付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第25445号 / 情博第883号 / 新制||情||148(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 大木 英司, 教授 原田 博司, 教授 岡部 寿男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Most of the past research on the problem of deadlock avoidance for complex resource allocation systems (RAS) has acknowledged the fact that the computation of the maximally permissive (optimal) deadlock avoidance policy (DAP) possesses super-polynomial complexity for most RAS classes, and therefore, it has resorted to solutions that trade off maximal permissiveness for computational tractability. In this work, we distinguish between the off-line and the on-line computation that is required for the effective implementation of the maximally permissive DAP, and we seek to develop representations of this policy that will require minimal on-line computation. The particular representation that we adopt is that of a compact classifier that will effect the underlying dichotomy of the reachable state space into safe and unsafe subspaces. Through a series of reductions of the derived classification problem, we are also able to attain extensive reductions in the computational complexity of the off-line task of the construction of the sought classifier. In a first study of the aforementioned problem, we restrict our attention to a particular RAS class that is motivated by an ongoing project called Gadara. This particular RAS class accepts the separation of the safe and unsafe subspaces of its instantiations through a set of linear inequalities. We propose design procedures that will construct a classifier employing the minimum possible number of linear inequalities, and we formally establish their "completeness", i.e., their ability to provide an effective classifier for every instance of the considered RAS class. We also offer heuristics that, if necessary, can alleviate the computational effort that is necessary for the construction of the sought classifier. We extend the aforementioned results to encompass more general RAS classes, where the sought dichotomy might not be represented by a set of linear inequalities. To this end, we propose new parametric and non-parametric classification schemes for this more complex case, and establish formally their completeness. We also provide effective and computationally efficient procedures for the synthesis of the sought classifiers. A bottleneck in the developments described above is defined by the fact that they presuppose the availability of the enumerations of the RAS safe and unsafe subspaces. To address this obstacle, we propose a novel approach for the deployment of the maximally permissive DAP for RAS, that is based on the identification and the efficient storage of a critical subset of states of the underlying RAS state space. In particular, the proposed algorithm provides those critical states, while avoiding the complete enumeration of the RAS state space. Furthermore, we extend the existing theory on maximally permissive deadlock avoidance, so that it can handle RAS with reader/writer (R/W) locks. A key challenge that is posed by this new RAS class stems from the fact that the underlying state space is not necessarily finite. We effectively address this obstacle by taking advantage of special structure that exists in the set of unsafe states and enables a finite representation of this set through its minimal elements. Finally, we would like to mention that numerical experimentation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approaches, and establishes their ability to support the deployment of maximally permissive DAP for RAS with very large structure and state spaces. To the best of our knowledge, these experiments also establish the ability of the proposed methodology to effectively compute tractable implementations of the maximally permissive DAP for problem instances significantly beyond the capacity of any other approach currently available in the literature. Moreover, this is the first work to address the RAS with R/W locks.

This thesis addresses important operational aspects relating to fundamental components of any successfully executed NPD strategy: the processes, incentives and structure of decision rights that should be implemented given the objectives and capabilities of the firm. The first chapter outlines when a firm might prefer to compensate members of a NPD project team either, as individuals (e.g. based on their functional contribution to overall value) or as a team (e.g. based on the overall profit generated). We find that neither team nor individual based compensation is preferred for all types of projects. Specifically, when there is higher uncertainty, the firm can benefit by employing team-based compensation. We discuss the implications of our findings towards the firm's ability to pursue different types of projects. In Chapter 3, we look at the strategic resource allocation processes that are employed by firms in order to decide whether NPD initiatives get funded or not. We find that there is not a "one size fits all" resource allocation process that all firms should employ. Furthermore,we extend this finding by further by providing a rationale explaining why even a single firm could benefit by employing multiple processes internal to the firm. Finally, in Chapter 4, we empirically explore how key managerial levers of the firm (i.e. incentives, tolerance for failure, and project management structure) affect an individual's propensity to invest in a project. Our analysis brings forth several under-explored and novel aspects. We examine how multiple managerial levers work in concert with one another (revealing interactions that, to our knowledge, have not been exposed). We also recognize an important aspect of most (if not all) NPD contexts: the probability of success is strongly tied to the level of resources that are invested.

