Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar uma experiência didática que envolveu a aplicação de um módulo para inserir a Física no nono (9º) ano do Ensino Fundamental através da metodologia de projetos de pesquisa. A aplicação ocorreu em uma escola pública da rede municipal de Porto Alegre, RS, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2015. O módulo baseou-se no referencial teórico da Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel e na perspectiva metodológica e pedagógica do ensino por projetos de Fernando Hernández e Montserrat Ventura. Descreve-se em detalhe o planejamento didático, os recursos utilizados e a sequência de encontros que mostra como a dinâmica evoluiu e os resultados que foram possíveis alcançar. O texto oferece também uma revisão da literatura em que a relevância, as vantagens e certas dificuldades do ensino por projetos são discutidas. Os resultados indicam que é possível inserir e trabalhar a Física no Ensino Fundamental através do ensino por projetos, que os alunos se envolveram positivamente, que a metodologia utilizada conseguiu instigar os estudantes à pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento de sua aprendizagem. Indicam que essa estratégia pode ser uma alternativa didática útil para professores de ciências que não se sentem à vontade, ou não se sentem preparados para abordar explicitamente conteúdos de física no Ensino Fundamental, proporcionando um ambiente colaborativo, em que alunos e professores se envolvem e constroem juntos. Mostram também que o esforço na busca de alternativas para alcançar uma educação científica com significado para os aprendizes é possível e precisa ser incentivado. Ao final, há um produto educacional em formato de texto de apoio ao professor que visa auxiliar e motivar os professores a fazerem uso do ensino por projetos. / This work aims at reporting a didactical experience which involved the application of a module to insert Physics in the 9th grade from Elementary School by using the methodology of research projects. The application took place in a public municipal school from Porto Alegre, RS, from October to December, 2015. The module was based on the Meaningful Learning Theory by David Ausubel and on the Methodological and Pedagogical perspective of Teaching by Projects by Fernando Hernández and Montserrat Ventura. The didactical planning, the resources used and the sequence of meetings which show the evolution of the dynamics and the results obtained are shown in detail. The text also offers a literature review in which the relevance, the advantages and some difficulties related to the practice of teaching by projects are discussed. The results show that it is possible to insert Physics as a learning subject in Elementary School by means of the methodology of teaching by projects. It is also shown that the students got positively involved and that the methodology employed made the students eager to research and to develop their learning process. It indicates that this strategy may be a useful didactical alternative for Science teachers who feel neither comfortable nor prepared to explicitly approach Physics contents in Elementary School, since it offers a collaborative environment, in which students and teachers get involved and build knowledge together. It also shows that the effort to reach viable alternatives for a significant scientific education which is meaningful for the students is possible and needs to be motivated. In the end, an educational product in text format is offered to the teacher who wants to support and motivate teachers to use the methodology of teaching by projects.

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-07-13T18:44:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Hugo Leonardo Siroti do Amaral.pdf: 1005101 bytes, checksum: 8e62f8a6ef96b62d086708e14544c218 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-16T17:36:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Hugo Leonardo Siroti do Amaral.pdf: 1005101 bytes, checksum: 8e62f8a6ef96b62d086708e14544c218 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-16T17:39:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Hugo Leonardo Siroti do Amaral.pdf: 1005101 bytes, checksum: 8e62f8a6ef96b62d086708e14544c218 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-16T17:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Hugo Leonardo Siroti do Amaral.pdf: 1005101 bytes, checksum: 8e62f8a6ef96b62d086708e14544c218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The scientific and technological advances made in recent years have been revolutionizing traditional approaches exploitation of biological resources. Thus it is understandable that product innovation can be characterized briefly by three stages: the formulation of the idea, product development and production scale. In these phases fall into various processes of technology transfer, with the participation of several actors and under various barriers. Technology transfer in this context is understood as the transfer of a body of knowledge, methods and / or equipment to solve design problems in a given application domain, either through training or acquisition. Given this context the present study sought to examine how the definition of the research agenda influences the transfer of biotechnology and business generation in the process of innovation in the food sector in Manaus - AM. The importance of this study was based on the effort to analyze the competitive capacity and to identify actions that promote the generation of new business in the food sector, given that the technology transfer between companies and research institutions has been driven due to the growing importance of knowledge for technological advancement and competitiveness. The