Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate how big data solutions in the Swedish healthcare system can generate a revenue. As technology continues to evolve, the use of big data is beginning to transform processes in many different industries, making them more efficient and effective. The opportunities presented by big data have been researched to a large extent in commercial fields, however, research in the use of big data in healthcare is scarce and this is particularly true in the case of Sweden. Furthermore, there is a lack in research that explores the interface between big data, healthcare and revenue models. The interface between these three fields of research is important as innovation and the integration of big data in healthcare could be affected by the ability of companies to generate a revenue from developing such innovations or solutions. Thus, this thesis aims to fill this gap in research and contribute to the limited body of knowledge that exists on this topic. The study conducted in this thesis was done via qualitative methods, in which a literature search was done and interviews were conducted with individuals who hold managerial positions at Region Västerbotten. The purpose of conducting these interviews was to establish a better understanding of the Swedish healthcare system and how its structure has influenced the use, or lack thereof, of big data in the healthcare delivery process, as well as, how this structure enables the generation of revenue through big data solutions. The data collected was analysed using the grounded theory approach which includes the coding and thematising of the empirical data in order to identify the key areas of discussion. The findings revealed that the current state of the Swedish healthcare system does not present an environment in which big data solutions that have been developed for the system can thrive and generate a revenue. However, if action is taken to make some changes to the current state of the system, then revenue generation may be possible in the future. The findings from the data also identified key barriers that need to be overcome in order to increase the integration of big data into the healthcare system. These barriers included the (i) lack of big data knowledge and expertise, (ii) data protection regulations, (iii) national budget allocation and the (iv) lack of structured data. Through collaborative work between actors in both the public and private sectors, these barriers can be overcome and Sweden could be on its way to transforming its healthcare system with the use of big data solutions, thus, improving the quality of care provided to its citizens. Key words: big data, healthcare, Swedish healthcare system, AI, revenue models, data-driven revenue models

Purpose - The purpose of this master thesis is to enhance knowledge about how revenue models for smart, connected and integrated product-services come about. Thus, the author aim to primarily contribute to the revenue model literature with insights on processual characteristics and activities. Method – The thesis uses an exploratory single case-study approach, based on qualitative data gathered mainly from semi-structured interviews. In total six manufacturing companies and five experts within relevant areas were included in the study. Data were analyzed through an abductive analysis approach, and a combination of the Gioia Methodology and Thematic coding. Findings – The study’s main findings show that the process when designing revenue models for smart, connected and integrated product-services, is characterized by an iterative phase layout and a strong customer focus. Key activities include pilot project testing, continuous evaluations and an organizational transformation, beginning with some initial analyzes to continue with a stepwise implementation and rollout of a new integrated product-service offer. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited by the single case study approach, and the aim to merely develop theory, not practically test it. The study contributes to the revenue model literature by enhancing knowledge about the processual characteristics when developing revenue models. Also, the processual framework provides structure and guidance for management at mature manufacturing companies. Originality/value – The novel contribution of this study is a processual framework and enhanced knowledge about the design process in the so far scarcely explored area of revenue models for smart, connected and integrated product-services. Keywords - Revenue models; Servitization; Digitalization; Smart, connected products; Manufacturing industry Paper type - Master thesis

In the past decade, a new entrepreneurial phenomenon aimed at seeding start-up companies has emerged across the globe: the social enterprise (SE) accelerator program. These accelerators focus on scaling social entrepreneurs by accelerating their journey to the market. Different actors like business reporters, entrepreneurs, and angel investors have expressed skepticism around the viability of the accelerator model. To research this sustainability, this thesis studied the revenue models of SE accelerators. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts working at SE accelerators in Stockholm. These four identified getting revenue from partnerships, government institutions, and philanthropy and donations. Consulting contracts, equity shares and fees were not used by these four but were discussed as potential revenue streams. All respondents emphasized the importance of revenue model diversification and were currently working on strategies to act on this. Diversifying the revenue models of SE accelerators will increase the sustainability of their revenue models. This might be the first step from the focus of monetary gain towards a society where business is created to do good.