Sammanfattning En likvärdig utbildning ska vara en självklarhet i Sverige som kunskapsnation och demokratiskt föregångsland. Ändå ökar skillnaden i studieresultat mellan elever med olika socioekonomiska bakgrunder. Sedan ett par år tillbaka har likvärdighet i grundskolan varit ett hett ämne i samhällsdebatten. År 2014 uppdaterades skollagen och det blev obligatoriskt för kommuner att ta hänsyn till elevers förutsättningar och behov vid fördelning av resurser till utbildning inom skolväsendet. Ett sätt att åstadkomma en mer jämlik utbildning kan vara att omfördela resurser inom kommunen efter elevers socioekonomiska bakgrundsfaktorer. Hittills har ingen bred utvärdering av sådana resursfördelningssystem gjorts utifrån om systemen bidragit till en förbättring av elevernas studieresultat. Inte heller har en jämförelse mellan olika typer av system gjorts. Detta arbete är därför en första ansats till att utföra en sådan utvärdering. Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda om kommuners socioekonomiska resursfördelningssystem för grundskolor är välfärdshöjande och att undersöka om olika typer av sådana system har olika stor effekt på välfärden. Med välfärdshöjande menar vi i uppsatsen en total ökning av studieresultat där eventuella sänkningar av vissa elevers studieresultat kompenseras av en större höjning av studieresultat för andra elever.  För att uppfylla vårt syfte genomför vi en ekonometrisk analys, främst genom tidsserieregressioner och tester för strukturell skillnad. Vår studie visar att än har de socioekonomiska resursfördelningssystemen inte haft en bred påverkan på välfärden inom kommunerna. I fyra av de tjugo kommuner som ingick i vårt urval kunde vi se en trendförändring av studieresultat efter införandet av ett system. I två av dessa var trendförändringen signifikant positiv. I de andra två kommunerna var trend-förändringens riktning varken signifikant positiv eller negativ. Vi kan inte se någon skillnad i effekt av systemen beroende på vilka socioekonomiska faktorer systemet utgår från. Däremot får systemen större effekt ju längre tid kommunen använt socioekonomiska faktorer för att fördela en viss del av resurserna. I dess nuvarande form verkar socioekonomiska resursfördelningssystem inte vara tillräckligt kraftfulla verktyg för att kunna vända en negativ trend i kommuner med svaga socioekonomiska förutsättningar. / Abstract Equal education should be a matter of course in Sweden as a knowledge nation and a country with a highly developed democratic system. Nevertheless, the difference in study results increases between students with different socio-economic backgrounds. For the last couple of years this has been a hot topic in the public debate. In 2014, it became mandatory for the municipalities to take into account the pupils' prerequisites and needs when allocating resources to education within the school system. One way of achieving a more equal education could be to redistribute resources within the municipality according to students' socio-economic background factors. So far, no broad evaluation of such resource allocation systems has been made based on whether the systems have contributed to an improvement in study results. Neither has a comparison been made of different types of systems used. This thesis is therefore a first approach for performing such an evaluation.   The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether municipalities' socio-economic resource allocation systems for primary and secondary school are welfare enhancing and to investigate whether different types of such systems have different impacts on welfare. With welfare enhancing, the thesis refers to a total increase in study results, where any reductions in the results of some students are compensated by a higher increase in study results for other students. To fulfil our purpose, we perform an econometric analysis, primarily through time series regressions and tests for structural differences. Our study shows that the socio-economic resource allocation systems have not yet had a broad impact on the welfare of the municipalities. In four of the twenty municipalities that were included in our sample, we could observe a change in the trend of study results after the introduction of a system. In two of these, the change in trend was significantly positive, which implicates on a welfare increase. In the other two municipalities, the direction of the change in trend was neither significantly positive nor negative.  We cannot observe any differences in the effects of the systems depending on the socio-economic factors the systems are based on. However, the study shows that the systems give higher effect the longer time the allocation system has been in use. In their current form, socio-economic resource allocation systems do not appear to be sufficiently powerful tools to reverse a negative trend in municipalities with weak socio-economic conditions. / <p>Uppsatsen är de 50 första sidorna. Resterande sidor är bilagor.</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resource allocation practices in specific categorical functions and student performance in reading and math. This study utilized quantitative research methods to study the effects of spending and performance over four years of analysis. Quantitative data was acquired utilizing information from the Texas Education Agency. The data was collected from 81 campuses and represented over 1,500 students. The study's outcomes reported that little or no correlation could be found between inputs (dollars spent in three categories) and outputs (student results in reading and math). However, subgroup analysis revealed that students from non- low socioeconomic (SES) households started out higher than their low SES counterparts, and low SES students performed worse over time in both reading and math. Math results decreased more dramatically than reading indicating a need for school-level training in data analysis to ensure that limited dollars are spent appropriately. The study recommends that principals and school administrators be especially knowledgeable in critical data analysis skills. The study further recommends that state policy-makers invest more heavily in early math instruction. In addition, the current study found that student achievement, in low-SES students, especially in mathematics is very alarming. Low SES students are starting out behind the non low-SES counterparts and perform progressively worse over time. State policy makers must address these concerns.

