Overfishing is not an exclusive topic of big fishing industry. Overfishing by small-scale fishers is also happening. The Territorial Use of Rights – TURFs was implemented in Chile to protect the Chilean abalone from overfishing. Through the implementation of the TURFs Chilean abalone are no longer threatened by overfishing. The challenge to protect the resource thus seems to be solved. However, while some problems are solved others persist or new ones arise. The thesis explores the discourses of the Chilean social actors in regard to the development and challenges of the TURFs. The empirical data is formed by a group of interviews, where social issues such as TURFs accomplishments, resource availability, diversification, tenure issues, access to the coast, lack of infrastructure, competition for the space and future expectations, are milestones arising from the empirical material. These issues are analysed through the lens of fishers and stakeholder‟s perception. The paper confirms what other studies such as Cereceda and Czischke 2001, Gallardo 2008, Gallardo and Friman 2012, González et al. 2006, and Meltzoff et al. 2002 have found. Fishers organised nationally through confederations, regional federations and local associations have become active social actors in the artisanal fisheries arena. Similarly, it is also corroborated that through good leadership some fishing organisations are diversifying related and no-related fishing activities to secure better living conditions, thus, constantly evolving, encapsulating more and more benthic fishers‟ social and economic needs. The study concludes that the fishers, even though the difficulties and challenges encountered (heterogeneity of the richness of the seabed and different land issues) during the co-management of some TURFs and due to the fact that they are working in the same designated and exclusive place, they have developed a collective sense of permanent attachment and sense of „property‟ or tenure to the water body where the TURFs are located. Due to their development, the TURFs seem to be more than temporary, raising the question of the land tenure and associated infrastructure development where fishers place their activities, especially in rural areas where settlements do not exist.

The right of deffencee is one of the most important fundamental rights of a person against whom the criminal proceedings is brought. The role of defence counsel in preliminary procedure is essential. He has to be an advocate only and a member of Bar Association, consequently a person with a juristic education and qualified to this job. Defence counsel must defend a laws of accused by all the tolerable ways and work on his behalf. In my work I direct my attention towards the legal status of counsel under current Czech legal regulation, issues of the compulsory defence, legal position of chosen and court-appointed counsel, designation of the counsel by the Bar Association, rights and duties of counsel. Also I direct my attention towards preliminary procedure and on various aspects of defender's participation in preliminary procedure and his tasks in it.

Whether the law of labor union should be loosened for teachers organizing trade union? As the certain three rights of physical labor¡ÐRight to organize¡BRight of collective bargaining¡Band Right to dispute. Hereby we observe and discuss if teachers ought to have the above mentioned three rights of physical labor? What the difference in the orientation and function between the Teacher¡¦s labor union, which are organized according to Teachers¡¦ Law and The Law of Labor Union? The teachers, as the predominant role of the certain right, what¡¦s their exact attitude to these issues? This research regards the Pingtung County teachers, who are working in the primary schools. By means of research results to understand Pingtung county teachers¡¦ attitude regarding to organize union, and take it for the authority to organize teacher¡¦s union and further amend law in the future. The result of research reflects some points as below. The first, most of the teachers identify themselves as professional people. Secondly, to organize the labor union gets mostly teachers¡¦ support. Thirdly, teacher¡¦s labor union can exert collective bargaining right to strive for teachers¡¦ rights. Fourthly, regarding if the teacher labor union have the strike right , teachers¡¦ attitude totally difference into two opposing extremes. Fifthly, teacher¡¦s attitude of ¡§politics participation¡¨ is comparatively conservative than the ¡§society participation¡¨. The researcher proposes the following policy suggestion. The first, enhance the promotion to the teachers regarding teacher¡¦s labor education and labor three laws, and actively cultivate executive people and members¡¦ ability of collective negotiation. Secondly, concretely advance the function of teachers¡¦ labor union, in order to clarify the difference from current existed labor union, furthermore encourage teachers¡¦ identification. Thirdly, quickly establish the related rules of collective negotiation. Fourthly, to hasten to form a complete set of measures of teachers¡¦ strike right , such like the range¡Bprocedures and so on. Fifthly, to make every effort to process ¡§politics participation¡¨ and ¡§society participation¡¨ with cooperation or form an alliance methods . Suggestion to the follow-up researches are, first, aim at the teachers who works for private school to process the research of organizing teacher¡¦s labor union. Secondly, aim at the teachers, who are engaged preschool education. Thirdly, aim to the teacher labor union, to do the further research about the detailed operations.