped like style, but as staff - and the propositions modern and contemporary architectural designs revealed in architecture projects, in their integration into the site, in the spatial organization of buildings, their structural systems, in their materials and in their environment comfort solutions. / Esta pesquisa aborda a relação entre o moderno - entendido enquanto revisitação de aspectos inerentes à arquitetura moderna e tomados como referência projetual - e o regional - adotado como postura de conhecimento e interpretação das características do lugar e de referências externas pertinentes à situação local - na produção arquitetônica belenense entre 1979 e 2007 (considerando-se como recorte territorial a área da Grande Belém, incluindo, além da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), o município limítrofe de Barcarena); investigando como a articulação dessas pautas contribuiu para a constituição de um segmento da arquitetura belenense contemporânea enquanto resultado da revisão e/ou reinterpretação de referenciais modernos e aspectos regionais. Como parte do reconhecimento de que podemos identificar - enquanto segmento qualitativamente diferenciado da produção arquitetônica local ao longo do período em questão -, tem-se um conjunto de obras que, conquanto orientado por uma atitude especialmente pragmática, apóia-se no moderno enquanto suporte ao desenho (tradição que permanece nos cursos de arquitetura de Belém e na prática profissional), estabelecendo ao mesmo tempo interlocuções com manifestações construtivas adaptadas ao contexto, que comparecem no sentido de ajustamento do projeto às especificidades ambientais do sítio, notadamente de ordem climática. Este trabalho visa demonstrar que essas atitudes, concretizadas em obras - sendo que vinte foram selecionadas para análise inicial, entre as quais quatro puderam ser objeto de um estudo mais detalhado - colocam-se como apropriadas e vinculadas a realidades específicas, (re)discutindo o legado moderno e atualizando as discussões em torno de uma arquitetura regional. Dessa maneira, a arquitetura belenense contemporânea não se expressa a partir de um contraponto entre essas duas questões, mas como um diálogo entre a temática regional - não conformada como estilo, mas como pauta - e as proposições modernas e contemporâneas, revelado nos projetos de arquitetura, em sua inserção no sítio, na organização espacial dos edifícios, em seus sistemas estruturais, em seus materiais e em suas soluções de conforto ambiental.

No description available.

The study of regions in international relations has been a sometime thing, gaining scholarly attention in the 1950s and 1960s, dropping largely from view in the 1970s, and returning to focus quite dramatically in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is clear that the contemporary manifestations of regionalism (the completion of the internal market of the European Communities in 1992, Asia Pacific developments, and US-centred Western hemisphere moves) constitute a new and qualitatively different factor in both interstate relations and the international political economy. The growth in the development of regions in the 1980s also represents a new level of interstate collaboration in the international system. The question arises as to the causes of this 'new regionalism' of the 1980s, and the implications of these developments for international relations practice and theory. Investigating these issues is the main task of this thesis. ¶ This thesis involves three elements: a central contemporary element examining the re-emergence of regions in the 1980s; a second comparative element comparing the causal factors operating in three different regions; and lastly, a theoretical element examining the usefulness of current theory to the phenomenon of regionalism in the 1980s and 1990s. Chapters Two and Three discuss the relevant theoretical literature with a view to developing the propositions to be examined in the case studies. They examine three of the major streams of international relations theory - realism, liberal economics, and institutionalism - with a focus on what these contending theories have had to say about how regional groupings arise. Chapter Two looks at the relevant theoretical literature in the 1950s and 1960s while Chapter Three explores the more recent theoretical literature of the 1970s and 1980s. ¶ The rest of the body of the thesis tests propositions set out at the end of Chapter Three on the causes of the regionalist revival in the 1980s by way of three case studies, each one concerned with the actual development of regionalism in three different parts of the globe: Western Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific. ¶ In all three regions the move towards regionalism was clearly a reaction to negative developments in the international economic and political systems. It was in part a specific response to the undermining of the liberal international trading regime and the associated rise in protectionism, particularly in the US. It was also partly the result of an ideational shift in terms of economic doctrine away from keynesianism and import substitution industrialisation to economic liberalism and export-oriented economic growth. Yet it is also apparent from the case studies that the new regionalism was also to some extent the result of a kind of interactive chain reaction, a spiral of mutual anxiety, with regionalism in one area provoking an extension of regionalism in another. It is indeed difficult to establish which of these causal explanations is the principal one as it is clear from the case studies that they are in fact mutually reinforcing. ¶ The thesis concludes with an analysis of the insights provided by the case studies into the theoretical debates examined in Chapters Two and Three. Finally, there is an attempt to use these insights to construct a theory accounting for the rise of the new regionalism.

Thema des ersten Potsdamer Textbuches sind Regionen als Subjekte der internationalen Politik, speziell innerhalb der EU. Die Bandbreite reicht von den österreichischen Bundesländern über Schottland und Katalonien bis zu den belgischen communautés. Der "Europäisierung" der deutschen Länder wird besonderes Augenmerk geschenkt. Namhafte Autorinnen und Autoren des In- und Auslandes beteiligen sich an der Diskussion. Theoretische Überlegungen zur Erklärung des Phänomens der transföderalen Beziehungen werden durch anschauliche und detaillierte Fallstudien ergänzt.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a regional organization and its role on the policies of People&rsquo / s Republic of China towards Central Asia. Central Asia region is important for Beijing because of plenty of reasons like energy, commercial ties, balancing weight of United States and security of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. In this respect, relations of China with this important region constitute great importance in order to understand current situation and future of China. SCO, as mainly a security organization, has been transformed to a multi purpose organization and it has begun to occupy important place in policies of China towards Central Asia. SCO is a very effective instrument for China in order to implement her policies, increase her influence and solve her problems in the region. This thesis consists of five chapters / explanation of conceptual framework and introduction of the study will be made in Chapter 1 and then broad definition of SCO will be made in Chapter 2. In the 3rd chapter, sources and aims of Chinese foreign policy, Central Asia policy and effects of SCO to these elements will be explained. In chapter 4, attitude of other important powers to SCO will be examined and at the last Chapter thesis will be concluded.

No description available.

Oceania is an example of a region where traditional security theory based on historical enmity and competition does not fit. A history of amity and cooperation has evolved through regionalism and the region's pre-eminent organisation, the Pacific Islands Forum (the Forum). In 2004, the Forum was tasked to develop the 'Pacific Plan' (the Plan) to facilitate closer cooperation and deeper integration. Security is one of the four pillars of the Plan. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the institutions of the Forum as facilitators of regional security cooperation. The Forum is reviewed and the idea of a logic of action is introduced. To help explain security in an environment with a history of cooperation, traditional security theory is re-defined. A security environment equation is created as a framework to help analyse the Forum's structures and security mechanisms. The Forum Regional Security Committee is examined closely resulting in suggestions to strengthen the region's security environment.