Master of Science / Department of Biology / David C. Hartnett / The effects of bison activities on forb diversity and cover have been well-established, but less is known about how forb life history is altered by bison-mediated habitat changes. This study had three main objectives: 1) to evaluate the hypothesis that release from aboveground competition with grasses may contribute to the increased cover and diversity of forbs in prairie grazed by bison relative to ungrazed prairie, 2) to determine whether differences in forb reproductive effort between grazed and ungrazed habitats were size-dependent, and 3) to look for evidence of a trade-off between allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction. The growth, biomass allocation, and sexual reproduction of six common unpalatable perennial species were measured and compared between bison-grazed and ungrazed tallgrass prairie burned at 2-year intervals: Ambrosia psilostachya, Artemisia ludoviciana, Baptisia australis, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Solidago canadensis, and Vernonia baldwinii. Vegetative reproduction was also measured for B. australis¸ S. canadensis, and V. baldwinii. Light availability, canopy density and height, and percent cover of neighboring plants were measured in each studied individual’s immediate neighborhood and compared between habitats to establish the possibility of differing aboveground competition. Aboveground competition may be lower in bison-grazed habitats, as evidenced by differences in habitat characteristics and plant performance found in this study. In bison-present habitats, sexual reproduction was elevated for all six species and average plant size was greater for all species except A. psilostachya. Vegetative reproduction was not clearly different between habitats for all three species examined. Sexual reproduction increased with size for all species, and the relationship differed significantly between habitats for all species except A. psilostachya. Allocation to vegetative reproduction was not generally related to aboveground biomass, nor was there a clear trade-off between allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction. The results of this study provide evidence that release from aboveground competition with grasses promotes the growth and sexual reproduction of the studied species of forb, and that differences in sexual reproduction are not entirely size-dependent. Patterns in allocation to vegetative reproduction were less clear and were not clearly tied to sexual reproductive allocation.

This dissertation addresses resource allocation problems that occur in both public and private health care settings with the objective of characterizing the tradeoffs that occur when simultaneously incorporating multiple objectives and developing methods to address these tradeoffs. We examine three resource allocation problems (i) strategic allocation of financial resources and limited staffing capacity for the mobile delivery of health care within African countries, (ii) real-time allocation of hospital beds to internal patient requests, and (iii) development of patient redirection policies in response to limited bed availability in units within a system of hospitals. For each problem we define models, each with a different methodology, and utilize the models to develop allocation strategies that account for multiple competing objectives and examine the performance of the strategies with computational studies. In Chapter 2, we model African health care delivery systems utilizing a mixed-integer program (MIP) which accounts for financial and personnel constraints as well as infrastructure quality. We characterize tradeoffs in effectiveness, efficiency, and equity resulting from four allocation strategies with computational experiments representing the variety of spatial patterns that occur throughout the continent. The main contributions include (i) the development of a model that incorporates spatial and infrastructure characteristics and allows for a study of equity in the delivery of care, rather than access to care, and (ii) the characterization of tradeoffs in the three objectives under a variety of settings. In Chapter 3, we model the real-time assignment of bed requests to available beds as a queueing system and a Markov decision process (MDP). Through the development of bed assignment algorithms and simulation experiments, we illustrate the value of implementing strategic bed assignment practices which balance the bed management objectives of timeliness and appropriateness of assignments. The main contributions of this section include (i) the development of new bed assignment algorithms which use stochastic optimization techniques and outperform algorithms which mimic processes currently used in practice and (ii) the definition of a model and methods for the control of a large complex system that includes flexible units, multiple patient types, and type-dependent routing. In Chapter 4, we model the impact of a patient redirection policy in a hospital unit as a Markov chain. Assuming preferences for patient redirection are aligned with costs, we examine the impact of incremental changes to redirection policies on the probability of the unit being completely occupied, the long-run average utilization, and the long-run average cost of redirection. The main contributions of this chapter include (i) the introduction of a model of patient redirection with multiple patient thresholds and patient preference constraints and (ii) the definition of necessary conditions for an optimal patient redirection policy that minimizes the average cost of redirection.

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy