<p>The purpose of this study was to review a group of youths in a municipality which all had committed criminal acts. The study is based on 66 youths between the ages of 13 and 20 that were all matters for the social services. The social inquiries of the youths where reviewed using a quantitative method. Their backgrounds where examined to identify what type of risk factors they had and what type of crimes they had committed with an aim to detect if there were a relationship between the risk factors and the art of the crime. The result of the study showed that the majority had committed crimes against another person and the risk factors included family related factors and school problems. The study finds that not those with the most amounts of risk factors commit the worst crimes, a result that in some aspects is contrary to earlier research.</p>

The purpose of this study was to review a group of youths in a municipality which all had committed criminal acts. The study is based on 66 youths between the ages of 13 and 20 that were all matters for the social services. The social inquiries of the youths where reviewed using a quantitative method. Their backgrounds where examined to identify what type of risk factors they had and what type of crimes they had committed with an aim to detect if there were a relationship between the risk factors and the art of the crime. The result of the study showed that the majority had committed crimes against another person and the risk factors included family related factors and school problems. The study finds that not those with the most amounts of risk factors commit the worst crimes, a result that in some aspects is contrary to earlier research.

Objectives Patients with type 2 diabetes are at much greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD), compared to non-diabetics. The lowering of glucose, blood pressure, and plasma lipid levels has been shown to reduce CHD risk, and treatment goals for these risk factors are now part of clinical practice guidelines. However, the incidence and outcome of CHD in diabetic patients does not show the same favourable trend as in the general population. Thus, the overall aim of the thesis was to investigate how the treatment goals for CVD risk factors contained in the national guidelines for diabetes care were reflected in clinical practice, and to explore factors that might influence the remaining high incidence of CHD in the type 2 diabetes population. Research designs and results I. The effectiveness of the introduction of treatment goals for dyslipidaemia was evaluated in a retrospective observational population-based cross-sectional study of 971 diabetic patients participating in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP) 1995–2004. There was a stronger trend of decrease in cholesterol levels among patients with diabetes compared to the non-diabetic population in 2000–2004. Increased use of lipid-lowering agents influenced the trend in diabetic patients, even though only 25.3% received lipid-lowering treatment after the introduction of the new guidelines. II. The experiences of general practitioners relating to treatment practice for type 2 diabetes with specific focus on the prevention of cardiovascular disease were explored in a focus group study. The overall theme was ‘dilemmas’ in GPs’ treatment practice for patients with type 2 diabetes. Five main dilemma categories were identified. First, GPs were hesitant about labelling a person who feels healthy as ill. Second, as regards communicating a diabetes diagnosis and its consequences, GPs were unsure as to whether patients should be frightened or comforted. Third, GPs experienced uncertainty in their role: should they take responsibility for the care or not? Fourth, GPs expressed concern over a conflict between lifestyle changes and drug treatment. Fifth, the GPs described difficulties when attempting to translate science into reality. III. Screening for microvascular and coronary heart disease according to national guidelines was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 201 screening-detected patients with type 2 diabetes 1.5±0.7 years after diagnosis. A larger proportion of diabetic patients was screened for nephropathy and retinopathy than for CHD. Twenty-three percent of the patients had minor or major ECG abnormalities, but ECG findings seemed to have little or no impact on CHD prevention using lipid-lowering medication and ASA. A clinical history of CHD correlated with a larger proportion of patients receiving secondary prevention. IV. Time trends relating to the achievement of treatment goals and 10-year CHD risk at three years of diabetes duration were studied in 19,382 patients with type 2 diabetes without CHD, who were reported by primary health care sources in the National Diabetes Register in 2003–2008. National treatment goals for glycaemia, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were achieved in 78.4%, 65.5%, 55.6%, and 61.0%, respectively, of the diabetic patients in 2008 following a trend of improved results in 2003–2008. Absolute 10-year risk of CHD increased between year of diagnosis and follow up in a studied subgroup while modifiable risk decreased. Conclusions The introduction of treatment goals for dyslipidemia in Swedish national guidelines in 1999 were reflected in lowered cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Since the introduction of the guidelines, an increasing number of diabetic patients are treated in accordance with guidelines. A remaining microvascular focus on the patients together with the revealed dilemmas within the GP’s consultation with diabetic patients might negatively influence the remaining high incidence of CHD in the type 2 diabetes population. Lipid levels, blood pressure and smoking are targets for further improvements. / Kappa

There is growing evidence that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have increased cancer risk. We examined the association between diabetes, cancer, and cancer-related mortality and hypothesized that insulin sensitizers lower cancer-related mortality. Participants in the Diabetes Cardiovascular Risk and Evaluation: Targets and Essential Data for Commitment of Treatment study, a nationwide cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological study, were recruited from German primary care practices. In the cross-sectional study, subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a higher prevalence of malignancies (66/1308, 5.1%) compared to nondiabetic subjects (185/6211, 3.0%) (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.41) before and after adjustment for age, sex, hemoglobin A1c, smoking status, and body mass index. Patients on metformin had a lower prevalence of malignancies, comparable with that among nondiabetic patients, whereas those on any other oral combination treatment had a 2-fold higher risk for malignancies even after adjusting for possible confounders; inclusion of metformin in these regimens decreased the prevalence of malignancies. In the prospective analyses, diabetic patients in general and diabetic patients treated with insulin (either as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments) had a 2- and 4-fold, respectively, higher mortality rate than nondiabetic patients, even after adjustment for potential confounders (incidence of cancer deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [2.6%] vs the incidence of cancer deaths in patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus [1.2%]). Our results suggest that diabetes and medications for diabetes, with the exception of the insulin sensitizer metformin, increase cancer risk and mortality.

Anxiety and depressive disorders are common mental disorders in general population, imposing tremendous burden on both affected persons and society. Moreover, comorbidity between anxiety and depressive conditions is high, leading to substantial disability and functional impairment. Findings consistently suggest that anxiety disorders are primary to depression in the majority of comorbid cases. Yet, the question of whether anxiety disorders are risk factors for depression, and potentially even causal risk factors for the first onset of depression, remains unresolved. Recent results have shown that anxiety disorders increase the risk for subsequent depression, and also affect the course of depression, resulting in a poorer prognosis. Further, some results suggest a dose–response-relationship in revealing that a higher number of anxiety disorders and more severe impairment associated with anxiety disorders additionally increase the risk for subsequent depression. The goal of this paper is to review recent literature, summarize implications of previous findings, and suggest directions for future research regarding preventive and intervention strategies.

Aim: To explore the role of cannabis use for the availability of ecstasy as a potential pathway to subsequent first ecstasy use. Methods: Baseline and 4-year follow-up data from a prospective-longitudinal community study of originally 3021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years at baseline were assessed using the standardized M-CIDI and DSM-IV criteria. Results: Baseline cannabis users reported at follow-up more frequent access to ecstasy than cannabis non-users. Higher cannabis use frequencies were associated with increased ecstasy availability reports. Logistic regression analyses revealed that cannabis use and availability of ecstasy at baseline are predictors for incident ecstasy use during the follow-up period. Testing simultaneously the impact of prior cannabis use and ecstasy availability including potential confounders, the association with cannabis use and later ecstasy use was confirmed (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 3.6–10.9). However, the association with ecstasy availability was no longer significant (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.3–3.9). Conclusions: Results suggest that cannabis use is a powerful risk factor for subsequent first onset of ecstasy use and this relation cannot be sufficiently explained by availability of ecstasy in the observation period.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att öka vår förståelse kring vad barn och ungdomarbehöver för att klara skolan och lämna såväl grundskolan som gymnasiet med godkändabetyg. Detta främst utifrån vad ungdomar själva anser vara viktiga påverkansfaktorer. Någotvi menar är högst relevant för det sociala arbetet, inte minst det skolsociala, då utbildningbidrar till att förebygga social utslagning. För att uppnå vårt syfte utformade vi fyraforskningsfrågor; (1) Vilka personliga färdigheter eller förmågor är enligt elevernabetydelsefulla för att få godkända betyg? (2) Vilka faktorer i familj/närmiljön tänker elevernaär centrala för att få godkända betyg? (3) Vilka faktorer/insatser från skolans sida ansereleverna är centrala för att få godkända betyg? (4) Vilka faktorer anser eleverna har haft störstbetydelse för dem under den egna skolgången? I vår uppsats har vi valt att använda oss av enkvalitativ metod. Utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide har vi genomfört intervjuer medfyra elever samt en lärare på en gymnasieskola i en medelstor svensk kommun. För attanalysera vår empiri har vi använt oss av systemteori, copingteori samt resiliensperspektivet.Vi ansåg att dessa teorier på ett fullgott sätt belyste såväl helheten som delarna och därmedtydliggör eventuella samband/ samspel vad gäller vilka faktorer som på ett positivt sättpåverkar de ungas studieresultat. Det resultat vi fick i vår empiri samstämde väl med dentidigare forskning inom området som vi tagit del av. I vår empiri framkommer stöd frånföräldrarna som den viktigaste påverkansfaktorn för att elever ska klara nå uppsatta mål förgodkända betyg, följt av individuella förmågor så som en svårdefinierad inre kraft samtlättlärdhet. Vad som blir tydligt för oss, vilket även teorierna stödjer, är att det inte helt enkeltgår att särskilja riskfaktorer från skyddsfaktorer. Huruvida en påverkansfaktor utgör en riskeller ett skydd för en individ avgörs i relation till den sociala omgivning där individenbefinner sig. / The purpose of this paper has been to increase our understanding of the needs of children andyoung adults in order to pass secondary and upper secondary school. We have put emphasizein the factors and elements young adults themselves find of importance, something we believeis highly relevant for social work, not least the school social, as education contributes toprevent social exclusion. To achieve our purpose, we formulated four questions of research;(1) According to the students, what personal skills or traits are useful in order for them to passschool? (2) According to the students, what factors in the family/immediate environment arecentral in order for them to pass school? (3) According to the students, whatfactors/interventions from the institution are central in order for them to pass school? (4)According to the students, what factors have been the most important for their success duringtheir own time in school? We have chosen to use a qualitative method in our paper. We haveconducted interviews with four students and one teacher in a mid-sized Swedish municipality,using a semi-structured interview guide. To analyze our empiric studies, we have used asystem theory coping theory and resilience theory. We believed that these theories wouldfully illustrate both the bigger picture, as well as the details, and thereby make visible anylinks/connections between factors which in a positive way influence study results. The resultswe derived from our empiric studies were concurrent with other research in the same field. Inour empiric research, we can see that support from the parents is the single most importantfactor for students to pass school, followed by individuals skills such as a loosely defined‘inner power’ and an ability to learn quickly. It has become evident to us- and this issupported by the theories- that it is not possible to separate risk factors from protectionfactors. Whether a factor can be classed as a risk or as protective for an individual depends on the social environment of that very individual.

Accessibility of high-throughput genotyping technology makes possible genome-wide association studies for common complex diseases. When dealing with common diseases, it is necessary to search and analyze multiple independent causes resulted from interactions of multiple genes scattered over the entire genome. The optimization formulations for searching disease-associated risk/resistant factors and predicting disease susceptibility for given case-control study have been introduced. Several discrete methods for disease association search exploiting greedy strategy and topological properties of case-control studies have been developed. New disease susceptibility prediction methods based on the developed search methods have been validated on datasets from case-control studies for several common diseases. Our experiments compare favorably the proposed algorithms with the existing association search and susceptibility prediction methods.

Government promotes developmental assessment and early intervention for more than ten years, and has good results. In recent years, bicultural family increased and children born to foreign women increased to more than 10%. Some studies pointed out that the children born to foreign spouse are prone to specific developmental delay. However, the research about this topic is still little and the conclusions vary. This study analyzes the demography and results of children with developmental delay between native and foreign spouse family. And the present study explores the physiological factors, family environmental factors, the similarities and differences between the types of developmental delay. This study was performed in a Multidisciplinary Child Assessment Center in a regional education hospital. From 2005 to 2009, 482 children, aged less than 6 y/o (inclusive), diagnosed as developmental delay were enrolled, 404 born to native women, and 78 born to foreign women. The personal base data and results of assessment were analyzed by descriptive and logistic regression analysis. Diagnosis months was (42.57¡Ó16.79) months; male to female ratio was 2.33:1. Among the factors to affect developmental delay, parity, paternal age, maternal age, with or without care in the intensive care unit, place of residence, father¡¦s occupation, father¡¦s education level, maternal education are significant differences (p <. 05) between the two groups. Children born to foreign spouse are referred more by the education and welfare system (15.4% vs. 11.3%; p<.05), and children born to native spouse are referred more by the health care system (12.3% v.s. 5.1%; p<.05). The incidences, from high to low, of six types in the two groups are the same. They (native group v.s. foreign group, respectively) are language developmental delay (81.3% v.s. 84.6%), cognitive developmental delay (68.7% v.s. 79.2%, p=.046; if other factors are included and analyzed by logistic regression, the p value is >.05), motor developmental delay (62.8% v.s. 67.9%), emotional developmental delay (39.4% v.s. 46.2%), sensory perception developmental delay (1% v.s. 1.3%), and nonspecific developmental delay (1.5% v.s.3.8%). There are no significant difference between the two groups in the type of developmental delay (p>.05) and the amount of types of developmental delay (p=.113). Impact of various factors on type of developmental delay was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Diagnosis age is related to cognitive and emotional developmental delay. Father¡¦s education level is related to cognitive developmental delay. Mode of partum, and delay of initial crying after birth are related to language developmental delay. With or without related physiological disorders is related to language developmental delay and emotional developmental delay. Father¡¦s occupation is related to emotional developmental delay. Father¡¦s education level and occupation are more important than the mother¡¦s, and the impact is significant. The nationality of the mother is not significant in types of developmental delay. In conclusion, in children diagnosed as developmental dealy, there are only few differences in physiological factors, but there are obvious differences in family environment factors between the two groups. The difference of family environment factors between these two groups is similar to the general community. The delay in the type of developmental delay and the amount of types of developmental delay are no significant difference. And some risk factors, particularly the role of the father, are related to particular types of developmental delay. These results will serve as the reference for Government in formulating health policy and social health promotion.

The impact of user risks on project performance has long been acknowledged by researchers. Identifying approaches or capabilities to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of user risks and their consequences is then critical. By viewing information system development (ISD) as a knowledge intensive process, this study attempts to explore possible knowledge or capabilities that must be present to counter risks related to user risk elicited from the information processing perspective. We adopted the uncertainty reduction and coping concepts, and extended their study by restructuring the theoretical model to align it with the proposed reduction and coping concepts. Specifically, the effects of user risk reduction capabilities are reflected in the impacts of user participation, the relation between user with information system developer and user informance experience. At the same time, risk coping is demonstrated by hypothesizing the moderating role of ISD business expertise on the relationship between user risk and project performance. Data collected from 235 IS professionals on the basis of their experiences of recently completed ISD projects confirmed all of our hypotheses. The results successfully demonstrated that the eliciting of user risk can be reduced when users participate in the project, users and developers have wonderful relationship and users have good experiences. Furthermore, the impact of risk on project performance can be eased when developers have sufficient ISD business expertise. This study concludes with a presentation of the implication and conclusion.