Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-03T19:27:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE ROSSANY SOARES DE LIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2008..pdf: 11715881 bytes, checksum: f5c4cfbc8945b506fbbbd6de0fb62705 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T19:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE ROSSANY SOARES DE LIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2008..pdf: 11715881 bytes, checksum: f5c4cfbc8945b506fbbbd6de0fb62705 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-14 / CNPq / Neste trabalho é apresentada uma técnica de estimação de parâmetros para um modelo dinâmico de pára-raios de óxido de zinco (ZnO). Esta técnica baseia-se no ajuste das formas de onda da tensão residual fornecida pelo modelo de pára-raios de ZnO e aquela medida em laboratório, para um impulso de corrente atmosférico (forma de onda 8/20 /xs) de 10 kA. Os resultados fornecidos pelo modelo ajustado demonstraram boa concordância com os dados medidos. Avaliou-se também, o comportamento do modelo de pára-raios, com os parâmetros ajustados, diante impulsos de alta corrente (forma de onda 4/10 /us), os quais são transitórios mais severos do que aqueles utilizados para estimar os parâmetros do modelo. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo apresentaram boa precisão. Por fim, é apresentado um estudo comparativo dos resultados fornecidos pelo modelo de pára-raios, ajustado através da técnica de estimação de parâmetros, com aqueles fornecidos por modelos e procedimentos de ajuste comumente empregados na literatura. Os resultados fornecidos pela técnica de estimação proposta foram mais precisos que todos os demais, além de apresentar as vantagens de dispensar o conhecimento das características físicas dos pára-raios de ZnO e o uso de procedimentos manuais que visam o ajuste dos parâmetros do modelo através de tentativas e erros. / In this work is shown a parameter identification technique for a dynamic metal-oxide surge arrester model. This technique was based on the fitting of the residual voltages measured and obtained from the surge arrester model, from the 10 kA lighting current impulse (waveshape 8/20 //s). The results obtained from the fitted surge arrester model presented a very good accuracy. It was also evaluated, the behavior of the fitted arrester model under high current impulse (waveshape 4/10 (is), which are most severe transients than those used to estimate the arrester model parameters. The results obtained in that study presented good agreement compared to the measured data. At last, it was presented a comparative study of the results provided by the fitted surge arrester model with those provided by models e adjust procedures usually made in the literature. The results provided by the proposed parameter identification technique were more accuratc than the results obtained from the other procedures. Besides, the technique has the advantages of no need to know the metal oxide surge arresters physical characteristics and no use manual procedures, based on try and error, to adjust the arrester model parameters.

Os processos envolvidos em condução eletrônica de polímeros condutores são muito complicados devido à intricada morfologia estrutural de tais materiais. Realizamos medidas de condutividade alternada em filmes de polianilina em uma grande faixa de freqüência, variando o grau de dopagem dos filmes e temperatura. Ao mesmo tempo, desenvolvemos um modelo estatístico de rede de resistores para descrever a estrutura polimérica e para simular as componentes real e imaginária de sua resistividade alternada. Leva-se em conta a polidispersividade do material, assim como os mecanismos de transportes de carga intracadeia e intercadeia. Pela aplicação de uma técnica de matriz de transferência, o modelo reproduz medidas de resistividade alternada realizadas em filmes de polianilina em diferentes graus de dopagem e em diferentes temperaturas. Nossos resultados indicam que os mecanismos intercadeias governam o comportamento da resistividade em regiões de baixa freqüência enquanto que, para altas freqüências, mecanismos intracadeia são dominantes. Essa simulação foi desenvolvida para redes bi e tridimensional. Aplicamos, também, esse método para estudar sistemas isoenergéticos de estrutura desordenada (poliacetileno estirado), sistemas isoenergéticos de estrutura desordenada (poliacetileno não-estirado) e sistemas não-isoenergéticos de estrutura desordenada (polianilina). Finalmente, uma comparação entre esses três materiais, permitiu-se discutir, em detalhes, a distribuição de barreiras de energia potencial e a diferença dos níveis de energia que controlam o mecanismo de salto dos portadores eletrônicos. / The processes involved in electronic conduction of conducting polymers are very complicated due to the intricate morphological structure of such materials. We carried out alternating conductivity measurements in polyaniline films in a large frequency range, varying the doping degree of the films and temperature. At the same time, we developed a statistical model of resistor networks to describe a polymer structure and to simulate the real and imaginary components of their ac resistivities. This model takes into account the polydispersiveness of the material as well as intrachain and interchain charge transport mechanisms. By the application of a transfer-matrix technique, it reproduces ac resistivity measurements carried out with polyaniline films in different doping degrees and temperatures. Our results indicate the interchain mechanisms govern the resistivity behavior in the low frequency region while, for higher frequencies, intrachain mechanisms are dominated. These simulations were developed in bi and tridimensional lattice. We also applied this method to study ordered structure in isoenergetic systems (stretched polyacetylene), disordered structure in isoenergetic systems (normal polyacetylene), and disordered structure in non-isoenergetic systems (polyaniline). Finally, a comparison between these three materials, allowed us to discuss in detail the energy barriers distribution and the difference in energy levels, which control the hopping mechanisms of the electronic carriers.