Platforms have become one of the most important business logics in the last twenty years and have enabled unprecedented rapid growth for various companies. This the-sis begins with an overview of the state of research on platforms, business models, servitization and recurring revenue models. The third chapter then presents the meth-ods used in the individual studies. Subsequently, the fourth, fifth, and sixth chapters of the thesis present the results of the empirical research from the three field studies. Field Study I (chapter four) reveals three business model patterns of IoT platforms that could be identified in the machinery and equipment industry. In field study II (chapter five) the results from field study I are then taken into account and with the help of a qualitative approach are investigated deeper. As a consequence of this re-search, a business model continuum emerged along which companies with IoT plat-forms move as they increasingly integrate services into their portfolio of offerings and evolve the business model from a linear to a platform-oriented logic. Finally, field study III (chapter six) takes an in-depth look at the issue of recurring revenues. Com-panies with a platform logic transform their business model in the area of the profit equation in such a way that they generate predominantly recurring revenues in order to construct a more resilient business model that is secure against crises. In addition to a summary of the results, this dissertation outlines the theoretical and managerial implications obtained during the empirical work and concludes with future research and opportunities of this work.:Academic Curriculum Vitae of the author II Bibliographic description III Foreword IV Table of contents VI List of abbreviations IX List of tables X List of figures XI 1. Motivation 1 1.1 Emergence of platforms 1 1.2 Managerial importance 6 1.3 Theoretical importance 15 1.4 Research gap and question 17 1.5 Structure of the thesis 19 2. Research approach 24 2.1 Research process 24 2.2 Research methodologies 25 2.3 Reference on publications 26 3. Theoretical Background 28 3.1 Platforms 29 3.1.1 Platform definition, concepts, and typologies 37 3.1.2 Foundational elements of platforms 41 3.2 Business models 45 3.2.1 Definition 55 3.2.2 Business model concepts 56 3.2.3 Holistic view 57 3.2.4 Component view 59 3.2.5 Business model innovation 61 3.2.6 Platforms as business models 63 3.3 Servitization 65 3.3.1 Servitization definition and concepts 73 3.3.2 Digital servitization 76 3.4 Types of recurring revenues – Capturing value within service- and platform-oriented business models 78 3.4.1 Definition, characteristics, types and (dis-)advantages of recurring revenues 79 3.4.2 Approaches to the integration of recurring revenues in companies 82 3.4.3 The Hockey Stick - revenue growth model 83 4. Field Study I: Clustering business model innovations in product-oriented companies enabled by a platform approach 86 4.1 Empirical context, research approach and question 86 4.2 Quantitative survey to identify patterns of business model innovations 87 4.2.1 Research method 87 4.2.2 Results of business model innovation patterns 94 4.3 Discussion 97 4.3.1 Theoretical contributions 97 4.3.2 Managerial contributions 100 5. Field Study II: Exploring different development stages of platform-oriented business models 102 5.1 Empirical context, research approach and question 102 5.2 Case studies to gain deeper insights into the business model innovation patterns 103 5.2.1 Case study method 103 5.2.2 Case studies for the three BMI patterns 105 5.3 Discussion 122 5.3.1 Theoretical contributions 122 5.3.2 Practical contributions 126 6. Field Study III: There is more than one Hockey Stick - Growth trajectories for businesses with recurring revenues models 127 6.1 Empirical context, research approach and question 127 6.2 Growth trajectories for recurring revenue models 130 6.2.1 Empirical evidence for the Hockey Stick (Step 1) 130 6.2.2 Empirical evidence for growth trajectories of recurring revenue (Step 2) 134 6.2.3 Discriminating factors of recurring revenue growth trajectories (Step 3) 136 6.2.4 Growth trajectories 139 6.3 Contributions 148 7. Conclusion 151 7.1 Summary of the results 152 7.1.1 Summary of Field Study I 153 7.1.2 Summary of Field Study II 155 7.1.3 Summary of Field Study III 158 7.2 Implications for research 160 7.2.1 Field Study I 162 7.2.2 Field Study II 164 7.2.3 Field Study III 165 7.2.4 Overarching theoretical implications 166 7.3 Implications for management practice 168 7.4 Future research opportunities 171 Bibliography 175 Appendix 209 Resume of the author in table form 240 Declaration of academic integrity 245 Declaration of origin 245