methodology used in the study involved the application of intentional interview with area businesses and food questionnaires to 178 researchers working in institutes of science and technology in Manaus. The study presented numerous contributions to the agenda of the researcher and their influence to the food sector, where public agencies define the agenda of the researcher through funding sources and determining the demand by researchers. And innovation is a decisive factor for the competitiveness of the food industry, however it is necessary to the training of highly qualified personnel, particularly on biotechnology that can break down barriers and develop research and development for the sector in question. Finally, support enterprises in biotechnology and especially areas related to the food sector is the challenge for researchers, experts and enterprises because it is a promising segment and high economic interest. It is necessary to stimulate the creation and strengthening of companies, offering conditions for competitiveness. The innovative projects should be developed and processed mainly in socioeconomic benefits to the city of Manaus - AM. / Os avanços científicos e tecnológicos alcançados nos últimos anos vêm revolucionando as abordagens tradicionais de exploração de recursos biológicos. Desta forma compreende-se que a inovação de produtos pode ser caracterizada, resumidamente, por três fases: a formulação da idéia, o desenvolvimento do produto e a produção em escala. Nessas fases inserem-se vários processos de transferência de tecnologia, com a participação de vários atores e sob diversas barreiras. A transferência de tecnologia nesse contexto é entendida como a transferência de um conjunto de conhecimentos, métodos e/ou equipamentos para a resolução de problemas de projetos em dado domínio de aplicação, seja por meio de capacitação ou aquisição. Diante desta contextualização a presente pesquisa buscou analisar como a definição da agenda de pesquisa influencia a transferência de biotecnologia e a geração de negócios, no processo de inovação no setor de alimentos em Manaus - AM. A importância deste estudo baseou-se no esforço em analisar a capacidade competitiva e identificar ações que promovam a geração de novos negócios no setor de alimentos, haja vista que a transferência de tecnologia entre empresas e instituições de pesquisa tem sido impulsionada devido à crescente importância do conhecimento para o avanço tecnológico e competitividade. A metodologia adotada na pesquisa envolveu a aplicação de entrevista intencional com empresas da área de alimentos e a aplicação de questionários para 178 pesquisadores que atuam nos institutos de ciência e tecnologia em Manaus. O estudo apresentou inúmeras contribuições para a agenda do pesquisador e sua influência para o setor de alimentos, onde órgãos públicos definem a agenda do pesquisador por meio de fontes de financiamento e que determina a demanda por parte dos pesquisadores. E a inovação é fator decisivo para a competitividade do setor de alimentos, entretanto torna-se necessário a formação de pessoal altamente qualificado, em especial ligado a biotecnologia que podem romper barreiras e desenvolver pesquisas e desenvolvimento para o setor em questão. Por fim, apoiar empreendimentos em biotecnologia e principalmente de áreas ligadas ao setor de alimentos é o desafio dos pesquisadores, especialistas e das empresas, pois se trata de um segmento promissor e de alto interesse econômico. Torna-se necessário o estímulo para a criação e ao fortalecimento de empresas do setor, oferecendo condições para sua competitividade. Os projetos inovadores devem ser desenvolvidos e principalmente transformados em benefícios socioeconômicos para a cidade de Manaus - AM.

Ultra-high throughput DNA sequencing technologies have rapidly changed the face of genomic research projects. Technologies such as mRNA-Seq have the potential to rapidly profile the expressed gene-catalog of non-model organisms, albeit with significant bioinformatics related costs and support required. This study developed automated data analysis workflows focused on the quality evaluation of mRNA-Seq reads, de novo transcriptome assembly, transcriptome annotation and digital gene expression profiling making use of data analysis tools available in the public domain and novel tools developed for this purpose. The developed workflows were made available in a private instance of the Galaxy workflow management system. The developed workflows were used to perform the de novo assembly of a gene-catalog of a Eucalyptus plantation tree. The fast growing and good wood properties of Eucalyptus tree species and their hybrids make them excellent renewable resources of fiber for pulp and paper, and woody biomass for bioenergy production. We produced an expressed gene-catalog of 18 894 de novo assembled contigs from Illumina deep mRNA-Seq of six sampled plant tissues. Using a novel coverage-assisted re-assembly approach, we were able to assemble near full-length biologically relevant transcripts. The assembly was evaluated in terms of contig quality and contiguity, and functional annotations were assigned. Digital expression profiling (FPKM values) of each contig across the tissues were calculated, which was used to identify of tissue-specific sets of expressed genes. Polymorphism analysis of 13 806 high-confidence contigs revealed a combined exon and untranslated region SNP density of 0.534 SNPs/100 bp, which provides a good opportunity for designing high-density SNP assays in the expressed regions of the Eucalyptus genome. The assembled and annotated gene catalog was made available for public use in a user-friendly, web-based interface as the Eucspresso database (http://eucspresso.bi.up.ac.za). The developed database acts as a prelude to a more comprehensive mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome repository, the Eucalyptus Genome Intergrative Explorer (EucGenIE), a resource that will focus on identifying transcriptional networks active during woody biomass development. Results from the study proved that current bioinformatics software tools and approaches can be used to successfully assemble and characterize a large proportion of the transcriptome of a complex eukaryotic organism. This approach can be used to characterise the gene catalog of a wide range of non-model organisms using only data derived from uHTS experiments. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Biochemistry / unrestricted

