Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas, 2015. / Submitted by Marília Freitas (marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2015-10-20T15:04:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PedroPauloVideiroRosa.pdf: 5171743 bytes, checksum: 07e1d34c552c89c3f8bcac693bd01de7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2015-10-22T14:20:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PedroPauloVideiroRosa.pdf: 5171743 bytes, checksum: 07e1d34c552c89c3f8bcac693bd01de7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-22T14:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PedroPauloVideiroRosa.pdf: 5171743 bytes, checksum: 07e1d34c552c89c3f8bcac693bd01de7 (MD5) / Esta dissertação é resultado de um estudo sobre o conceito de natureza contido na política de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais – PSA – da Costa Rica. Partindo da crítica da Constituição Moderna acerca da oposição Natureza – Cultura, chega-se à consideração de que a natureza é uma construção social, produto de um imaginário normativo específico. A natureza, em forma de categoria analítica, é analisada à luz dos processos que ocasionam em sua mercantilização. Os PSA, ao serem uma nova forma de política ambiental que busca conciliar desenvolvimento econômico com conservação ambiental, inserem a Costa Rica na vanguarda na aplicação dessas políticas no qual se torna referência para a temática. O sistema de PSA costarriquenho é então analisado quanto à sua apropriação da ideia de natureza e frente aos processos que configuram a mercantilização da natureza em consonância com os princípios do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e pelos métodos da Economia Ambiental. Aborda a tendência de criação de mercados para diferentes Serviços Ambientais a partir do ambientalismo de mercado. Os PSA, por seus efeitos simbólicos, técnicos e materiais, devem ser tratados como políticas territoriais de desenvolvimento. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This investigation is the result of a study on the concept of nature conteined in the policy of Payments for Environmental Services – PES – in Costa Rica. Starting from the critique of the Modern Constitution opposition of Nature – Culture, one comes to the account of that nature is a social construct, the product of a specific regulatory imaginary. Nature, in the form of an analytical category is analyzed in the light of the processes that causes in its commodization. PES, a new form of environmental policy, seeks to reconcile economic development with environmental conservation and insert Costa Rica at the forefront in the enforcement of these policies in wich it makes reference to the subject. The Costa Rican PES system is then analyzed for its appropriation of the idea of nature and face the processes that shape the commodification of nature in harmony with the principles of Sustainable Development and by the methods of Environmental Economics. Also addresses the tred of creating markets for different Environmental Services from the market environmentalism. The PES, by its symbolic, technical and material effects should be treated as territorial development policies.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS / Durante las últimas décadas el deterioro ambiental ha generado interés mundial por sus eventuales graves consecuencias sobre la biodiversidad y su sobrevivencia en el planeta, que implican enormes retos presentes y futuros para el manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas y los servicios que éstos brindan. El Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) es un sistema de conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento del medio ambiente cuyo principio central consiste en que los individuos y comunidades propietarias y administradoras de ecosistemas que, están en condiciones de proporcionar servicios ecosistémicos reciben una compensación económica por los costos en que incurren para ofrecer dichos servicios, compensación que es pagada por quienes se benefician de dichos servicios. En este estudio se presenta un análisis comparativo de algunos instrumentos económicos ambientales de Chile y Costa Rica relacionado con el PSA. Para alcanzar el objetivo se recopila y sistematiza todo tipo de documentación relevante, entre ella la legislación vigente en cada país. En el caso de Chile, éste cuenta con dos instrumentos jurídicos para entregar bonificaciones por manejo forestal: el DL N°701 de fomento forestal y la ley de recuperación de bosque nativo (N°20.283). En el caso costarricense, con la Ley Forestal N°7575, se crea el concepto de servicios ambientales que brindan los bosques y plantaciones forestales y que inciden en la protección y mejoramiento del medio ambiente. Finalmente se concluye con una comparación de ambas legislaciones y recomendaciones de política pública.

