Essa dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise acerca do comportamento do delinqüente em relação ao quantum de pena previsto no Código Penal brasileiro, possuindo como fundamento a teoria economicista do crime e a legislação penal apresentada. Parte-se, em um primeiro momento, para uma explicação da evolução da sanção penal, destacando as teorias que explicam as finalidades das penas. Dá-se ênfase a dois grandes grupos teóricos: teorias absolutas da pena, que utilizam a pena como um juízo de reprovação/retribuição, e as teorias relativas da pena, que fazem da sanção penal um instrumento para impedir que novos crimes aconteçam (prevenção). Na seqüência, apresentase o modelo econômico básico do crime, desenvolvido por Becker (1968) e seus fundamentos teóricos em Beccaria (1764), em Bentham (1781) e na teoria da escolha racional. Esclarece-se que o modelo economicista do crime enquadra-se entre as teorias relativas da pena (prevenção). Ressalta-se que o instituto da pena é um dos principais mecanismos que o Estado possui para alterar o comportamento de potenciais infratores. Explica-se que o sistema criminal brasileiro estabelece como finalidade da pena tanto a reprovação quanto a prevenção. No entanto, considerando que o delinqüente é um ser racional, capaz de antecipar a quantidade de pena a que estaria sujeito caso fosse capturado e condenado, conclui-se que a pena, no contexto da legislação brasileira, perde a sua finalidade precípua de prevenção, uma vez que o agente criminoso constata que seu custo “real” é menor que seu custo “potencial”. Dessa maneira, embora no sistema criminal nacional, a pena possua como fim a reprovação e a prevenção, percebe-se reduzidas as suas características de prevenção, fazendo realmente do crime uma outra atividade, passível de ser realizada por aqueles que assim desejarem. / The goal of this work is to present an analysis concerning the criminal's behavior in relation to the quantity of punishment foreseen in the Brazilian Penal Code, having as fundaments the economic theory of crime and the penal legislation presented. In a first moment, it does an explanation of the evolution of the penal sanction, pointing out the theories that explain the purposes of the punishment. It does emphasis for two great theoretical groups: absolute theories of the punishment, that it uses the penalty as retribution, and the relative theories of the punishment, that it utilizes the penal sanction as an instrument to impede that new crimes happen (prevention). In the sequence, it presents the economic basic model of crime, developed by Becker (1968) and their theoretical fundaments in Beccaria (1764), in Bentham (1781) and in the theory of the rational choice. It is explained that the economic model of crime is framed among the relative theories of the punishment (prevention). It shows that the institute of the punishment is one of the main mechanisms that the State uses to alter the potentials offenders' behavior. It is explained that the Brazilian criminal system establishes as purpose of the punishment as much the retribution as the prevention. However, considering that the criminal is a rational being, capable to anticipate the amount of punishment that would be subject case was captured and convict, it concludes that the penality, in the context of the Brazilian legislation, loses its essential purpose of prevention, once the criminal agent verifies that his "real" cost is smaller than his "potential" cost. In this way, even though in the national criminal system, the punishment has as purpose the retribution and the prevention, it is possible to note that the characteristics of the prevention have been reduced, making the crime as one other activity, susceptible to be accomplished by those who want to do that.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise acerca do comportamento do delinqüente em relação ao quantum de pena previsto no Código Penal brasileiro, possuindo como fundamento a teoria economicista do crime e a legislação penal apresentada. Parte-se, em um primeiro momento, para uma explicação da evolução da sanção penal, destacando as teorias que explicam as finalidades das penas. Dá-se ênfase a dois grandes grupos teóricos: teorias absolutas da pena, que utilizam a pena como um juízo de reprovação/retribuição, e as teorias relativas da pena, que fazem da sanção penal um instrumento para impedir que novos crimes aconteçam (prevenção). Na seqüência, apresentase o modelo econômico básico do crime, desenvolvido por Becker (1968) e seus fundamentos teóricos em Beccaria (1764), em Bentham (1781) e na teoria da escolha racional. Esclarece-se que o modelo economicista do crime enquadra-se entre as teorias relativas da pena (prevenção). Ressalta-se que o instituto da pena é um dos principais mecanismos que o Estado possui para alterar o comportamento de potenciais infratores. Explica-se que o sistema criminal brasileiro estabelece como finalidade da pena tanto a reprovação quanto a prevenção. No entanto, considerando que o delinqüente é um ser racional, capaz de antecipar a quantidade de pena a que estaria sujeito caso fosse capturado e condenado, conclui-se que a pena, no contexto da legislação brasileira, perde a sua finalidade precípua de prevenção, uma vez que o agente criminoso constata que seu custo “real” é menor que seu custo “potencial”. Dessa maneira, embora no sistema criminal nacional, a pena possua como fim a reprovação e a prevenção, percebe-se reduzidas as suas características de prevenção, fazendo realmente do crime uma outra atividade, passível de ser realizada por aqueles que assim desejarem. / The goal of this work is to present an analysis concerning the criminal's behavior in relation to the quantity of punishment foreseen in the Brazilian Penal Code, having as fundaments the economic theory of crime and the penal legislation presented. In a first moment, it does an explanation of the evolution of the penal sanction, pointing out the theories that explain the purposes of the punishment. It does emphasis for two great theoretical groups: absolute theories of the punishment, that it uses the penalty as retribution, and the relative theories of the punishment, that it utilizes the penal sanction as an instrument to impede that new crimes happen (prevention). In the sequence, it presents the economic basic model of crime, developed by Becker (1968) and their theoretical fundaments in Beccaria (1764), in Bentham (1781) and in the theory of the rational choice. It is explained that the economic model of crime is framed among the relative theories of the punishment (prevention). It shows that the institute of the punishment is one of the main mechanisms that the State uses to alter the potentials offenders' behavior. It is explained that the Brazilian criminal system establishes as purpose of the punishment as much the retribution as the prevention. However, considering that the criminal is a rational being, capable to anticipate the amount of punishment that would be subject case was captured and convict, it concludes that the penality, in the context of the Brazilian legislation, loses its essential purpose of prevention, once the criminal agent verifies that his "real" cost is smaller than his "potential" cost. In this way, even though in the national criminal system, the punishment has as purpose the retribution and the prevention, it is possible to note that the characteristics of the prevention have been reduced, making the crime as one other activity, susceptible to be accomplished by those who want to do that.

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The role of Deterrence and Retribution in sentencing in South African Courts Since the early history of the existence of humanity punishment has been meted out to transgressors of the laws of society. Informal sanctions, including ostracism are imposed by members of society for social transgressions. Formal punishment is imposed by courts through a system of criminal justice. This dissertation deals with the concept of punishment. It considers the significance of the theories of punishment in the sentencing process with particular reference to deterrence and retribution, the philosophical rationale for their use and thus their role in sentencing. In this study the historical evolution of retribution is traced and the recognition accorded particularly to retribution and deterrence as well as reformation and prevention as penal objectives at various periods in history is examined. Case law has been cited to determine their recognition by judicial practice in criminal courts. The study also reflects on the criminal justice system's clients' perceptions on sentencing. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da ressocialização na execução penal, com especial destaque ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Partindo de uma concepção legitimadora do sistema penal, é feito o estudo das posições fundamentais sobre a finalidade da pena desenvolvidas pelas doutrinas filosófica e penal, com ênfase à finalidade de ressocialização. Seguindo o estudo, são expostos diversos argumentos contra a idéia de ressocialização como única finalidade da pena e também contra sua viabilidade como finalidade da pena no âmbito da execução penal. Por fim, analisa-se o ideal ressocializador nos institutos da Lei de Execução Penal brasileira. São estudados os institutos da execução penal tradicionalmente ligados à idéia de ressocialização e também aqueles cujo enfoque de aplicação muda quando desprezamos tal idéia. Conclui-se o trabalho sustentando-se, em suma, que o ideal ressocializador da execução penal é incompatível com qualquer ordenamento jurídico democrático. / This study\'s goal is to analyze resocialization in corrections, with special emphasis on the Brazilian legal system. Beginning with a legitimating concept of the criminal system, a survey is conducted on the ground theories concerning the purpose of punishment as developed by the philosophical and criminal doctrines, with