O volume crescente de projetos de pesquisa que envolvem software motiva a realização de análises sobre os processos utilizados no desenvolvimento desses projetos, considerando-se as atividades realizadas, os resultados obtidos e a aplicação de recursos. Na área de Engenharia de Software, processos têm sido propostos nos últimos anos com o objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa que envolvem software. Busca-se, de forma geral, auxiliar o gerenciamento dos diversos artefatos que podem ser gerados, por exemplo, modelos, código fonte, relatórios técnicos e artigos científicos. As soluções apresentadas na literatura começaram a ser propostas recentemente e, portanto, os estudos realizados nessa área apresentam-se em estágio bastante inicial. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi definir um processo para o desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa envolvendo software, que esteja de acordo com um conjunto de requisitos identificado e que possa contribuir para a evolução desses projetos. Para reforçar a continuidade dos projetos, foi estudada a abordagem de design rationale, com o objetivo de oferecer meios para que as decisões sejam capturadas e registradas em fases específicas do desenvolvimento. O processo de documentação foi enfatizado, ou seja, foi investigado como a abordagem de design rationale poderia ser utilizada para melhorar a documentação dos projetos de pesquisa. Como um resultado obtido, foi definido um modelo para representação de design rationale (DR-SACI), implementado em uma ferramenta CASE e avaliado em um experimento / The increasing volume of research projects in the context of software is a motivation for analyzing processes which are used to develop such projects, regarding activities that are carried out, results that are gathered and application of resources. In the Software Engineering area, recently, processes have been considered with the objective to contribute for research projects development in which software is an element. Overall, the main purpose is to help management overtime of artifacts that can be produced, such as, models, code, technical reports and scientific papers. However, research developed in this direction and solutions discussed in the literature are presented in an initial stage. Therefore, the objective of this work was to define a process for development of research projects regarding a set of requirements. It is expected that such process can be useful to contribute for evolution of these projects. To reinforce the aspect of research project evolution, the design rationale approach was studied. The goal was to provide the opportunity of capturing and registering decisions in specific development phases. The documentation process was emphasized, i.e., the design rationale approach was analyzed focusing on the improvement of research projects documentation. As a result, a model for design rationale representation was defined, implemented in a CASE tool and evaluated by means of an experiment

This research explores postmethod pedagogy (Kumaravadivelu, 2003, p. 165) with two Mozambican secondary school teachers who expressed an interest in carrying out an exploratory research project in their context of practice. The research was undertaken to investigate how teachers, who had attended an International House Language Lab (IHLL) teacher education programme in 2008, were theorizing from their practice with the aim of developing a context-sensitive pedagogy. The research is a qualitative study consisting of two case studies. Each case is based on the practices of a teacher attempting to implement an exploratory research project. The exploratory projects included the following activities: the teacher teaching a lesson with a colleague observing; the teacher and observer meeting both before and after the observed lesson to discuss and analyse the lesson; and finally, the teacher inviting a group of students to discuss their perceptions of selected episodes in the lesson. The teachers used the exploratory research projects to explore their classroom practice in order to learn more about their teaching. Of particular relevance to this study is literature on practitioner research and teachers as reflective practitioners. In analysing the data, I demonstrate that although the exploratory research projects provided a frame of reference and point of departure for postmethod pedagogy, the teachers’ ability to ‘develop a systematic, coherent, and relevant personal theory of practice’ (Kumaravadivelu, 2003, p. 40) was limited by: the context, the surface level application of macrostrategies, and a lack of foregrounding of the critical in the postmethod macrostrategies. The study concludes with a critical reflection on the value of postmethod pedagogy for teacher education programmes offered at IHLL, as well as for the teachers’ contexts of practice. I offer some ‘fuzzy generalizations’ (Bassey, 1999) about the place of postmethod principles in teacher development courses for language teachers from a range of classroom and community contexts.