An efficient simulation technique for calculating the current distribution in a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) is proposed and implemented. The technique consists of a hybrid 1D/3D approach to the problem. The 3D aspect of simulation is essential for devices like a photonic crystal VCSEL where the existing 2D simulation techniques are inadequate. The modular approach of the technique is advantageous, as it provides exibility in dealing with device simulations of varying complexity. It also provides a relatively short simulation time, beneficial for exploring a large design parameter space. The box integration technique is used for discretizing the equations and sparse matrix methods are used in solving the matrices. Simulation results and comparisons are provided for various aspects and modules of the simulator. The results for a few sample simulations indicate that the analysis has reasonable agreement with experimental results. The simulation error can be reduced using more accurate models for the active region of the laser.

The great innovations of the last century have ushered continuous progress in many areas of technology, especially in the form of miniaturization of electronic circuits. This progress shows a trend towards consistent decreases in power requirements due to miniaturization. According to the ITRS and industry leaders, such as Intel, the challenge of managing and providing power efficiency still persist as scaling down of devices continues. A variety of power sources can be used in order to provide power to low power applications. Few of these sources have favorable characteristics and can be designed to deliver maximum power such as the novel mini notched turbine used as a source in this work. The MiNT is a novel device that can be used as a feasible energy source when integrated into a system and evaluated for power delivery as investigated in this work. As part of this system, a maximum power point tracking system provides an applicable solution for capturing enhanced power delivery for an energy harvesting system. However, power efficiency and physical size are adversely affected by the characteristics and environment of many energy harvesting systems and must also be addressed. To address these issues, an analysis of mini notched turbine, a RF rectenna, and an enhanced maximum power point tracking system is presented and verified using simulations and measurements. Furthermore, mini notched energy harvesting system, RF rectenna energy harvesting system, and enhanced maximum power point tracking system are developed and experimental data analyzed. The enhanced maximum power point tracking system uses a resistor emulation technique and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the power efficiency and reduce the physical size. This new innovative design improves the efficiency of optimized power management circuitry up to 7% compared to conventional power management circuits over a wide range of input power and range of emulated resistances, allowing more power to be harvested from small energy harvesting sources and delivering it to the load such as smart sensors. In addition, this is the first IC design to be implemented and tested for the patented mini notched turbine (MiNT) energy harvesting device. Another advantage of the enhanced power management system designed in this work is that the proposed approach can be utilized for extremely small energy sources and because of that the proposed work is valid for low emulated resistances. and systems with low load resistance Overall, through the successful completion of this work, various energy harvesting systems can have the ability to provide enhanced power management as the IC industry continues to progress toward miniaturization of devices and systems.