I en tid då tidningsbranschen står inför en omfattande strukturomvandling, är jakten igång att hitta komplement och substitut till gamla intäktskällor. Som ett led av detta har intresset väckts för att använda crowdfunding för att finansiera nyhetsjournalistik. Crowdfunding är en finansieringsform där privatpersoner och organisationer kan ansöka om ekonomiskt stöd från ett större antal finansiärer. Frågan är dock om det finns en potentiell marknad för crowdfunding-finansierad journalistik i Sverige.Den här rapporten ämnar kartlägga den svenska befolkningens kännedom om, och deras inställning till, att finansiera journalistik med crowdfunding. Detta görs genom en enkätundersökning som syftar till att svara på följande frågor:Vilken inställning har den svenska befolkningen till crowdfunding som en finansieringsformför granskande journalistik?Vilka förutsättningar krävs för att finansieringsformen ska accepteras av svenskanyhetskonsumenter?Vilka hinder upplever svenskarna till att betala för granskande journalistik med crowdfunding?Resultatet visade att kännedomen om crowdfunding är låg och slutsatsen är att marknaden för crowdfunding är omogen i Sverige. Vidare är det är få som uppger att de med crowdfunding skulle kunna tänka sig att betala för en journalistik granskning i förväg. Dock ställer sig en femtedel positiva till finansieringsformen och en potential finns att omvandla denna inställning till betalningsvilja om rätt åtgärder görs.Respondenterna är beredda att betala för granskningar av orättvisor eller missförhållanden och gärna ämnen som de har ett personligt intresse av att få granskat. En förutsättning för att få finansieringsmodellen att fungera i Sverige är att man lyckas formulera för läsaren vilket mervärde som följer att betala för journalistik i förväg. Samtidigt krävs att framtida crowdfundingtjänster är tydliga kring finansiärernas rättigheter och skyldigheter, tillsammans med en fullständig transparens kring processen. / In a time when the newspaper industry face major structural changes, a search for new andsupplemental sources of revenue has begun. In line with this, crowdfunding has been addressed as a way of financing journalism. Crowdfunding is a model of financing where individuals and organizations, can apply for funding from a wide range of funders. Several experiments have occurred in the world, e.g. Spot.us and Krautreporter. The question is whether there is a potential market for crowdfunded journalism in Sweden.The purpose of this paper is to describe the market for investigative journalism financed withcrowdfunding, from a consumer’s view. This is done through a survey that aims to answer the following questions:What is the attitude of the Swedish population towards crowdfunding as a form of financing of investigative journalism?What conditions are required for crowdfunding to be accepted by Swedish consumers?What obstacles do Swedish consumers experience to pay for journalism with crowdfunding?The results show that awareness of crowdfunding is low and the conclusion is that the Swedish market for crowdfunding is immature. Furthermore, only a few percentages of the respondents stated that they would be willing to pay for a journalistic work in advance. However, one fifth of the respondents are positive to the model of financing, and there are signs showing that this attitude can be converted into a willingness to pay, if the right measures are made.Most of the respondents state that they are willing to pay for the investigation of maladministration or injustices, and preferably subjects that they have a personal interest in getting audited. However a prerequisite for the model to work in Sweden is that one manages to articulate the added value of paying for journalism in advance. In the same time, future crowdfunding services must be absolutely clear about the financiers' rights and responsibilities along with full transparency around the process.