O aprendizado do método científico estimula o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico e a análise lógica de informações. Além disso, a proposição e teste de hipóteses são aplicáveis não só à ciência, mas também para fatos comuns da vida diária. Saber como a ciência é feita e seus resultados publicados são úteis para todos os cidadãos e obrigatório para os estudantes de ciências. Uma disciplina de 60-h (QBQ2006 - Introdução à Ciência) foi criada para oferecer aos estudantes de graduação uma forma sistemática de aprendizagem dos procedimentos de produção e publicação científica. A disciplina foi composta por dois módulos e seu foco principal era a bioquímica. O Módulo I explorou artigos científicos e o Módulo II a escrita do projeto de pesquisa. O Módulo I abordou os tópicos: (1) a diferença entre o conhecimento científico e o senso comum; (2) diferentes concepções de ciência; (3) metodologia científica; (4) categorias publicação científica; (5) princípios de lógica; (6) dedução e indução; e (7) leitura crítica de artigos científicos. O Módulo II abordou: (1) seleção de um problema experimental para investigação; (2) revisão bibliográfica; (3) materiais e métodos; (4) apresentação e escrita de projeto; (5) agências de financiamento; e (6) análise crítica de resultados experimentais. O curso adotou uma estratégia de aprendizagem colaborativa, e cada tópico foi estudado por meio de atividades a ser realizadas pelos alunos. Avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas do curso, com questionários do tipo Likert, foram realizadas em cada oferecimento e os resultados mostraram grande aprovação da disciplina pelos alunos. Os professores responsáveis pelo planejamento e desenvolvimento da disciplina também a avaliaram positivamente. O Departamento de Bioquímica do Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo ofereceu essa disciplina quatro vezes. Aproveitando os recursos fornecidos pelas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e da experiência adquirida com o primeiro oferecimento da disciplina QBQ2006 foi criado, adaptada desta, outra disciplina de 60h, com o mesmo nome, na modalidade à distância (IC01 - Introdução à Ciência). Foi oferecida aos alunos de graduação dos cursos de Nutrição, Biomedicina e Medicina da Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre (FFFCMPA) atual Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). A disciplina foi composta por dois módulos e adotou estratégia de aprendizagem colaborativa, como descrito na experiência anterior. Avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas do curso, com questionários do tipo Likert, foram realizadas em cada oferecimento e os resultados mostraram a grande aprovação pelos alunos da disciplina. Os professores responsáveis pelo planejamento e desenvolvimento da disciplina também a avaliaram positivamente. A disciplina IC01, Introdução à Ciência, foi oferecida três vezes / Understanding the scientific method fosters the development of critical thinking and logical analysis of information. Additionally, proposing and testing a hypothesis is applicable not only to science, but also to ordinary facts of daily life. Knowing the way science is done and how its results are published is useful for all citizens and mandatory for science students. A 60-h course (QBQ2006 - Introduction to Science) was created to offer undergraduate students a framework in which to learn the procedures of scientific production and publication. The course\'s main focus was biochemistry, and it was comprised of two modules. Module I dealt with scientific papers, and Module II with research project writing. Module I covered the topics: (1) the difference between scientific knowledge and common sense, (2) different conceptions of science, (3) scientific methodology, (4) scientific publishing categories, (5) logical principles, (6) deductive and inductive approaches, and (7) critical reading of scientific articles. Module II dealt with (1) selection of an experimental problem for investigation, (2) bibliographic revision, (3) materials and methods, (4) project writing and presentation, (5) funding agencies, and (6) critical analysis of experimental results. The course adopted a collaborative learning strategy, and each topic was studied through activities performed by the students. Qualitative and quantitative course evaluations with Likert questionnaires were carried out at each stage, and the results showed the students\' high approval of the course. The staff responsible for course planning and development also evaluated it positively. The Biochemistry Department of the Chemistry Institute of the University of São Paulo has offered the course four times. Taking advantage of the resources provided by the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the experience gained with the first offering of the course QBQ2006 another 60h course was created in distance mode (IC01 - Introduction to Science). It was offered to undergraduate students of Nutrition, Biomedicine and Medicine from the Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre (FFFCMPA) current Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). The course was comprised by the two modules and adopted a collaborative learning strategy, as described in the previous experience. Qualitative and quantitative course evaluations with Likert questionnaires were carried out at each stage, and the results showed the students\' high approval of the course. The staff responsible for course planning and development also evaluated it positively. The IC01, Introduction to Science, course was offered three times

A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES e o Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst - DAAD são organizações do Brasil e da Alemanha, respectivamente, que apoiam iniciativas de cooperação bilateral em ensino superior, ciência, tecnologia e inovação de forma muito positiva. Os acordos governamentais amparam a cooperação desde o início dos anos 1960 com o propósito de manter as relações de amizade e os interesses comuns em fomentar a pesquisa científica, e promover o desenvolvimento tecnológico. A idealização em favorecer oportunidades para a criação, e execução, de projetos conjuntos de pesquisa bilateral se sustenta em apoiar a formação qualificada de recursos humanos e fortalecimento de atividades concomitantes de ensino, pesquisa e gestão em ciência/tecnologia/inovação. São iniciativas que estimulam a expansão da cooperação universitária internacional com o intuito de fortalecer nosso sistema nacional de pós-graduação, mediante a concessão de investimentos para criar, ou vitalizar, redes internacionais de pesquisa. A convivência entre grupos de excelência beneficia o compartilhamento