The sharp increase in the number of older persons (60 years and older) is a distinctive demographic feature of the 20th century. Ageing populations and the unique challenges they pose have obliged countries worldwide to reflect on the problems relating to older persons. In 2002 the United Nations convened the Second World Assembly on Ageing at which the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) was drafted and adopted. This plan sought to meet the challenges associated with ageing populations. In South Africa the elderly population is also increasing dramatically. The fact that older persons are starting to constitute a proportionally larger segment of the total population while they are, at the same time, amongst the poorest people in the country and dependent on others for support and care holds serious implications for South Africa. In post–apartheid South Africa (after 1994) residential care facilities were opened to all South Africans regardless of race or colour. Apart from dealing with diversity, residential care facilities have to manage the long–term care needs of older persons and their lack of the financial or human resources to sustain themselves. Against this background the South African government promulgated legislation in line with the recommendations of the MIPAA. The legislation seeks to lighten the burden placed on residential care facilities while, at the same time, emphasising the importance of enhancing the well–being of older persons. Despite the legislation and the policy frameworks, the circumstances in most residential care facilities in South Africa are challenging and call for action and psychosocial interventions. Given that racial segregation still exists in residential care facilities and the importance of the relational well–being of older persons, it was decided to explore the sense of community of older persons in South Africa who reside in a diverse and economically challenged residential care facility. A purposive sample was drawn of the male and female, and black and white older persons living in the facility. The study used the Mmogo–methodTM, interviews, focus groups, observations and reflective notes to collect qualitative data from the research participants. A possible limitation of the study is that some participants – being older persons – might experience some degree of being cognitively challenged or might struggle to express themselves. To counter this limitation and to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings, a variety of data collection methods were used in order to be able to cross–check the information gathered. Apart from this, specific data collection methods were used that make provision for cognitively challenged older persons. As the study involved older persons as a vulnerable group, special attention was paid to ethical considerations. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, as part of a larger project, being: “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14).” The main finding of the study is the low sense of community that the older persons in this particular residential care facility experience. This is supplemented by two themes that emerged throughout the study, being the lack of social interaction between the residents and the residents' need to have a sense of purpose. The occurrence of these two themes is supported by findings in community psychology and sense of community theories, and some of the findings of the study are consistent with findings reported in the literature. The study concludes with recommendations on how the residents' sense of community could be enhanced. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The sharp increase in the number of older persons (60 years and older) is a distinctive demographic feature of the 20th century. Ageing populations and the unique challenges they pose have obliged countries worldwide to reflect on the problems relating to older persons. In 2002 the United Nations convened the Second World Assembly on Ageing at which the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) was drafted and adopted. This plan sought to meet the challenges associated with ageing populations. In South Africa the elderly population is also increasing dramatically. The fact that older persons are starting to constitute a proportionally larger segment of the total population while they are, at the same time, amongst the poorest people in the country and dependent on others for support and care holds serious implications for South Africa. In post–apartheid South Africa (after 1994) residential care facilities were opened to all South Africans regardless of race or colour. Apart from dealing with diversity, residential care facilities have to manage the long–term care needs of older persons and their lack of the financial or human resources to sustain themselves. Against this background the South African government promulgated legislation in line with the recommendations of the MIPAA. The legislation seeks to lighten the burden placed on residential care facilities while, at the same time, emphasising the importance of enhancing the well–being of older persons. Despite the legislation and the policy frameworks, the circumstances in most residential care facilities in South Africa are challenging and call for action and psychosocial interventions. Given that racial segregation still exists in residential care facilities and the importance of the relational well–being of older persons, it was decided to explore the sense of community of older persons in South Africa who reside in a diverse and economically challenged residential care facility. A purposive sample was drawn of the male and female, and black and white older persons living in the facility. The study used the Mmogo–methodTM, interviews, focus groups, observations and reflective notes to collect qualitative data from the research participants. A possible limitation of the study is that some participants – being older persons – might experience some degree of being cognitively challenged or might struggle to express themselves. To counter this limitation and to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings, a variety of data collection methods were used in order to be able to cross–check the information gathered. Apart from this, specific data collection methods were used that make provision for cognitively challenged older persons. As the study involved older persons as a vulnerable group, special attention was paid to ethical considerations. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, as part of a larger project, being: “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14).” The main finding of the study is the low sense of community that the older persons in this particular residential care facility experience. This is supplemented by two themes that emerged throughout the study, being the lack of social interaction between the residents and the residents' need to have a sense of purpose. The occurrence of these two themes is supported by findings in community psychology and sense of community theories, and some of the findings of the study are consistent with findings reported in the literature. The study concludes with recommendations on how the residents' sense of community could be enhanced. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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This thesis focuses on the dilemmas linked to the future of the affected sibling and the ensuing arguments, which in the future may help to siblings without disabilities in their decisions on the future sibling with a disability. The introduction defines basic fundamental concepts: combined disability, mental retardation and associated with the most common combinations of disability. Subsequently, the work is focused on the complexity and pitfalls associated with caring for people with multiple disabilities. On the sibling relationship, which can have a big impact on the future of siblings with disabilities, but also on the possible reasons causing disability and dilemmas associated with it based on the future care of siblings with disabilities. Furthermore dissertation discusses the possible variants of care that might siblings without disabilities to facilitate their decision-making and assist in the eventual home care. In the next part closer look at the particular dilemmas, with whom, according to interviews siblings without disabilities might face in the future. Individual dilemmas was determined on the basis of the research probe that howled implemented method of qualitative research through interviews with siblings of people with multiple disabilities. Towards the end of the thesis is to analyze the chosen dilemma, which is subject to the conclusion obsáhlému analysis from the perspective of two ethical theories - utilitarianism and deontology.

1 ABSTRACT The Master's work deals with the adaptaion proces of elders, taking social work services with accommodation. The theoreticaly introduces the topic of social services, demografy and actual documents. Following investigation shows that the residential services are not prefered by seniors; it's using is connected with negative feelings, at least at the beginning. The key role plays a family an social relationships that can widely help to bear the situation. In particular, we recomend the chase of conception of social services, introduce unified systém of data processing and support of social service.

This study explored the utilisation of a music anger management technique as an effective therapeutic aid in addressing the problems that children in residential care have in managing and expressing their anger. A literature review was conducted which provided evidence that music can be a helpful tool in teaching children appropriate ways to manage their anger. An empirical study was conducted and five participants were chosen through a sampling process. Background information of the five participants was obtained and data analyses were presented from the data gathered in the pre- and post-assessments processes before and after the implementation of the music anger management technique. The data that gave rise to several empirical findings were then reduced. From the empirical study, it can be concluded that the music anger management technique can be used effectively to improve inappropriate anger management. Getting firsthand experience of the implementation of the music anger management technique led me to derive psycho-educational guidelines, which can assist the educational psychologist in using the music anger management technique in addressing unmanaged anger in children in residential care. / Further Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

MARINHO, Luciana Gomes. Avaliação da política de assistência social para crianças e adolescentes afastados do ambiente familiar: um estudo de caso da Sociedade para o Bem Estar da Família - SOBEF no Município de Maracanaú-CE. 2012. 202f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-01T16:28:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-LGMARINHO.pdf: 6270343 bytes, checksum: aa904c167ac6619f987bf6fced3787a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-01T16:37:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-LGMARINHO.pdf: 6270343 bytes, checksum: aa904c167ac6619f987bf6fced3787a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-01T16:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-LGMARINHO.pdf: 6270343 bytes, checksum: aa904c167ac6619f987bf6fced3787a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / This study aims assess Assistance Policy Social facing Children and Adolescents are Reception Institutional specifically those extinct power family, destitute power family or process disempowering familiar and also outside "patterns "existing adoption in perspective right to familiar and communitarian. To accomplish such will held fieldwork where will considered will: case study considering that universe being evaluated will municipality Maracanaú primarily entity host institutional Child and adolescents - Sociedade for Wellness of Family - SOBEF which composes network provider service referred municipality and System Guaranteeing Rights; interview formal and open applied three professionals serve for collecting information, concerning activities developed in present, as about future prospects perceived by these actors; participant observation with children and adolescents welcomed assuming here one active participation researcher in meanders activities; the administered questionnaire with managing equipment help at outlining children and adolescents welcomed and own institution together abstracting thereof not understanding and appropriation of normative existing, towards warranty conviviality family and community of welcomed; bibliographical research that help deepening categories analytical and founding research; documental research for possible formatting history institutional; besides analyzing quantitative data also be harvested by documental analysis available by institution as way to chart profile boys and girls welcomed as also through data sites official dealing object and their contexts social-familial. This sense evaluation proposal is quali-quantitative and will performed evaluation process in view focus approached this work. Already method utilized be to interpreting senses checking analysis implementation Policy Welfare regarding executing programs host institutional juveniles; measuring quali-quantitatively as running service host institutional performed by SOBEF, municipality Maracanaú; assess knowledge and implementing strategies that professionals are finding social inclusion children and adolescents welcomed; verify compliance new laws about programs host institutional; assess whether teenagers welcomed being prepared for shutdown institution; and finally evaluate effectiveness skills among network actors attendance involving host institutional conducted by SOBEF in reference direction and counter. The conclusion can be described in this way: The sheltered children and adolescents, even facing a lot of legal advances are or continue immersed in a contradictory reality of non-guarantees of right against the dream of having a family and leave this situation. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a Política de Assistência Social voltada para crianças e adolescentes que estão em Acolhimento Institucional, especificamente, aquelas extintas do poder familiar, destituídos do poder familiar ou em processo de destituição do poder familiar e também fora dos “padrões” vigentes de adoção, na perspectiva do direito à convivência familiar e comunitária. Para realizar tal estudo desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa de campo no desenho de um estudo de caso, tendo em vista que o universo a ser avaliado foi a entidade de acolhimento institucional para crianças e adolescentes – Sociedade para o Bem Estar da Família – SOBEF, localizada no município de Maracanaú - CE. Foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: entrevista formal e aberta aplicada a três profissionais; observação participante com crianças e adolescentes acolhidos; questionário aplicado com a gestora do equipamento; levantamento nos registros da instituição e participação em rodas de conversas com os acolhidos. A pesquisa bibliográfica contribuiu para o aprofundamento das categorias analíticas e fundantes da pesquisa; a pesquisa documental para formatação do histórico institucional e a pesquisa de campo, qualiquantitativa como forma de traçar um perfil dos meninos e meninas acolhidos. Neste sentido, a avaliação proposta foi quali-quantitativa. Especificamente quanto à análise qualitativa, esta foi do tipo formativa e/ou de processo, tendo em vista o foco abordado neste trabalho. Já o método a ser utilizado foi o de interpretação de sentidos, verificando a análise da implementação da Política de Assistência Social referente à execução do Programa de Acolhimento Institucional para crianças e adolescentes. Quanto à pesquisa quantitativa, houve uma análise estatística descritiva dos acolhidos, contribuindo para a caracterização do público alvo. As conclusões podem ser descritas da seguinte maneira: as crianças e adolescentes acolhidos, mesmo diante de vários avanços legais estão ou continuam imersos em uma realidade contraditória de (des) garantias de direitos versus o sonho de possuir uma família e com isso sair da situação de acolhimento institucional.

The years 2010 and 2011 recorded a number of incidents of natural disasters around the globe. These disasters resulted in death, injuries and loss of family members. Children, a vulnerable group of persons, found themselves caught up in the chaos of the natural disasters. Some children lost family members, others became separated from their families and caregiver(s) as a result of the disaster, and those who were "alone" prior to the natural disasters became completely exposed to serious physical and psychological harm. Yet, every child has the right to a family. States have a duty to protect separated and unaccompanied children. Such protection involves prevention of separation, assessment of the child's situation, registration, documentation, family tracing, verification and reunification, emergency care arrangements, and permanent care arrangements. Based on the premise that every child has a right to grow up in a family environment this dissertation attempts to answer the question: How can separated children and unaccompanied children, in the African context, be protected in the event of natural disasters such that their right to a family is promoted and protected? In so doing, it presents an explanation of the concepts of separated children and unaccompanied children through investigation xii into the practical effects of separation on children. It also presents discussions on the concept "natural disasters" and some of the effects of natural disasters on separated children and unaccompanied children. There is an attempt at defining the concept "family" based on its internal and external constitution and function, and a consideration of the needs which a family should satisfy in a child. Familial rights enjoyed by children are presented and analysed as rights which exist under the canopy of the "right to a family". In line with the Interagency Guiding Principles, the different stages of protection in natural disasters are highlighted and particular attention is given to intercountry adoption and the implications of placing moratoriums on intercountry adoptions at different stages of the intercountry adoption process, following events of natural disasters. The study stresses the need to balance the importance of protecting the child with the need to provide the child with a permanent family. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Private Law / unrestricted

Abstract Inspired by feminist standpoint theory, this doctoral thesis studies what the voices and silences about experiences of sexual violence tell us when voiced by adolescent girls who have been in residential care institutions. This group of girls evidently experience more sexual violence compared to their peers. This dissertation is based on four scientific Articles. In Article I, Erving Goffman’s theory is used to analyse the girls’ experiences of being in residential institutions and Articles II–IV focus on their sexual violence experiences. Data is generated in 2013 through semi-structured interviews with 11 girls aged 14–17 years old, and through interviews with one of these girls from 2013–2017. Data from Bulgaria, Catalonia and Italy regarding the violent experiences of 46 girls is also used in Article II. Qualitative content analysis (Articles I–III) and the Listening Guide method (Article IV) were used in data analysis. The Articles reveal that the girls have multiple vulnerabilities that affect on creating safe connections, as well as voicing their experiences. The majority of the girls did not voice their experiences of sexual violence as violence and based on the data it can be interpreted that the sense of being cared for by someone might impact on what was named and/or recognised as sexual violence. The phenomenon was named abusive illusion of care and proposed to be included in Jenny Pearce’s social model of abused consent. A new term was also suggested for the area of girls’ sexually risky behaviour, which is further developed in this compilation report as sexism-related internalised sexual violence. In this compilation report, the main results of the Articles are combined and re-read in the light of Carol Gilligan’s theorisations. Those findings confirm that girls’ voices and silences about their sexual violence experiences are a complex and multidimensional combination of self-silence and being silenced, connection and resistance. Sexual violence experiences should be considered as contextual, relational, contradictory and situational phenomena. It is suggested that violence prevention programmes be organised in a gender-responsible way for all from an early age. Furthermore, professionals should be educated to recognise the hidden aspects in sexual violence and conceptualisations of sexual violence needs to be developed further. / Tiivistelmä Feministisen standpoint-teorian inspiroimana tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan, mitä lastensuojelulaitoksissa asuneiden tyttöjen äänellisyydet ja vaikenemiset kertovat heidän kokemastaan seksuaalisesta väkivallasta. Aiempi tutkimustieto osoittaa tämän tyttöryhmän kokevan vertaisiaan enemmän seksuaalista väkivaltaa. Väitöskirjaan sisältyy neljä tieteellistä artikkelia. Artikkeli I:ssa analysoidaan tyttöjen laitoskokemuksia Erving Goffmanin teorian avulla. Artikkeleissa II–IV keskitytään tyttöjen seksuaalisen väkivallan kokemuksiin. Aineisto koostuu yhdentoista 14–17-vuotiaan tytön puolistrukturoidusta haastattelusta vuodelta 2013 sekä yhden tytön haastatteluista vuosilta 2013–2017. Artikkeli II:ssa on otteita Bulgariasta, Italiasta ja Kataloniasta kerätyistä aineistoista koskien neljänkymmenenkuuden tytön väkivaltakokemuksia. Analyysissa käytettiin sisällönanalyysiä (Artikkelit I–III) ja Listening Guide -metodia (Artikkeli IV). Osatutkimuksista selvisi, että tyttöjen moniulotteiset haavoittuvuudet vaikuttavat turvallisten yhteyksien luomiseen sekä omien kokemusten kertomiseen. Suurin osa tytöistä ei sanallistanut seksuaalisen väkivallan kokemuksiaan väkivallaksi, ja tyttöjen kokema välittäminen näytti vaikuttavan siihen, minkä he tunnistivat ja/tai nimesivät seksuaaliseksi väkivallaksi. Ilmiö nimettiin “vahingolliseksi välittämisen illuusioksi,” ja se esitetään lisättäväksi Jenny Pearcen seksuaalista suostumusta koskevaan malliin. Tyttöjen seksuaalisen riskikäyttäytymisen alueelle ehdotettiin uutta termiä, ja tässä yhteenveto-osuudessa se on edelleen kehiteltynä “seksismiin perustuva sisäistetty seksuaalinen väkivalta.” Yhteenveto-osuudessa artikkeleiden päätulokset on yhdistetty ja niitä on uudelleen luettu Carol Gilliganin teoriaa hyödyntäen. Näin saadut tulokset osoittavat, että tyttöjen äänellisyydet ja vaikenemiset seksuaalisesta väkivallasta sisältävät moniulotteisen yhdistelmän vaikenemista ja vaietuksi tulemista, kuulumisen tunnetta sekä vastarintaa. Seksuaalisen väkivallan kokemukset tulisikin nähdä relationaalisena ja moniäänisenä, sekä tilanne- ja kontekstisidonnaisena ilmiönä. Lapsille tulisi suunnata varhaisessa vaiheessa väkivaltaa ennaltaehkäiseviä sukupuolivastuullisia koulutuksia. Lisäksi ammattilaisille tulisi järjestää koulutusta seksuaalisen väkivallan piiloisten muotojen tunnistamiseksi ja seksuaalisen väkivallan sanallistuksia tulisi edelleen kehittää.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The importance of a nurturing environment on early child development and the central role that a family environment plays to this end are widely recognised. However, most children with disabilities lack family life and parental care and often find themselves disproportionately represented in the category of children that need alternative care arrangements. The limited access to family-based alternative care options for children with disabilities deprived of their family environment is the primary concern of this study. Studies have shown excessive dependence on institutions as a means to provide care for children with disabilities deprived of their family environment, despite the overwhelming evidence on the negative effects of placement in institutions on the development and well-being of children. This contradicts with a number of rights articulated in international and regional standards dealing with the alternative care of children in general, and children with disabilities in particular. This study seeks to examine the extent to which the rights of children with disabilities are respected in the context of alternative care in two jurisdictions in Africa – Ethiopia and South Africa. The two countries are State Parties to the applicable international and regional instruments concerning the alternative care of children with disabilities. These standards include the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children and its principles of ‘necessity’ and ‘suitability’ also offer some guidance.