Purpose  The purpose of this study is to extend current literature on the concept of value capture for AI start-ups, focusing on the challenges they face and how to maximize value capture. By investigating relational and economical value capture dimensions, this study aims to identify opportunities for start-ups to extract value from their AI digital solutions. The study further aims to contribute valuable insights to the literature, by building on the link between digital revenue models and value capture.  Method  To fulfill the stated purpose, this study has adopted a qualitative, abductive single case study approach with a focus on an AI start-up in the wind energy industry. The analysis was based on 20 semi-structured interviews which were conducted with different companies active in the wind energy industry. All data was analyzed through a 5-step thematic analysis process.  Findings  Two main challenges a start-up may face were identified which were “Difficulties getting access to partnering companies” and “Difficulties selling as a start-up”. Additionally, it was found that relational value capture can be maximized using pilot studies, which is possible by building trust and close relationships. Regarding economical value capture, this study showcases the importance of adapting the choice of revenue model to the customer where the perceived risk of the investment, in the customers’ point of view, plays a big role.  Theoretical contributions  Previous literature has mainly established a connection between the concept of value capture and revenue models. However, this study further bridges the two, and more in depth displays how revenue models could affect the captured value regarding AI start-ups. Additionally, this study further elaborates on the literature regarding relational value capture, showcasing how it can differ for a start-up and the challenges that arise when AI is involved.  Practical contributions  This study contributes with concrete examples of what challenges a start-up needs to consider when trying to capture value from their product. Additionally, the study contributes with a practical understanding on how a start-up can maximize value capture, by showcasing important factors to consider, both when it comes to relational and economical value capturing. Moreover, a decision tree has been formed, which can support AI start-ups when choosing a suitable revenue model.  Limitations and future research  Firstly, the study's findings may not be applicable to other industries, highlighting the need for multi-industry case studies for generalization and cross-industry comparisons. Secondly, more in-depth research is needed to explore the specific steps and strategies for building relationships, especially in the context of start-ups. Thirdly, this study primarily focuses on the revenue model aspect of value capture, overlooking the concept of value proposition which limits the depth of the findings and contributions and would be of interest to further investigate. / Syfte Syftet med studien är att berika litteraturen kring begreppet värde-fångande för AI start-ups, genom att fokusera på utmaningarna de står inför, samt hur de kan maximera värde-fångande. Genom att undersöka relationella och ekonomiska dimensioner av värde-fångande strävar denna studie efter att identifiera möjligheter för start-ups att utvinna värde från sina AI-baserade digitala lösningar. Studien syftar också till att bidra med värdefulla insikter till litteraturen genom att bygga på sambandet mellan digitala intäktsmodeller och värde-fångande.    Metod För att uppfylla det angivna syftet, har studien antagit en kvalitativ, abduktiv enskild fallstudieansats med fokus på en AI start-up inom vindkraftsbranschen. Analysen baserades på 20 semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med olika företag verksamma inom vindkraftsbranschen. All data analyserades genom en 5-stegs tematisk analysprocess.  Resultat Studien identifierade två huvudsakliga utmaningar som en start-up kan ställas inför, vilka var “Svårigheter att få tillgång till företag att samarbeta med” och “Svårigheter att sälja som en start-up”. Dessutom visade det sig att relationellt värde-fångande kan maximeras genom att använda pilotstudier, vilket möjliggörs genom att bygga tillit och nära relationer. När det gäller ekonomiskt värde-fångande visar denna studie vikten av att anpassa valet av intäktsmodell till kunden, där den upplevda risken för investeringen, sett ur kundens perspektiv, spelar stor roll.  Teoretiska bidrag Tidigare litteratur har främst etablerat en koppling mellan begreppet värde-fångande och intäktsmodeller. Denna studie går ett steg längre och visar mer ingående hur intäktsmodeller kan påverka det fångade värdet för AI start-ups. Dessutom utvecklar denna studie den befintliga litteraturen ytterligare kring relationellt värde-fångande och visar hur det kan skilja sig för en start-up och de utmaningar som uppstår då AI är inblandat. Praktiska bidrag Denna studie bidrar med konkreta exempel på vilka utmaningar en start-up behöver ta hänsyn till när de försöker fånga värde från sin produkt. Dessutom bidrar studien med en praktisk förståelse för hur en start-up kan maximera värde-fångande genom att visa på viktiga faktorer att beakta både när det gäller relationella och ekonomiska dimensioner. Utöver detta har ett beslutsträd utformats, med syfte att stödja start-ups vid val av lämplig intäktsmodell.  Begränsningar och framtida forskning För det första är denna studie begränsad till en specifik bransch, vilket understryker behovet av studier i fler branscher för en ökad generaliserbarhet och jämförelse. För det andra behövs mer ingående forskning för att utforska de specifika stegen och strategierna som krävs för att bygga relationer, särskilt när det gäller start-ups. För det tredje fokuserar denna studie primärt på intäktsmodell aspekten av värde-fångande och bortser från konceptet värdeerbjudande. Detta begränsar djupet i resultatet och skulle därför vara intressant för framtida forskare att undersöka.