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-16T19:30:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo de Campos Ferreira.pdf: 929401 bytes, checksum: d37b577f2dc1895df536c0fbb871b3a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T19:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo de Campos Ferreira.pdf: 929401 bytes, checksum: d37b577f2dc1895df536c0fbb871b3a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / This paper aims at reviewing potential conflicts involving the fundamental right of environmental integrity and the right for defense, including constitutional procedural guarantees related thereto, focusing on the burden of proof on environmental public civil actions. Taking into consideration majority of doctrine and judicial precedents as regards to burden of proof on environmental public civil actions, the purpose of this paper is to contribute for the importance of burden of proof on environmental judicial cases. This paper critically analyzes the way doctrine and case law are defending burden of proof inversion on environmental cases. As from the definition of fundamental rights theory that is best based on national legal system, it analyzes conflicts involving the environmental integrity as fundamental right; precautionary principle as broad justification for solving such conflicts; and conflicts involving right for defense and procedural guarantees deriving thereto. Assuming the importance of pieces of evidence for proper civil procedure, it examines proper manner for distribution of the burden of proof, criticizing the grounds currently alleged for inversion of the evidentiary burden. The conclusion is that the rule of proportionality is adequate to better identify cases wherein the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof in the environmental public civil actions, making sure that the fundamental right for defense will not be suppressed due to a generic purpose of facilitating protection of environmental right in judicial cases / Este trabalho tem por objeto examinar o conflito entre o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e o direito fundamental à defesa, com as garantias processuais dele decorrentes, com foco na distribuição do ônus da prova nas ações civis públicas ambientais. Tomando por base o entendimento doutrinário e jurisprudencial majoritário sobre a aplicação do instituto da inversão do ônus da prova em ações civis públicas ambientais, o trabalho almeja contribuir para melhor compreender a importância do ônus probatório nos processos judiciais ambientais. Baseado em sólida pesquisa doutrinária e jurisprudencial, o trabalho examina de forma crítica o modo como vem sendo defendida a inversão do ônus da prova. A partir da definição da teoria de direitos fundamentais que melhor se aplica ao ordenamento vigente, analisam-se os conflitos envolvendo o direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, considerado direito fundamental, a adoção do princípio da precaução como justificativa para resolução desses conflitos; além das colisões abrangendo o direito fundamental à defesa, com as garantias que lhe são inerentes. Com a importância da prova para o processo civil moderno, na busca da tutela jurisdicional justa, são avaliados os mecanismos de distribuição do ônus probatório, com crítica à aplicação da inversão do ônus da prova na ação civil pública ambiental. Conclui-se pela adoção da regra da proporcionalidade como meio adequado para identificação dos casos concretos de aplicação da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova nas ações civis públicas ambientais, para assegurar que o direito fundamental à defesa não será, injustificadamente, suprimido pela pretensão de facilitação da defesa do meio ambiente em juízo