emphasis on the purpose of resocialization. Thereafter, a number of arguments are exposed that are against the idea of resocialization as the sole finality of punishment and also against its viability as one of the goals of punishment in corrections. Last, the resocialization ideal presented by the Brazilian corrections law is appraised. This appraisal encompasses correctional concepts traditionally related to the idea of resocialization as well as concepts whose application focus changes when one dismisses that notion. The conclusion argues, in short, that the correctional ideal of resocialization is incompatible with any democratic legal system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Garbellini Carnio.pdf: 985960 bytes, checksum: 42d78d1215a24045f62e9c94cde2d3d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The work has the purpose to investigate the genesis of the process of formation of the law. Recognizing the right while a human creation, a product of the language, the proposal aims for a genealogical study of the law that returns to the origins of its obscure senses. This return is ruled from the examination of the relations in the primitive communities that indicates the true polemics on the process of formation of the law. This study makes possible a rescue on the legal forms and in the conceptions of law itself, promoting means for his best understanding, critics and applicability. For this, the proposal claims a radical joining between two thinkers who apparently are distanced philosophically, but, however, are shown at least in this field, similar and complementary. Kelsen in the work Vergeltung und Kauslatität presenting his etnological study on the principle of retribution and of the causality, from the primitive communities and Nietzsche in the Second Dissertation of Genealogy of moral presenting his theory on the (pre)history of the humanity, that initiates with the creation of the memory and occurs in a context completely determined by concepts and legal categories / O trabalho tem por escopo investigar a gênese do processo de formação do direito. Reconhecendo o direito enquanto uma criação humana, um produto da linguagem, a proposta visa a um estudo histórico-genealógico do direito que retorne às origens dos seus obscuros sentidos. Esse regresso se pauta pelo exame das relações nas primitivas comunidades que indicam a verdadeira polêmica sobre o processo de formação do direito. Seu estudo possibilita um resgate das formas jurídicas e da conceituação do próprio direito, fomentando possibilidades de sua melhor compreensão, crítica e aplicabilidade. Para tal empresa a proposta pretende uma junção radical entre dois pensadores que aparentemente se distanciam filosoficamente, mas que, na realidade, mostram-se ao menos nessa seara, semelhantes e complementares. Kelsen na obra Vergeltung und Kauslatität expondo seu estudo etnológico sobre o princípio da retribuição e da causalidade a partir das comunidades primitivas, e Nietzsche na Segunda Dissertação de Para a genealogia da moral apresentando sua tese sobre a (pré)história da humanidade, que se inicia com a criação da memória e ocorre num contexto completamente determinado por conceitos e categorias jurídicas

( in English) In this Diploma Thesis the activity of Extraordinary People's Court in Jihlava during the first phase of restitution period (1945-1947) is investigated via the means of a case study. Todate investigations of retribution courts have been focused on the analysis of retributive judgments. This thesis differs from the earlier ones namely in the angle of view on retribution court's activity. The research is concentrated on the administrative operation of the retribution court in Jihlava (i.e. on the activity of retribution court head and their deputies) and on the role of individual retribution senate heads. The decision making of retribution court is not looked at only as a result of court's operation, but individual court senates' operation is subject of analysis here. Particular criminal cases are taken into account only when there is an assumption that they help to uncover day-to-day working habits of judicial officers, or, potentially, they are related to the person of the head of senate, or the filed material in its content gets beyond standard retribution proceedings at Jihlava retribution court. The thesis has used mainly sources of official origin filed with the Regional Archive in Brno, the National Archive, and the Security Services Archive.