de soluções para problemas comuns, assim como busca possibilidades de retribuir à coletividade propostas de inovações. Este trabalho descreve a cooperação bilateral entre o Brasil e a Alemanha com destaque ao programa Projetos de Cooperação Universitária entre o Brasil e a Alemanha (PROBRAL) em algumas de suas faces no período de 1994 a 2014. O primeiro artigo descreve: 1) a distribuição regional das instituições brasileiras envolvidas; 2) as grandes áreas de conhecimento que abrigam os projetos executados; e 3) as redes de colaboração brasileiras e alemãs com maior número de projetos executados. No que se refere ao Brasil é visível, além das interações com instituições alemãs, uma ampla interação nacional, uma assimétrica distribuição regional, o predomínio das grandes áreas Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Engenharias e Ciências Biológicas, e um crescimento do número de instituições brasileiras envolvidas e da formação de redes bilaterais. Além disso, se discute a potencial contribuição deste duradouro Programa para a Pós Graduação e Pesquisa Brasileira. O segundo artigo identifica as contribuições do PROBRAL na produção científica brasileira e a colaboração entre pesquisadores brasileiros e alemães ao longo dos anos de 1994 a 2016, e nas três grandes áreas predominantes anteriormente citadas. É um estudo exploratório–descritivo, baseado em dados e documentos publicados pelas entidades responsáveis por sua execução, a CAPES e o DAAD. A partir destes dados, trata-se de identificar, através de indicadores cientométricos (produção, coautoria e Fator de Impacto), as contribuições do programa para a produção e internacionalização da pesquisa científica brasileira. Observa-se que a área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra publicou em maior número que as duas outras áreas relacionadas. Quanto à produção dos pesquisadores brasileiros em colaboração com pesquisadores alemães, a grande área de Ciências Biológicas, se sobressai com cerca de 20% da produção. Este artigo mostra que a política de cooperação científica internacional é de extrema importância, apoiando e fomentando o intercâmbio científico entre grupos de pesquisadores brasileiros e alemães. Portanto, a mobilidade internacional entre os pares é significativa para o incremento da pesquisa científica e a internacionalização das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), pois origina um ambiente favorável para a cooperação e a formação de redes. Por fim, deve-se se respeitar a recomendação do Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação 2011-2020 acerca da busca de excelência e de conhecimentos novos. Tal orientação significa evitar posições endógenas e interagir fortemente com instituições nacionais e internacionais para promover o crescimento da ciência e destacar o país no cenário mundial. / The Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst - DAAD are organizations in Brazil and Germany, respectively, which support initiatives of bilateral cooperation in higher education, science, technology and innovation in a very positive way. Government agreements have supported cooperation since the early 1960s in order to maintain friendly relations and common interests in fostering scientific research and promoting technological development. The vision in favor of opportunities for the creation and execution of joint bilateral research projects is based on supporting the qualified training of human resources and the strengthening of concomitant teaching, research and management activities in science, technology and innovation. These are initiatives that stimulate the expansion of international university cooperation in order to strengthen the Brazilian national graduate system by granting investments to create or vitalize international research networks. The coexistence between groups of excellence benefits the sharing of solutions to common problems, as well as the seeking of possibilities to return to the collective proposals for innovations. This paper describes the bilateral cooperation between Brazil and Germany, with emphasis on the Program of University Cooperation between Brazil and Germany - PROjetos de Cooperação Universitária entre o BRasil e a ALemanha (PROBRAL) in some of its stages from 1994 to 2014. The first article describes: 1) the regional distribution level of the Brazilian institutions involved; 2) the main areas of knowledge that house executed projects; and 3) the Brazilian and German collaboration networks with the greatest number of executed projects. With regards to Brazil, in addition to interactions with German institutions, there is a wide national interaction, an asymmetric regional distribution, the predominance of main areas of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Biological Sciences, and a growth in the number of Brazilian institutions and the formation of bilateral networks. In addition, the potential contribution of this long-standing Program for Postgraduate and Brazilian Research is discussed. The second article identifies the contributions of PROBRAL in Brazilian scientific production and the collaboration between Brazilian and German researchers over the years 1994 to 2016 and in the three main areas mentioned above. This is an exploratory-descriptive study, based on data and documents published by the entities responsible for its execution, CAPES and DAAD. From these data, it is a question of identifying, using scientometrics (production, co-authorship and Impact Factor), the program's contributions to the production and internationalization of Brazilian scientific research. It is seen that most publications are originated from the area of Natural Sciences, in a greater number than the two other related areas. As for the production of Brazilian researchers in collaboration with German researchers, the great area of Biological Sciences stands out with about 20% of production. This article suggests that the policy of international scientific cooperation is extremely important, supporting and fostering the scientific exchange between groups of Brazilian and German researchers. Therefore, international peer mobility is significant for the increase of scientific research and the internationalization of Higher Education Institutions (IES - Instituições de Ensino Superior) as it creates a favorable environment for cooperation and networking. Lastly, one should respect the recommendation of the National Postgraduate Plan 2011-2020 regarding the search for excellence and new knowledge. Such an orientation means avoiding endogenous positions and interacting strongly with national and international institutions to promote the growth of Brazilian science and highlight the country on the world stage.

I takt med den ökande projektifieringen av forskningsarbetet möter forskarna nya krav till ledarskapskompetens. Trots detta har forskningsprojekt länge förbisetts som en arena för forskning på projekt. Också inom studier av ledarskap i forskningsinstitutioner har man ofta valt att fokusera på ledarskap på högre nivåer. Detta trots att en väsentlig del av det forskningsnära ledarskapet i akademiska institutioner utövas i forskningsprojekten. Genom att belysa hur ledare av forskningsprojekt i akademiska miljöer uppfattar sin roll som ledareönskar det här arbetet att bidra till en hittills lite empiriskt undersökt del av projektverksamheten. Det här görs genom en studie av norska center för framstående forskning. Tio ledare av norska center för framstående forskning semistrukturerade intervjuades för studien. Intervjuerna har analyserats tematiskt med fokus på att belysa projektledarnas uppfattning av sin roll.  Resultaten från studien visar på en dualitet mellan hur forskarna uppfattar sin roll som forskare och som ledare. Forskningsprojektets kontext är viktig för hur projektledarna upplever sin roll. Ledarna beskriver en formell och en informell ledarroll, som är delvis överlappande. I dessa ingår att hitta en balans mellan autonomi och kontroll, som samtidigt möter de krav som finansiären har och bidrar till att projektet uppnår de mål som man har satt i projektplanen. / The projectification of research brings with it new demands for research leadership skills. Despite this, there have been few studies of research projects as an arena for project research. This work contributes to a part of the project literature, which so far has only to some extent been empirically investigated.  This work studies the project leaders perception of his or her role as a leader of a research project. The focus for the study is leaders of of Norwegian centers of excellence. Ten leaders of ten different Norwegian centers of excellence were interviewed for this study. The interviews have been analyzed thematically, with a focus on highlighting project leaders' perception of their role. The study shows that the context of the research project is important for understanding the project leader’s role. The results from the study show that there is a duality in the leaders’ perception of their role as a researcher and as a leader. The leaders describe a situation where they strive to find a balance between autonomy and control, which also helps to achieve the goals defined in the project plan.

O trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a agilidade nas contratações de projetos de pesquisa no âmbito do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). A pesquisa foi motivada pela demora na contratação de alguns projetos e pelo insucesso na contratação de outros, com o concorrente acúmulo de recursos a serem investidos. O primeiro objetivo específico foi a identificação das restrições do programa de P&D da ANEEL e seleção daquelas que afetam a contratação de projetos de pesquisa. O segundo objetivo é a proposição de alternativas para aumentar a agilidade na contratação de projetos de pesquisa. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas que correspondem aos objetivos específicos e são apresentadas em dois artigos. A primeira procurou investigar as variáveis do problema. A segunda etapa procurou propor alternativas para agilizar o processo de contratação de projetos de pesquisa das empresas. Na primeira etapa foi aplicado método para lidar com problemas sociais complexos ao longo de reuniões específicas. Uma das reuniões foi realizada com especialistas em pesquisa e outra com os envolvidos no programa de pesquisa. As informações foram trabalhadas e validadas com os participantes. Para desenvolver a segunda etapa, foram realizados três estudos de caso em que foram realizadas entrevistas e o mapeamento dos processos de contratação de empresas de diferentes naturezas jurídicas. Os procedimentos buscaram investigar se existiam diferenças na agilidade de contratação entre as empresas, tendo como base de comparação uma configuração específica de projeto, investigar a motivação para tais diferenças e levantar alternativas para disseminar entre as empresas a agilidade nas contratações. Na primeira etapa, as restrições do programa de P&D foram identificadas e a maior parte delas está relacionada com a gestão interna das empresas. Em seguida, estão as restrições relacionadas a contratação de projetos, mais especificamente a questões de propriedade industrial e de equipamentos comprados ou produzidos pelo projeto. Na segunda etapa, foram confirmadas diferenças na agilidade de contratação entre as empresas. A padronização de procedimentos e as relações recorrentes foram identificadas como motivações para tais diferenças. Entre as alternativas encontradas na literatura para tratar as restrições constatadas na primeira etapa, a formação de relações de longo prazo parece beneficiar a celebração de contratos. A formação de comitês para ajustes nos contratos não foi alvo de questionamento na presente pesquisa, mas também pode ser uma alternativa para agilizar a celebração de contratos. A atribuição da propriedade dos resultados para a parceira que mais contribui é alvo de controvérsia por questões legais. A presente pesquisa contribuiu para o campo gerencial ao propor a criação de uma certificação de qualidade para disseminar a padronização de processos, sendo que a padronização não foi abordada na teoria revisada que trata sobre a contratação de projetos de pesquisa. Essa alternativa contribuiria para tratar as restrições encontradas na contratação de projetos entre as empresas e as executoras com benefícios que extrapolam o escopo da presente pesquisa, visto que as instituições de pesquisa envolvidas no programa de P&D ANEEL estão dentre as principais do sistema de pesquisa brasileiro. Propõe-se desenvolver novas pesquisas que evoluam o conhecimento sobre a agilidade de contratação ao investigar os perfis de contratações, os mecanismos de governança utilizados e as diferenças de agilidade obtidas. / The work´s objective was the investigation of research contracting agility in the context of R&D Program for the Brazilian Electric Energy Sector. The research was motivated by the delay on some projects contract negotiation and by others unsuccessful contracting process, while the funds to invest keep growing. The first specific objective was to discover which constraints of the R&D Program for the Brazilian Electric Energy Sector, which guidelines and instructions are established by the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency – ANEEL, affects research projects contracting process. The second objective is the proposition of alternatives to increase contracting agility. The work had two main stages to address the specific objectives and they are presented in two papers. The first stage investigated problem´s topics. The second stage intended to propose alternatives to make the utilities contracting process more agile. The first stage has applied a method for handling complex societal problems. A discussion meeting involved research experts and other the utilities and academy. The information collected was summarized and then validated with the participants. At the second stage, three case studies were developed using interviews and process mapping with public, private and mixed utilities. The procedures applied intended to investigate if there was agility differences in utilities contracting processes, using as reference a specific project configuration, identify the motivation for the differences founded and raise alternatives to make all utilities contracting processes agile. The constraints were identified in the first stage and most of them are related with utilities management. In second place, there are constraints related with project contracting, especially issues about industrial property and equipments developed or bought in the project. At the second stage, contracting agility differences were found. Process standardization and recurrent relationships were identified as possible motivations for these differences. Among the alternatives found in the literature review to handle the constraints identified in the first stage, the long term relationships seems to make contracting easier. The development of committees to adapt contracts during evolution of the collaboration was not in the scope of the present research, but also can be an alternative to make contracting more agile. Share property rights according with technological contribution can be refused because of legal aspects. The present research evolve the management knowledge as it proposes a certification to promote process standardization, besides the standardization was not present in the reviewed theory about research project contracting. This alternative would contribute to handle constraints identified in the contracting experience, with benefits that will exceed the planned scope, as the research institutions in the ANEEL R&D program are among the most importants in the brazilian research system. New researches may expand the knowledge about contracting agility if they investigate contracting configuration, governance mechanisms used and the agility differences obtained.