Orientador: Maria Amália de Figueiredo Pereira Alvarenga / Resumo: O tema central do presente trabalho tem como escopo abordar as especificidades do Planejamento das Famílias Brasileiras na realidade ora vigente, a partir dos novos conceitos e concepções gerados através da evolução no campo do Direito das Famílias, marcada positivamente pela constitucionalização desta disciplina, que trouxe a superação da hipocrisia, do preconceito e da ideia do homem como centro norteador das famílias. Na área específica do planejamento familiar, o arcabouço legislativo está contido no art. 226, §7° da Carta Magna, que preconiza que o planejamento familiar é livre, baseado nos princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, reafirmando o art. 1°, III, da Constituição Federal de 1988, e deve ser direcionado pelo princípio da paternidade responsável, bem como pela lei n. 9.263/96, que, em suma, dispõe sobre ações e procedimentos a serem realizados pelo sistema público de saúde, distribuição de métodos contraceptivos, realização de cirurgias de esterilização, e instituindo programas amplos da saúde sexual da população. Esta lei, no entanto, pouco dispôs sobre garantias à população atinentes à concretização de políticas públicas estatais no sentido de trazer informação direcionada ao planejamento familiar. Dessa maneira, a insuficiência de informação direcionada à assistência e educação na seara do planejamento familiar vem acarretando problemas relacionados ao crescimento demográfico e à má-formação psíquica das crianças advindas de uma estrutura familiar por vezes ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The central theme of this present work aims to point out the specificities of the brazilian family planning in the reality currently in force, from the new concepts and conceptions generated through evolution in the field of Family Law posively marked by the constitucionalisation of this subject, which has bring the overcoming of hyprocrisy, preconception and the idea of the men as the middle guiding of the families. In the specific area of family planning, backed by the protective housing of brazilian constitucion law, inserted on the art. 226, §7º of the Brazilian Constitution/1988 and should be directed by the responsible paternity principle, such as the law n. 9.263/96, that, briethly says about actions and procedures that has to be taken by the public system of health, distribution of contraceptives methods, performing sterilization surgeries and istituting wide programs of population´s sexual health. This law, althogh, has little arranged about guarantees to the population about concretization of public politics in the sense to bring information to people directed to family planning. The insufficient information directed to assistance and education in the area of family planning has been carrying problems related to demographic growth and to the bad psiquic formation of child coming from a fragile and lacking of information familiar structure. As a solution presented, it is necessary that the State provides public politics and structure of its organs to propitiate the p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elio de Assis.pdf: 1469562 bytes, checksum: 178afeab976947331890cc33e4de4eb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-13 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The goal of this research is to understand how middle school teachers evaluate the recuperation of learning programs implemented by the Department of Education of Sao Paulo State, as well as to know what they think about issues concerning students` right for education. In order to do so, we have searched the state law on education and found out that nine resolutions on Recuperation of learningwere implemented within a decade. Besides, we have interviewed middle school teachers to understand their view upon these issues. By studying all the data collected, analyzed by the means of core meaning methodology (AGUIAR; OZELLA, 2013), we can say that state policies for public education has misled teachers towards a selective and excluding school by stating that better performance of students on external assessments, by itself, can be read as representative of Higher Quality Education. We verify that the State of Sao Paulo does not have an education project for lower class students, but a model of basic education divided into three different levels, which promotes students` failure and exclusion inside the school. Therefore, an educational system that deepens the socio-economic and educational inequalities. The so-called learning recuperation projects are the alibi of public school administration of the state school system for justifying the inefficiency of the model. Thus, blaming students, teachers and community by not ensuring the human right to education. It is urgent to break with supposed public policies that stigmatize children and teenagers, as if social and educational differences were a natural movement in a harmonious society. We believe in policies for public school based on political education of teachers and on the perception of power relationship, which constitutes the historical reality of society and education / O propósito desta pesquisaé entender como os projetos de recuperação de aprendizagem e as questões relativas ao direito à aprendizagem têm sido apreendidos por professores dos anos finais do ensino fundamental da rede pública estadual de São Paulo. Para isso,pesquisamos nas resoluções instituídas pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação o tema Recuperação de Aprendizageme constatamos que em uma década foram implementadas nove resoluções que tratam sobre o tema. Entrevistamos professores que ministram aulas nos anos finais do ensino fundamental e, por meio dos procedimentos de análise e interpretação de dados denominado