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da ressocialização na execução penal, com especial destaque ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Partindo de uma concepção legitimadora do sistema penal, é feito o estudo das posições fundamentais sobre a finalidade da pena desenvolvidas pelas doutrinas filosófica e penal, com ênfase à finalidade de ressocialização. Seguindo o estudo, são expostos diversos argumentos contra a idéia de ressocialização como única finalidade da pena e também contra sua viabilidade como finalidade da pena no âmbito da execução penal. Por fim, analisa-se o ideal ressocializador nos institutos da Lei de Execução Penal brasileira. São estudados os institutos da execução penal tradicionalmente ligados à idéia de ressocialização e também aqueles cujo enfoque de aplicação muda quando desprezamos tal idéia. Conclui-se o trabalho sustentando-se, em suma, que o ideal ressocializador da execução penal é incompatível com qualquer ordenamento jurídico democrático. / This study\'s goal is to analyze resocialization in corrections, with special emphasis on the Brazilian legal system. Beginning with a legitimating concept of the criminal system, a survey is conducted on the ground theories concerning the purpose of punishment as developed by the philosophical and criminal doctrines, with emphasis on the purpose of resocialization. Thereafter, a number of arguments are exposed that are against the idea of resocialization as the sole finality of punishment and also against its viability as one of the goals of punishment in corrections. Last, the resocialization ideal presented by the Brazilian corrections law is appraised. This appraisal encompasses correctional concepts traditionally related to the idea of resocialization as well as concepts whose application focus changes when one dismisses that notion. The conclusion argues, in short, that the correctional ideal of resocialization is incompatible with any democratic legal system.

This doctoral thesis explores HR management through systems of production incentives in the construction sector which has been instrumental to the Spanish economy. The transformation of a time-based payment system to a performance or production-based payment system is difficult if you consider the complexity of the calculation and the environment in which prices are negotiated. In any case, before agreeing to a piece-rate determined price it is imperative that the person responsible for negotiating on behalf of the company knows the relationship of this piece rate compared to expected labour costs as an objective in the opening plans. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an algorithm in flowchart form that facilitates —from the data found in the costs study— knowledge about the price range within which the economic incentive for piece-rate compensation for any work should be established by applying a few simple conversion coefficients proposed by the model itself / Aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en la gestió dels recursos humans a través dels sistemes d'incentius a la producció. La transformació d'un sistema de pagament per temps a un sistema de pagament per rendiment o per producció no és senzill si es té en compte la complexitat del càlcul i l'entorn en el qual es pacten els preus. És imprescindible que abans d'acordar un determinat preu fet, el responsable de la negociació, conegui la relació d'aquest preu respecte els costos de mà d'obra que té previstos com a objectiu en el pressupost de producció. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és proposar un algoritme que faciliti —a partir de les dades contingudes en l'estudi de costos—, conèixer l'interval de preus dins del qual s'hauria d'establir l'incentiu econòmic de remuneració a preu fet d'un treball qualsevol, mitjançant l'aplicació d'uns simples coeficients de conversió que proposa el propi model

In the 1980s, in the discipline of Classical studies in the field of Greco-Roman philosophy, the scholars showed renewed interest in the subject of the emotions. The outcome of their research reinstated the cognitive function in emotions. The research also recognised that the values and beliefs in the emotions are culturally conditioned. This outcome opened the possibility of discovering the values of a culture by analysing the emotions. Another outcome of the research showed that the interpretation of a lexical term, designating an emotion, did not necessarily imply the same meaning universally. The knowledge of the emotions in this discipline influenced numerous branches of academic study. It was noted that this did not apply to New Testament studies and therefore became an opportunity for a research subject, namely: An Analysis of Emotions of Anger and Fear in the Undisputed Pauline letters. The purpose was to determine their meanings within the context of Imperial Roman values. The analysis was based on Aristotle's definition of anger and fear. This approach also required a study of social conditions in the provincial Roman cities in which Paul had formed communities. The study was dependent on the emotional language used by Paul in his undisputed letters. Louw-Nida New Testament Greek-English Lexicon based on Semantic Domains was used to locate the words that expressed the emotional concepts of anger and fear. The essence of the research problem was to discover the meaning of the emotions in the undisputed Pauline letters in the first century CE. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)