När man utvecklar en applikation för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT) som syftar till att hjälpa funktionsnedsatta individer är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till deras utmaningar och behov. Samtidigt är det också viktigt att förstå svårigheten i att utforma en universell ICT-applikation som ska passa dem alla på grund av deras motstridiga behov och kapacitet. Dessutom har många av dem ekonomiska svårigheter. Därför uppstår frågan om hur man prissätter dessa ICT-applikationer. Denna forskning bygger på en fallstudie av en ICT-applikation som utformats av Salta Friends AB som arbetar med att öka det sociala engagemanget för personer med funktionsnedsättning. Studien är kvalitativ och 15 intervjuer av olika intressenter till applikationen har genomförts. Dessa intervjuer gav insikter som hjälpte till att kartlägga deras olika behov och utmaningar. Utmaningarnas fokus ligger på de allmänna, sociala och tekniska kontexterna som slutanvändaren möter. Baserat på dessa insikter har ett antal faktorer tagits fram som man bör beakta då man inriktar sig på lämpliga kunder och användare till ICT-applikationer. Dessutom diskuteras alternativa inkomstkällorna som kan finnas för dessa applikationer för några identifierade kunder. Slutligen förklaras varför det underlättar att involvera de funktionsnedsatta individerna i ett tidigare skede i produktutvecklingsprocessen vid valet av lämpliga kunder och användare samtidigt som man tar fram rätt prissättningsmodell. Forskningen ger också förslag till den Salta Friends AB nästa steg i detta arbete. / While developing an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) application aimed at assisting persons with disabilities, it is important to take their challenges and needs into consideration. Simultaneously, it is important to understand the difficulty in designing a universal ICT product for them owing to their conflicting needs and capabilities. Additionally, many of them face economic hardships. Therefore, the issue of how to price these ICT applications arises. This research follows a case study of an ICT application devised by a Salta Friends AB to increase the social involvement of people with disabilities. It is a qualitative research conducted with the help of 15 interviews of different stakeholders of the application. These interviews provide insights that will help in mapping their different needs and challenges. The focus of the challenges is on the general, social, and technological context faced by the end-user. Based on these insights, factors have been recommended to be considered while targeting the appropriate customers and users for ICT applications. It also discusses the alternate sources of income that can exist for these applications by identifying a different customer. And finally, the research explains why including the persons with disabilities at an earlier stage in the product development process helps ease the selection of the right customers and users along with devising the right pricing model. The research also provides propositions and suggestions for Salta Friends AB and their next steps.