Núcleos de Significação (AGUIAR; OZELLA, 2013), concluímos que as políticas públicas em educação na rede estadual de São Paulo induzem professores ao modelo de escola seletiva e excludente quando reforçam que a simples melhoria dos índices de avaliação externa representam a Melhoria da Qualidade da Educação. Constata-se que não existe um projeto de educação voltado para as classes populares no Estado de São Paulo, mas sim um modelo de organização do ensino fundamental dividido em três etapas que promove reprovações, exclusão no interior da escola e aprofundamento das desigualdades sociais, econômicas e de escolarização. Os pretensos projetos de recuperação de aprendizagem configuram-se como álibi das administrações públicas em educação na rede estadual de ensino de São Paulo para justificar a ineficiência do modelo adotado, assim, culpabiliza alunos, professores e comunidade pela não garantia do direito humano à educação. É urgente romper com tais políticas públicas excludentes que estigmatizam crianças e jovens, como se a diferença social e de escolarização fosse um movimento natural em uma sociedade harmoniosa. Defendemos políticas públicas centradas na formação política dos professores e na percepção das relações de poder que constituem a realidade histórica das sociedades e da educação

Malgré les reproches qui lui ont souvent été adressés, les nombreuses tentatives de réforme qui ont émaillé son histoire, la vieille loi sur les aliénés n’a pas empêché une évolution remarquable des soins vers plus de liberté, notamment par le biais de la sectorisation. L’inadaptation de la loi monarchiste a justifié l’intervention du législateur en 1990, mais elle était toute relative car la loi n°90-527 n’a fait que reprendre, certes en les rénovant, les moyens de contraindre aux soins fondés sur les exigences de l’ordre public. Or, l’application de la loi nouvelle, destinée à l’amélioration des droits et de la protection des personnes hospitalisées en raison de troubles mentaux, a eu un résultat paradoxal : une extension et un renforcement de la contrainte psychiatrique, qui ont fait ressurgir les critiques du dualisme juridictionnel auquel est soumis le contentieux de l’hospitalisation psychiatrique. Le Tribunal des conflits n’a jamais cessé de réaffirmer le principe de séparation des autorités administratives et judiciaires, écartant l’idée d’une unification du contentieux de l’hospitalisation sans consentement au profit du juge judiciaire. Mais par une décision du 17 février 1997, le Haut tribunal a opéré une rationalisation des compétences contentieuses qui a permis au dispositif juridictionnel de révéler son efficacité : l’administration, aujourd’hui, est contrainte de veiller au respect des procédures d’hospitalisation, la certitude d’une sanction lui est acquise en cas de manquement (Première partie). Toutefois le haut niveau de garantie des droits de la personne hospitalisée sans consentement est menacé. Depuis 1997, une réforme de la loi est annoncée comme imminente. Les propositions avancées par de nombreux rapports et études, qu’elles soient d’inspiration sanitaire ou sécuritaire, suscitaient des inquiétudes. Les dispositions relatives à la déclaration d’irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental dans la loi n°2008-174 ne pouvaient que les entretenir, préfigurant une aggravation de la situation des personnes contraintes à des soins psychiatriques. Le projet de loi déposé sur le bureau de la Présidence de l’Assemblée nationale le 5 mai 2010 en apporte la confirmation. Le texte en instance devant les institutions parlementaires révèle une finalité sanitaire, mais le droit individuel à la protection de la santé parviendrait à justifier une contrainte que les motifs d’ordre public ne pourraient fonder ; l’obligation de soins psychiatriques ne serait plus uniquement fondée sur les manifestations extérieures de la maladie du point de vue de la vie civile. En outre, si les exigences récemment dégagées par le Conseil constitutionnel à l’occasion d’une question prioritaire de constitutionnalité portant sur le maintien de la personne en hospitalisation contrainte constituent une amélioration, la présence accrue du juge judiciaire dans les procédures n’apporterait aucun supplément de garantie dès lors que les dispositions nouvelles opèreraient une profonde transformation de la fonction du juge des libertés en la matière, notamment en l’associant à la décision d’obligation de soins. Contre toute attente, l’objet sanitaire de la mesure, lorsqu’il devient une fin en soi et n’est plus subordonné à l’ordre public, se révèle liberticide (Deuxième partie) / The old law on insane people has often been criticized but none of the numerous attempts of reform, that it has met throughout its history, has prevented the outstanding move of cares towards more liberty, notably through sectorization. The lack of adaptation of the monarchist law made the legislator act in 1990, but the action was very relative as 90-527 law only rephrased, with some updates, the means to constrain to a treatment abiding by public policy. But, the new law, intended