Os processos envolvidos em condução eletrônica de polímeros condutores são muito complicados devido à intricada morfologia estrutural de tais materiais. Realizamos medidas de condutividade alternada em filmes de polianilina em uma grande faixa de freqüência, variando o grau de dopagem dos filmes e temperatura. Ao mesmo tempo, desenvolvemos um modelo estatístico de rede de resistores para descrever a estrutura polimérica e para simular as componentes real e imaginária de sua resistividade alternada. Leva-se em conta a polidispersividade do material, assim como os mecanismos de transportes de carga intracadeia e intercadeia. Pela aplicação de uma técnica de matriz de transferência, o modelo reproduz medidas de resistividade alternada realizadas em filmes de polianilina em diferentes graus de dopagem e em diferentes temperaturas. Nossos resultados indicam que os mecanismos intercadeias governam o comportamento da resistividade em regiões de baixa freqüência enquanto que, para altas freqüências, mecanismos intracadeia são dominantes. Essa simulação foi desenvolvida para redes bi e tridimensional. Aplicamos, também, esse método para estudar sistemas isoenergéticos de estrutura desordenada (poliacetileno estirado), sistemas isoenergéticos de estrutura desordenada (poliacetileno não-estirado) e sistemas não-isoenergéticos de estrutura desordenada (polianilina). Finalmente, uma comparação entre esses três materiais, permitiu-se discutir, em detalhes, a distribuição de barreiras de energia potencial e a diferença dos níveis de energia que controlam o mecanismo de salto dos portadores eletrônicos. / The processes involved in electronic conduction of conducting polymers are very complicated due to the intricate morphological structure of such materials. We carried out alternating conductivity measurements in polyaniline films in a large frequency range, varying the doping degree of the films and temperature. At the same time, we developed a statistical model of resistor networks to describe a polymer structure and to simulate the real and imaginary components of their ac resistivities. This model takes into account the polydispersiveness of the material as well as intrachain and interchain charge transport mechanisms. By the application of a transfer-matrix technique, it reproduces ac resistivity measurements carried out with polyaniline films in different doping degrees and temperatures. Our results indicate the interchain mechanisms govern the resistivity behavior in the low frequency region while, for higher frequencies, intrachain mechanisms are dominated. These simulations were developed in bi and tridimensional lattice. We also applied this method to study ordered structure in isoenergetic systems (stretched polyacetylene), disordered structure in isoenergetic systems (normal polyacetylene), and disordered structure in non-isoenergetic systems (polyaniline). Finally, a comparison between these three materials, allowed us to discuss in detail the energy barriers distribution and the difference in energy levels, which control the hopping mechanisms of the electronic carriers.

Skateboards have been around since at least the 1950’s, and skateboarding is most commonly knownas an extreme sport. However, skateboards can be very useful when commuting as they have continued to evolve since the 1950’s, not quite in to the hover board that Marty McFly rides on in Back to the Future, but in to skateboards equipped with electric motors that propels them forward. Electric skateboards, as they are called, are one of the vehicle types that are changing the way humans move around cities. Vehicles that are needed in order to fulfill present and future commuting needs. However, electric skateboards have not yet reached their full potential, especially regarding how their speed is controlled. Current speed control systems gives a riding experience that feels unnatural compared to riding a regular skateboard, and improving upon them can potentially make electric skateboards even safer to ride. In this thesis, an active style of riding, like skateboarding, is compared to the reactive style of riding that is provided by the speed control systems existent in electric skateboards today. The thesis presents a speed control system that utilizes an active style of riding, and the concept is tested by the development of a pedobarography system that can read the interaction between the riders feet and the skateboard deck.

Relays and fuses are used in a multitude of applications to deliver and control current to its consumers. To improve the controllability of both the fuse and relay function, they can be moved to software. This will not only increase the number of available features but can also give live feedback of the systems current state. For an electronic fuse to work the software needs to be able to measure the amount of current flowing through the circuit. For this a voltage drop can be measured across a series resistor. This can be implemented in several ways and will because of this utilize the resources of the controlling microcontroller differently. This thesis focuses on the software implementation of two current measuring circuits and will characterize the behavior of these in terms of making it simple to compare their advantages and disadvantages. Any hardware related aspect found to have an impact on the result will be taken into account as well. Two implementations, using two different integrated circuits, are tested against each other. MAX4172 is fully analog while the INA226 is half digital. A shorter study of current sensing in general is made but the foundation of the study is the datasheets and characteristics of the components chosen. In this thesis, both the hardware and the software is designed and built which end with gathering data in two different electronic fuse scenarios. The thesis concludes that the two implementations as electronic fuse is at least a factor of 10 faster than the traditional breaking fuse. It also concludes that both implementations have their advantages and either may be the right solution depending on the intended end application. The fully analog solution is generally faster but is more susceptible to external noise and bad hardware design whereas the half digital is slower but more forgiving and thus shows of more precise measurements out of the box. / Relä och säkringar används i flera olika applikationer för att leverera och kontrollera strömmen till förbrukaren. Genom att förflytta denna uppgift till mjukvara kan detta förbättras genom att ge utökad funktionalitet samt realtidsövervakning av systemet. För att en mjukvara ska kunna kontrollera strömmen i en krets måste denna kunna mätas. Detta kan göras genom att mäta spänningsfallet över ett motstånd kopplat i serie med förbrukaren. Hur man väljer att implementera denna metod avgör vilka kravs som ställs på den kontrollerande mikrokontrollern. Denna studie kommer fokusera på mjukvaruimplementationen av två olika kretsar för strömmätning och har för avsikt att karakterisera dessa för att skapa en tydlig jämförelse av dess för- och nackdelar. De aspekter av hårdvaruimplementationen som påverkar detta resultat kommer också diskuteras. Två implementationer, bestående av två olika integrerade kretsar, ställs mot varandra. MAX4172 är en helt analog lösning medans INA226 är delvis digital. En kortare studie av strömmätning kommer utföras men grunden av denna studie består i huvudsak av datablad och karakteristik av de utvalda komponenterna. Både mjukvara och hårdvara är utvecklad och tillverkad för att kunna utföra test och inhämta den data som krävs för analysen. Studien visar att båda lösningar är åtminstone en faktor 10 snabbare än en traditionell säkring. Den visar också att en lösning inte är bättre än den andra i alla aspekter. Båda implementationerna kan vara den rätta lösningen beroende på de krav den tilltänkta produkten har. Den helt analoga lösningen är generellt snabbare men lider av en större känslighet mot störningar vilket ställer högre krav på hårdvarudesignen. Den delvis digitala lösningen är långsammare men betydligt mer förlåtande i dess implementation och har också större noggrannhet som resultat.