The Free-to-play (F2P) model is the primary business model applied in indie mobile games nowadays. However, the fact that less than 5% of players are paying is still a big problem for developers. There is a theoretical gap in understandings of how to increase revenue without lowering the quality of the game and deliver more valuable and better gaming experience for players. Some assumptions and empirical methods need to be verified. The aim of this research is to understand a series of specific design and development questions of F2P games, including game inner mechanics, game structures, and monetization strategies. We attempted to find consensus between developers and players. In addition, this research also sought to find out how F2P mobile game can provide as a comprehensive service in order. It sought to find a sustainable and profitable business model for each game by integrating monetization organically inside of the game without sacrificing players’ enjoyment. We used a mixed methods research approach, including both interviews and surveys, to examine the opinions and behavior of developers and players based on the Acquisition-Retention-Monetization funnel.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of useful revenue models for B2B oriented providers of on-premises software. To fulfill the purpose, two research questions are answered. RQ1: What revenue models are commonly used by B2B providers of on-premises software?  RQ2: What are the advantages and disadvantages with the different models? Method: An interview study was conducted, with a total of nine respondents. eight respondents representing B2B software providers, and one respondent experienced with software procurement who provided a customer point of view. The interviews were transcribed and analysed through a thematical analysis, where codes were generated and sorted depending on which revenue model the respondent was talking about. Findings: The findings contain five revenue models that is viable to use in order to monetize on-premises software for B2B providers. Subscription and perpetual licensing, which seem very popular and where there is a trend to move towards subscription. Usage-based revenue models, which carry good potential if the provider can measure customers’ usage in a reliable and secure way. Open source offers multiple ways to generate revenue from the software, mainly by creating additional services. Lastly, the study found a respondent with experience of using a gain-sharing model. Strengths and weaknesses have been identified for all of the models, which enables better evaluation to which situations they are suitable selections for software providers. The findings are also compared towards existing theory related to the revenue models. Implications: The results contribute towards extending the knowledge of revenue models for provision of on-premises software, how the industry operates today and what pros and cons that are associated to various models. The results may be used by managers to improve their business models by making better decisions about revenue model design, and it provides a more updated picture of current state of business which allows future research to continue exploring how software providers may optimize their revenue models. Limitations and future research: The study contain information from nine industry experts, but it would still be beneficial to continue studying the industry and generating more views of various ways to monetize software. Focus could be put on interviewing people outside of Sweden or how software providers’ competitive situations affect revenue model suitability. / Syfte: Den här studiens syfte är att öka förståelsen för intäktsmodeller användbara för B2B-leverantörer av lokalt installerad mjukvara. Syftet ska uppnås genom att besvara följande två forskningsfrågor. RQ1: Vilka intäktsmodeller är vanligt förekommande bland B2B leverantörer av lokalt installerad mjukvara? RQ2: Vad är för- och nackdelarna med de olika modellerna? Metod: En intervjustudie med totalt nio respondenter genomfördes där åtta respondenter representerade B2B-leverantörer av mjukvara, och där den nionde bidrog med ett kundperspektiv på mjukvaruinköp. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades genom tematisk analys. Resultat: Studiens resultat består av fem intäktsmodeller som bedöms vara användbara för att tjäna pengar på lokalt installerad mjukvara som B2B leverantör. Prenumerationslösningar och evighetslicensiering, som verkar väldigt populära och med en trend som pekar på ökad användning av prenumerationer. Användningsbaserade intäktsmodeller, vilka bedöms ha stor potential om leverantören har möjlighet att mäta kundernas användning pålitligt och säkert sätt. Öppen källkod(open source) erbjuder flertalet sätt att generera intäkter från mjukvaran, främst genom skapandet av servicetjänster. Slutligen så identifierades studien en respondent med erfarenhet av att använda vinstdelning som intäktsmodell för lokalt installerad mjukvara. För- och nackdelar identifierades för alla fem modeller, vilket möjliggör bättre grundade beslut gällande när intäktsmodeller är lämpliga att användas av mjukvaruleverantörer. Resultaten jämförs även med befintlig teori kopplad till de olika intäktsmodellerna. Implikationer: Resultaten bidrar till att utöka kunskapen of intäktsmodeller för tillhandahållande av lokalt installerad mjukvara, hur branschen arbetar i dagsläget samt vilka för- och nackdelar som medförs av de olika modellerna. Resultaten kan nyttjas för att förbättra affärsmodeller genom att möjliggöra bättre beslut angående utformning av intäktsmodell, och bidrar även genom att tillhandahålla en uppdaterad beskrivning av det befintliga affärsläget vilket underlättar för framtida forskning på hur mjukvaruleverantörer kan optimera sina intäktsmodeller. Begränsningar och framtida forskning: Studien innehåller information från nio branschexperter, men det vore ändå vara fördelaktigt att fortsatt studera branschen och generera ytterliga synpunkter kring möjliga sätt att skapa intäkter från mjukvara. Fokus skulle kunna läggas på att intervjua personer utanför Sverige eller på att studera hur mjukvaruleverantörers konkurrenssituation påverkar intäktsmodellers lämplighet.