for the improvement of liberty and the protection of hospitalized insane persons, had paradoxical results: an extension and a reinforcement of psychiatric constraint, which made reappear the criticisms of jurisdictional dualism, which psychiatric hospitalization is subjected to. The court relentlessly reaffirmed its attachment to the principle of separation of administrative and judiciary authorities, while it was rejecting the legal argument’s unification of the psychiatric hospitalization without agreement in favor of the judicial judge. The High Court, with an adjudication dated from February 17th, 1997, made a rationalization of disagreement’s skills which allowed the jurisdictional plan to reveal its efficiency : administration, nowadays, has to make sure the hospitalization is respectful of procedures, it would be compulsorily sanctioned in case of a breach of the rules (First part). Nevertheless, hospitalized persons without acceptance should worry about the high-level of guarantee of their rights. Since 1997, an imminent reform of this law has been expected. Numerous reports and studies have led to sanitarian or security order proposals, which sparked concern. The measures about the statement of penal irresponsibility due to mental disorder, and tackled in 2008-174 law, kept feeding these concerns making the situation of persons forced to psychiatric cares worse. The bill submitted to the President of the national assembly on May 5th, 2010, confirmed this evolution. The text pending the parliamentary institution has a sanitarian aim, but the individual right to health protection would justify a constraint that public order can not establish ; the necessity of psychiatric cares would not only be based on the external manifestation of the disease as an aspect of civilian life. Moreover, even if the constitutional Council’s requirements, defined during a major questioning of the constitutionality of the maintenance of constrained hospitalization, are an enhancement, the increased presence of a judicial judge during the procedure would not ensure better guarantee as long as the new disposals operate a deep transformation of judges' duties, notably if they are associated with the decision of constrained cares. Against all expectations, the sanitarian aspect of the measure, when it turns to be an end in itself and is not dependent on public order, is dwindling liberties (Second part)

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Fakulta humanitních studií Název oboru Filozofie Disertační práce (obor Aplikovaná etika) Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému The Application of Ethical Principles in the Development of the Health System Mgr. Monika Válková Vedoucí práce: Doc. prim. MUDr. Iva Holmerová, Ph.D. Praha 2013 2 Anotace Disertační práce na téma Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému je zaměřena na etické principy, které se promítaly ve vývoji zdravotnického systému v České republice. Solidarita, spravedlnost , rovnost a právo na zdraví jsou základní etické principy uplatňované ve zdravotnických systémech Z historického hlediska je solidarita nejstarším etickým principem , která měla vliv na utváření jednotlivých typů sociálních států v Evropě. Solidarita je zkoumána z pohledu vývoje sociálního zabezpečení v době nemoci a chudoby. Zdravotnický systém v České republice je hodnocen z hlediska uplatňování etických principů v různých etapách společenského uspořádání země od Rakouska Uherska a ž do současnosti. V praktické části disertační práce byly srovnávány s Českou republikou zdravotnické systémy Švédska a Francie dle etických principů solidarita, spravedlnost, rovnost a právo na zdraví Hlavním cílem disertační práce bylo prokázat na základě vybraných...

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Fakulta humanitních studií Název oboru Filozofie Disertační práce (obor Aplikovaná etika) Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému The Application of Ethical Principles in the Development of the Health System Mgr. Monika Válková Vedoucí práce: Doc. prim. MUDr. Iva Holmerová, Ph.D. Praha 2013 2 Anotace Disertační práce na téma Uplatňování etického principu při tvorbě zdravotnického systému je zaměřena na etické principy, které se promítaly ve vývoji zdravotnického systému v České republice. Solidarita, spravedlnost , rovnost a právo na zdraví jsou základní etické principy uplatňované ve zdravotnických systémech Z historického hlediska je solidarita nejstarším etickým principem , která měla vliv na utváření jednotlivých typů sociálních států v Evropě. Solidarita je zkoumána z pohledu vývoje sociálního zabezpečení v době nemoci a chudoby. Zdravotnický systém v České republice je hodnocen z hlediska uplatňování etických principů v různých etapách společenského uspořádání země od Rakouska Uherska a ž do současnosti. V praktické části disertační práce byly srovnávány s Českou republikou zdravotnické systémy Švédska a Francie dle etických principů solidarita, spravedlnost, rovnost a právo na zdraví Hlavním cílem disertační práce bylo prokázat na základě vybraných...