The demand for automated home solutions is growing and it has created a market for automated blinds. For now most of these solutions seem to focus on fully opening and closing, either rolling blinds or slat blinds, with different electronic solutions. There doesn’t seem to be many solutions for continuously regulating light inlet based on ambient light. This project examined the possibilities of continuously regulating the amount of natural light let through a window. This was tested by measuring ambient light on one side of the blind with light dependant resistors (LDR’s) and regulating a Venetian blind based on measured light intensity. A feed-forward controller was implemented, programmed on an Arduino Uno board, to control sensors and actuators that regulate the blind. A prototype unit was built on a window-resembling wooden frame to evaluate the performance of the controller. The light sensitivity of LDR’s were sufficient for measuring differences in ambient light in different conditions where an automated blind could be used. The final prototype could be set to adjust light inlet in increments for changes in ambient light, thereby opening up to uses beyond simply closing and opening a light inlet. Future improvements could be to implement a feedback controller (e.g. a PID controller). The controller could be set to a certain reference as preferred ambient lighting in a room, thereby letting the controller adjust the blinds towards that reference value while conditions outside and inside change during the day. This could also be implemented in already existing smart home solutions. / Efterfrågan på automatiserade hemmalöningar är växande och det har skapat en marknad för automatiserade persienner. För nuvarande verkar det de flesta lösningarna fokusera på att helt öppna eller stänga, antingen rullgardiner eller persienner, med olika elektriska lösningar. Det verkar inte finnas många lösningar med kontinuerlig justering av inkommande omgivningsljus. Detta projekt utforskar möjligheterna för kontinuerlig justering av mängden naturligt ljus som släpps igenom ett fönster. Detta gjordes genom att mäta omgivande ljus på ena sidan av persiennen med fotoresistorer och reglera persiennen baserat på den uppmätta ljusintensiteten. Framkopplad styrning implementerades, programmerad på en Arduino Uno, för att styra sensorer och ställdon som reglerar persiennen. En prototypenhet byggdes på en fönsterliknande träram för att utvärdera prestandan av styrenheten.  Ljuskänsligheten i fotoresistorerna var tillräcklig för att mäta skillnader i omgivningsljus för de olika förhållanden där automatiserade persienner skulle kunna användas. Den slutgiltiga prototypen kunde ställas in att justera ljusinsläppet stegvis för skillnader i omgivningsljus, vari nya användningsområden öppnas upp utöver att endast stänga och öppna ett ljusinsläpp.  Framtida förbättringar skulle kunna vara att implementera en återkopplande styrning (t.ex. PID-styrning). Styrenheten skulle kunna ställas in till ett specifikt referensvärde på önskat omgivande ljus i ett rum, vari kontrollern justerar persiennerna för att hålla det önskade referensvärdet medan förhållanden utomhus och inomhus varierar under dagen. Detta skulle även kunna implementeras i redan befintliga smarta lösningar för hemmet.

A systemic mock circulatory loop plays a pivotal role as the in vitro assessment tool for left heart medical devices. The standard design employed by many research groups dates to the early 1970's, and lacks the acuity needed for the advanced device designs currently being explored. The necessity to update the architecture of this in vitro tool has become apparent as the historical design fails to deliver the performance needed to simulate conditions and events that have been clinically identified as challenges for future device designs. In order to appropriately deliver the testing solution needed, a comprehensive evaluation of the functionality demanded must be understood. The resulting system is a fully automated systemic mock circulatory loop, inclusive of anatomical geometries at critical flow sections, and accompanying software tools to execute precise investigations of cardiac device performance. Delivering this complete testing solution will be achieved through three research aims: (1) Utilization of advanced physical modeling tools to develop a high fidelity computational model of the in vitro system. This model will enable control design of the logic that will govern the in vitro actuators, allow experimental settings to be evaluated prior to execution in the mock circulatory loop, and determination of system settings that replicate clinical patient data. (2) Deployment of a fully automated mock circulatory loop that allows for runtime control of all the settings needed to appropriately construct the conditions of interest. It is essential that the system is able to change set point on the fly; simulation of cardiovascular dynamics and event sequences require this functionality. The robustness of an automated system with incorporated closed loop control logic yields a mock circulatory loop with excellent reproducibility, which is essential for effective device evaluation. (3) Incorporating anatomical geometry at the critical device interfaces; ascending aorta and left atrium. These anatomies represent complex shapes; the flows present in these sections are complex and greatly affect device performance. Increasing the fidelity of the local flow fields at these interfaces delivers a more accurate representation of the device performance in vivo.

Durant ces trois années de doctorat, financées par le projet ANR MHANN (MemristiveHardware Analog Neural Network), nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une nouvelle architecture de calculateur à l’aide de réseaux de neurones. Les réseaux de neurones artificiels sont particulièrement bien adaptés à la reconnaissance d’images et peuvent être utilisés en complément des processeurs séquentiels. En 2008, une nouvelle technologie de composant a vu le jour : le memristor. Classé comme étant le quatrième élément passif, il est possible de modifier sa résistance en fonction de la densité de courant qui le traverse et de garder en mémoire ces changements. Grâce à leurs propriétés, les composants memristifs sont des candidats idéaux pour jouer le rôle des synapses au sein des réseaux de neurones artificiels. En effectuant des mesures sur la technologie des memristors ferroélectriques de l’UMjCNRS/Thalès de l’équipe de Julie Grollier, nous avons pu démontrer qu’il était possible d’obtenir un apprentissage de type STDP (Spike Timing Dependant Plasticity) classiquement utilisé avec les réseaux de neurones impulsionnels. Cette forme d’apprentissage, inspirée de la biologie, impose une variation des poids synaptiques en fonction des évènements neuronaux. En s’appuyant sur les mesures réalisées sur ces memristors et sur des simulations provenant d’un programme élaboré avec nos partenaires de l’INRIA Saclay, nous avons conçu successivement deux puces en silicium pour deux technologies de memristors ferroélectriques. La première technologie (BTO), moins performante, a été mise de côté au profit d’une seconde technologie (BFO). La seconde puce a été élaborée avec les retours d’expérience de la première puce. Elle contient deux couches d’un réseau de neurones impulsionnels dédié à l’apprentissage d’images de 81 pixels. En la connectant à un boitier contenant un crossbar de memristors, nous pourrons réaliser un démonstrateur d’un réseau de neurones hybride réalisé avec des synapses memristives ferroélectriques. / Supported financially by ANR MHANN project, this work proposes an architecture ofspiking neural network in order to recognize pictures, where traditional processing units are inefficient regarding this. In 2008, a new passive electrical component had been discovered : the memristor. Its resistance can be adjusted by applying a potential between its terminals. Behaving intrinsically as artificial synapses, memristives devices can be used inside artificial neural networks.We measure the variation in resistance of a ferroelectric memristor (obtained from UMjCNRS/Thalès) similar to the biological law STDP (Spike Timing Dependant Plasticity) used with spiking neurons. With our measurements on the memristor and our network simulation (aided by INRIASaclay) we designed successively two versions of the IC. The second IC design is driven by specifications of the first IC with additional functionalists. The second IC contains two layers of a spiking neural network dedicated to learn a picture of 81 pixels. A demonstrator of hybrid neural networks will be achieved by integrating a chip of memristive crossbar interfaced with thesecond IC.