This project arose because of the desire by the resident Ateles research observers, at Santa Rosa, to attempt to ascertain a function for what they deemed ‘uncharacteristic’ behaviours. The following were important considerations meriting further investigation. • Phoradendron (mistletoe) consumption by Ateles spp. appeared to be present only at Santa Rosa; • Mistletoe selection was considered deliberate, as mature host leaf (which was available) was not selected; • More than one mistletoe was available in the normal home range of the monkey, but selection was dominated by one mistletoe/host combination; • Consumption was of relatively small volumes; • There was an apparent seasonality to the use of mistletoe; • Consumption of mature, mistletoe leaf occurred at times when there was no shortage of suitable fruit; • Limitations of the Ateles spp. digestive system made exploitation of mature leaf potentially problematic; • The monkeys were also seen consuming geophageous material; on occasion, this closely followed mistletoe consumption; • There were no published reports of Ateles spp. geophagy in Central America and/or tropical dry forest habitat. The aim of the subsequent investigation was to determine if there was any beneficial function that could be attributed to the materials and so provide a link to a self-mediation hypothesis for mistletoe and/or geophagy or to relate the determined geophagy properties to the other published functional hypotheses for geophagy. The novel aspect of this project was the development of a specific ‘gastric model’ reflecting the differences between Ateles and human digestive systems. This modified model was used to investigate geophagic and Phoradendron samples. It was hoped that this approach would lead to the identification or constituents in the samples, which may have physiological significance. Samples of the two species of mistletoe identified were collected from three Phoradendron/host tree combinations. Samples were extracted using the simulated gastric conditions and the extracts analysed. Analytical ‘fingerprints’ of the gastric extracts of the two species were obtained together with the antimicrobial activities of the extracts. Species variation in Phoradendron constituents and antimicrobial activity was detected. The principal difference between the eaten and non-eaten Phoradendron species was identified using HPLC and LC-MS, as chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid has antibacterial and antioxidant properties, stimulates the immune system and has activities related to regulation of blood sugar levels. Phoradendron consumption wass during the wet season, which may be a period of increased bacterial and parasite infection. It also coincides with a change in dietary fruits. The geophagic samples were taken from sites previously used by Ateles, together with ‘control’ sites found in the home range of the study group. Analysis of the physical properties and characteristics was undertaken to attempt to identify the mineral content material. Further analyses then investigated the behaviour of the material in relation to the commonly accepted hypotheses for geophagy. Where possible these were investigated using the simulated gastric conditions. The physical characteristics of the samples did not resemble the previously published reports for geophagic material used by humans or non-human primates. The results failed to detect the presence of montmorillonite and only a suggestion of the presence of kaolinite. The results do not suggest that it functions as an antacid, an anti-diarrhoeal or mineral supplement. An increase in antibacterial activity was seen when geophagic material and Phoradendron samples were incubated together. A putative hypothesis for the mechanism of Fe limitation was suggested by the physical properties of the geophagic material and the Fe chelating potential of the chemical constituents of the Phoradendron leaf.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-12-15T18:06:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoHenriqueBorgesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 7126621 bytes, checksum: 718667a84d6f1efbe96c7b333ce46cec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-30T17:33:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoHenriqueBorgesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 7126621 bytes, checksum: 718667a84d6f1efbe96c7b333ce46cec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-30T17:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoHenriqueBorgesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 7126621 bytes, checksum: 718667a84d6f1efbe96c7b333ce46cec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-17 / Os projetos de estruturas de conten??o envolvem fatores de plastifica??o, carregamento e descarregamento de maci?os, protens?o, deslocamentos excessivos e empuxos de terra e ?gua. Al?m disso, a intera??o entre o solo contido e a estrutura executada ? bastante complexa e de dif?cil previs?o. Apesar do avan?o das t?cnicas de simula??o num?rica e monitoramento dos esfor?os e deslocamentos atrav?s de instrumenta??o, a formula??o dos projetos ainda se d? por m?todos cl?ssicos, cujas hip?teses simplificadoras podem superdimensionar os elementos constituintes. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo num?rico tridimensional de uma estrutura de conten??o atrav?s do m?todo de elementos finitos (MEF). A estrutura de conten??o estudada ? composta por estacas espa?adas e tirantes. Os resultados num?ricos obtidos foram comparados a dados obtidos de uma instrumenta??o em campo. Avaliou-se a influ?ncia do posicionamento de uma ou duas linha de tirantes ao longo da profundidade e os efeitos causados pela execu??o de uma laje vinculada ? conten??o. Estudou-se, ainda, o fen?meno de arqueamento que ocorre entre as estacas, variando-se o espa?amento entre faces de estacas para estudar seus efeitos nas tens?es e deslocamentos horizontais. O estudo do posicionamento de uma linha de tirantes ativos indicou uma faixa compreendida entre 0,3 e 0,5 vezes a altura de escava??o como aquela que gera os menores deslocamentos horizontais da estrutura. O estudo com duas linhas de tirantes mostrou que a posi??o da linha superior no n?vel -2,05m e da linha inferior no n?vel -3,50m resulta nos menores deslocamentos horizontais. A laje vinculada ? conten??o diminuiu os deslocamentos horizontais em 0,14% vezes a profundidade de escava??o. Com rela??o ao arqueamento, as an?lises mostraram uma faixa ?tima de espa?amentos entre as faces das estacas compreendido entre e vezes o di?metro da estaca. / Retaining walls design involves factors such as plastification, loading and unloading, pre-stressing, excessive displacements and earth and water thrust. Furthermore, the interaction between the retained soil and the structure is rather complex and hard to predict. Despite the advances in numerical simulation techniques and monitoring of forces and displacements with field instrumentation, design projects are still based on classical methods, whose simplifying assumptions may overestimate structural elements of the retaining wall. This dissertation involves a three-dimensional numerical study on the behavior of a retaining wall using the finite element method (FEM). The retaining wall structure is a contiguous bored pile wall with tie-back anchors. The numerical results were compared to data obtained from field instrumentation. The influence of the position of one or two layers of anchors and the effects of the construction of a slab bounded at the top of the retaining wall was evaluated. Furthermore, this study aimed at investigating the phenomenon of arching in the soil behind the wall. Arching was evaluated by analyzing the effects of pile spacing on horizontal stresses and displacements. Parametric analysis with one layers of anchors showed that the smallest horizontal displacements of the structure were achieved for between 0.3 and 0.5 times the excavation depth. Parametric analyses with two anchor layers showed that the smallest horizontal displacements were achieve for anchors positioned in depths of 0.4H and 0.7H. The construction of a slab at the top of the retaining wall decreased the horizontal displacements by 0.14% times the excavation depth as compared to analyses without the slab. With regard to the arching , analyzes showed an optimal range of spacing between the faces of the piles between 0.4 and 0.6 times the diameter of the pile

Orientador: Juliano Milanezi de Almeida / Banca: Francisley Ávila Souza / Banca: Paula Lazilha Faleiros / Resumo: O propósito do presente estudo clínico será avaliar o efeito do tratamento de recessões gengivais classe II de Miller com enxerto gengival livre (EGL), associado a fibrina rica em plaquetas e leucócitos (L-PRF) no "creeping attachement" (CA). 12 pacientes que apresentavam recessões bilaterais classe II de Miller, localizadas em pré-molares inferiores, totalizando 24 sítios, foram divididos aleatoriamente nos Grupo EGL (n=12), é o grupo controle no qual o sitio recebeu o recobrimento radicular com enxerto gengival livre (EGL); e o Grupo EGL/L-PRF (n=12), EGL associado ao L-PRF, estabilização de membrana de L-PRF no leito receptor e sutura do EGL. Para obtenção do L-PRF, foi realizada a coleta de 20 ml de sangue de cada paciente, que foi imediatamente centrifugado a 2700 rpm, por 12 minutos. Realizou a medida do recobrimento radicular o presente no período inicial e após 30 dias de pós-operatório, e foi avaliado a quantidade de CA (90, 180 e 360 dias). Após 360 dias não foi possível observar uma diferença significativa de CA entre os grupos EGL (1.81 ± 0.40) e 1.00 ± 0.70 (EGL/L-PRF ), entretanto ocorreu diferença na quantidade de mucosa queratinizada, gengiva inserida e altura da recessão. EGL e EGL/L-PRF proporcionaram aumento na mucosa queratinizada e migração tecidual em recessões classe II de Miller / The main objective of the present clinic study will be to evaluate through observation of the root covering, the "creeping attachment" (CA) on Miller class II gingival recession treated with free gingival graft combined with leucocyte and platelet rich -fib rin (PRF-L). 12 patients with bilateral Miller Class II gingival recession in lower premolars were recruited . Group FGG (n=12): control group, the site will receive the root coverage with free gingival graft, and Group FGG/L-PRF (n=12): will be performed an association between free gingival graft and L-PRF, the L- PRF membrane stabilized to the receptor region and suturing the EGL. To obtain this platelet concentrate, 20 ml of blood of each patient will be collected and immediately centrifuged at 2700rpm for 12 minutes. The following parameters illbe measured: O'Leary plaque index, gingival index, eight of gingival recession, recession width, amount of eratinized mucosa, probing depth (PD) and then, the linical attachment level will be conducted. The measurements will be performed at 30, 90, 180 e 60 days after the surgical procedure . The CA will be measured at 90, 180 and 360 days. Data will be analyzed statistically (p < 0.05) in a specialized omputer program (Bioestat 5.0). After 360 days, ignifica nt differences were not found between the wo roups for CA, however there was a significant difference for kerati / Mestre

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-24T11:07:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandramariapereira.pdf: 6441791 bytes, checksum: f2f627551fa6316a740f4db5883ee26d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-15T11:48:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandramariapereira.pdf: 6441791 bytes, checksum: f2f627551fa6316a740f4db5883ee26d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-15T11:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandramariapereira.pdf: 6441791 bytes, checksum: f2f627551fa6316a740f4db5883ee26d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-04 / Este trabalho visa a investigar o movimento comercial de uma loja na região das Minas, por meio das contas correntes registradas entre fevereiro de 1737 a agosto de 1738 em um livro contábil. Particularmente analisamos, dentro dos limites ditados por nossa fonte, a clientela desse estabelecimento comercial. Como o livro discrimina cada uma das mercadorias e seus compradores, tomamos tais mercadorias como um indicador do gosto e predileção dos clientes, e com base nessa constatação, identificamos as preferências e alguns elementos característicos de determinados grupos daquela sociedade. Outro aspecto privilegiado por esse estudo foi a atividade mercantil em Vila Rica. Nesse sentido, destacamos o circuito mercantil das casas comerciais e a forma como era estruturado, através de um padrão hierarquizado em função do porte e capacidade de investimento de seus donos. O alcance dessa investigação corrobora o que a historiografia há muito já havia deixado claro: que a atividade mercantil vigente no espaço da região mineradora dos setecentos tem uma significação que vai muito além daquele espaço, e perpassa a extensa configuração que unificava a Coroa portuguesa e suas possessões ultramarinas, neste caso, o Império português. / This work aims to investigate the commercial movement of a shop in the region of the Minas, through the current accounts registered between February 1737 to August 1738 in an accounting book. Particularly we analyse, inside the limits dictated by our source, the customers of this commercial establishment. As the book distinguishes each one of the goods and his buyers, we take such goods like an indicator of the taste and preference of the clients, and based on this observation, identified the preferences and some characteristic elements of determined groups of that society. Another aspect privileged by this study was the mercantile activity in Vila Rica. In this sense, we detached the mercantile circuit of the commercial houses and the form like was structured, through a standard hierarchical depending on the size and capacity of investment of their owners. The reach of this investigation corroborates what the historiography has long had already made clear: that the mercantile activity in force in the space of the mining region of the seven hundred has a signification that goes very much besides that space, and there goes by the extensive configuration that was unifying the Portuguese Crown and its overseas possessions, in this case, the Portuguese Empire.

Magíster en Gestión y Dirección de Empresas / FC Foundation es una organización sin fines de lucro fundada en Abril del 2013 en San José, Costa Rica. Su misión es la de convertirse en una organización que actúe como agente de cambio, mejorando año con año la niñez y juventud costarricense, mediante la integración entre la educación y la práctica del fútbol, empoderando capacidades personales y formando personas de bien que contribuyan en un futuro a la sociedad costarricense. El segmento objetivo de la fundación son niños, niñas y jóvenes entre los 5 y los 17 años de los quintiles 1, 2 y 3. Durante todo el proceso ofrece paralelamente los siguientes servicios en su división FC Academy: academia de fútbol, clases de inglés, tutorías académicas, programas de formación de valores y de carácter psicológico. Además de programas de incentivos por rendimientos notables en la parte académica y deportiva. Adicionalmente, una vez los beneficiarios completen el proceso y obtengan su título de secundaria, el programa FC College les brinda la oportunidad de seguir sus estudios universitarios en los Estados Unidos mediante el acceso a una beca deportiva. Las instalaciones se encuentran ubicadas actualmente en el cantón de Alajuelita, en la provincia de San José. Los servicios ofrecidos por la organización se encuentran en la fase introductoria, sin embargo FC Foundation ha desarrollado un plan de expansión para los próximos cuatro años a otras tres localidades escogidas estratégicamente bajo criterios de necesidades educativas y de estándar de vida cantonal. Estas localidades son: Liberia de Guanacaste, Sarapiquí de Heredia y Buenos Aires de Puntarenas. En cada uno de estos puntos se estima atender a 200 beneficiarios por año. En el desarrollo de fondos, la fundación compite directamente con otras organizaciones sin fines de lucro, en especial las que se enfocan a fines educativos y fomento del deporte en zonas. Es por esto que FC Foundation busca diferenciarse en temas como seriedad operativa, transparencia financiera y comunicación constante, con los donadores corporativos y particulares, de los resultados y el impacto logrado. En la parte deportiva se compite con otras academias de fútbol, sin embargo el precio de mensualidad que se ofrece es notablemente menor y la gama de servicios es sumamente superior. En el análisis de proyección financiera se identifica la necesidad de cubrir alrededor de $30,000 USD en gastos operacionales para el primer año, por lo que para la organización es vital la formulación y cumplimiento de su estrategia de desarrollo de fondos corporativos y la disminución de gastos del staff fijo mediante la búsqueda de profesionales voluntarios que contribuyan en las operaciones de la fundación.

No disponible a texto completo / El presente documento es un breve de política, que describe la problemática referente a la responsabilidad fiscal del estado costarricense con el seguro público de salud (SEM). Respecto de lo anterior, el síntoma más evidente de la actual política fiscal, radica en el hecho de que el Estado es el principal deudor que tiene el seguro de salud, con una deuda equivalente al 1,7% del PIB1, situación que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad financiera de dicho seguro. Así, en este trabajo se inicia una exploración de lo que representa la responsabilidad fiscal, y su importancia, en particular en su relación con su contribución a la estabilidad del financiamiento de la protección social. Se definen los elementos básicos que modelan el concepto, y se relevan la importancia de la transparencia y de una administración prospectiva de las obligaciones fiscales. Adicionalmente, se hace una descripción del funcionamiento del seguro público de salud, que pone énfasis en sus características: solidaridad, y la pretensión de atender de forma integral a la personas. También, se hace una revisión del marco normativo, en busca de las obligaciones reglamentarias del Estado con el SEM y la comprensión de la intencionalidad de los legisladores. Por otra parte, utilizando la tipología de (Polackova, 1998), se determinan las obligaciones del Estado. Igualmente el trabajo aporta una proyección de la responsabilidad fiscal explícita del Estado con el seguro de salud, para el decenio: 2012-2021. Los resultados se presentan en dos perspectivas, una que incorporó al grupo de los “No asegurados”, y otro que no los consideró, en la primera la responsabilidad fiscal del Estado es del 1% del PIB, en tanto que en la segunda es del orden del 0,5% del PIB. Por todo lo anterior, se espera que el presente trabajo sea de utilidad para diferentes actores en el ámbito de las políticas públicas.

The conflicts of the past decade in Central America have produced substantial refugee movements into neighboring nations. Costa Rica has had to cope with an influx of refugees and migrants as large as 10 percent of its population. This work presents a case study of the situation in Costa Rica, focusing on the issue of refugee integration into the host society. It draws on qualitative field research conducted in that country during 1986. The study discusses the evolution of the Costa Rican state's response to the refugee crisis and analyzes the characteristics and impact of policies undertaken by various state bureaucracies. It also describes the assistance efforts of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and private voluntary organizations, along with their interaction with the Costa Rican state. The study concludes that the government's need to maintain firm control of refugee programs has overshadowed its commitment to refugee integration. In so doing, the humanitarian purpose of refugee assistance has been compromised.

This research is an ethnographic case study of the emerging ecotourism economies in the agricultural village of San Gerardo de Rivas, Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica. Due to the village’s location as the main entry point to climb the country’s tallest mountain within Chirripó National Park, the majority of households in San Gerardo now derive some income from tourism. I conducted twenty household surveys, followed by twenty-one semi-structured interviews with male and female heads of households and representatives of local organizations and tourism businesses. Drawing on local perspectives, I found that ecotourism was a complementary income source to agriculture and that men and women were engaging differently in ecotourism employment. Local organizations were involved in the participatory management of ecotourism activities within Chirripó National Park. Ecotourism has affected environmental practices and local people are strategically negotiating the direction of tourism development, including through using environmental discourses, to optimize the benefits to their community.