The field of adult literacy and basic education (ALBE) has undergone dramatic changes in recent years with the advent of labour market programs, accreditation, competency-based assessment and competitive tendering for program funds. Teachers' working conditions have deteriorated and their professional autonomy has been eroded. ALBE has been increasingly instrumentalised to fulfil the requirements of a marketised economy and conform to its norms. The beliefs and value systems which traditionally underpinned the work of ALBE teachers have been reframed according to the principle of 'performativity' and the demands of the 'performative State' (Lyotard, 1984: 46, Yeatman 1994: 110). The destabilisation of teachers' working lives can be understood as a manifestation of the 'postmodern condition' (Lyotard 1984; Harvey 1989): the collapse of the certainties and purposes of the past; the proliferation of technologies; the impermanence and intensification of work; the commodification of knowledge and curricula; and the dissolving of boundaries between disciplines and fields of knowledge. The critiques of the modernist grand narratives which underpin progressivist and critical approaches to adult literacy pedagogy have further undermined the traditional points of reference of ALBE teachers. In this thesis I examine how teachers are teaching, surviving, resisting, and 'living the contradictions' (Seddon 1994) in the context of struggles to comply with and resist the requirements of performativity. Following Foucault and a number of feminist poststructuralist authors, I have applied the notions of 'discursive engagement' and 'the politics of discourse' (Yeatman 1990a) as a way of theorising the interplay between imposed change and teachers' practice. I explore the discursive practices which take place at the interface between the 'new' policy discourses and older, naturalised discourses; how teachers are engaged by and are engaging with discourses of performativity; how teachers are discursively constructing adult literacy pedagogy; what new, hybrid discourses of 'good practice' are emerging; and the micropractices of resistance which teachers are enacting in their speech and in their practice. My purpose was to develop knowledge which would support the reflexivity of teachers; to enrich the theoretical languages that teachers could draw upon in trying to make sense of their situation; and to use those languages in speaking about the dilemmas of practice. I used participatory action research as a means of producing knowledge about teachers' practices, structured around their agency, and reflecting their standpoint (Harding 1993). I describe two separate action research projects in which teachers of ALBE participated. I reflect on both projects in the light of poststructuralist theory and consider them as instances of what Lather calls 'within/against research' (Lather 1989: 27). I analyse written and spoken texts produced in both projects which reflect teachers' responses to competency-based assessment and other features of the changing context. I use a method of discourse mapping to describe the discursive field and the teachers' discursive practices. Three main configurations of discourse are delineated: 'progressivism', 'professional teacher' and 'performativity'. The teachers mainly position themselves within a hybridising 'progressivist /professional teacher' discourse, as a discourse of resistance to 'performative' discourse. In adapting their pedagogies, the teachers are in some degree taking the language and world view of performativity into their own vocabularies and practices. The discursive picture I have mapped is complex and contradictory. On one hand, the 'progressivist /professional teacher' discourse appears to endure and to take strength from the articulation into it of elements of performative discourse, creating new possibilities for discursive transformation. On the other hand, there are signs that performative discourse is colonising and subsuming progressivist /professional teacher discourse. At times, both of these tendencies are apparent in the one text. Six micropractices of resistance are identified within the texts: 'rational critique', 'objectification', 'subversion', 'refusal', 'humour' and 'the affirmation of desire'. These reflect the teachers' agency in making discursive choices on the micro level of their every day practices. Through those micropractices, the teachers are engaging with and resisting the micropractices and meanings of performativity. I apply the same multi-layered method of analysis to an examination of discursive engagement in pedagogy by analysing a transcript of the teachers' discussion of critical incidents in their classrooms. Their classroom pedagogies are revealed as complex, situated and eclectic. They are combining and integrating their 'embodied' and their 'institutional' powers, both 'seducing' (McWilliam 1995) and 'regulating' (Gore 1993) as they teach. A strong ethical project is apparent in the teachers' sense of social responsibility, in their determination to adhere to valued traditions of previous times, and in their critical self-awareness of the ways in which they use their institutional and embodied powers in the classroom. Finally, l look back on the findings, and reflect on the possibilities of discursive engagement and the politics of discourse as a framework for more strategic practice in the current context. This research provides grounds for hope that, by becoming more self-conscious about how we engage discursively, we might become more strategic in our everyday professional practice. Not withstanding the constraints (evident in this study) which limit the strategic potential of the politics of discourse, there is space for teachers to become more reflexive in their professional, pedagogical and political praxis. Development of more deliberate, self-reflexive praxis might lead to a 'postmodern democratic polities' (Yeatman 1994: 112) which would challenge the performative state and the system of globalised capital which it serves. Short abstract Adult literacy and basic education (ALBE) teachers have experienced a period of dramatic policy change in recent years; in particular, the introduction of competency-based assessment and competitive tendering for program funds. 'Discourse politics' provides a way of theorising the interplay between policy-mediated institutional change and teachers' practice. The focus of this study is 'discursive engagement'; how teachers are engaged by and are engaging with discourses of performativity. Through two action research projects, texts were generated of teachers talking and writing about how they were responding to the challenges, and developing their pedagogies in the new policy environment. These texts have been analysed and several patterns of discursive engagement delineated, named and illustrated. The strategic potential of 'discourse polities' is explored in the light of the findings.