The growth of fast fashion retailers, availability of knockoff fashion apparel, and proposed apparel copyright law prompted this study. Fast fashion retailers are expanding rapidly and producing knockoffs fashion apparel in a matter of weeks, but current U.S. copyright laws do not protect apparel. The primary purpose of this study was to identify prominent visual fashion apparel attributes that could determine perceived copyright infringement. A secondary purpose was to examine the effects of fashion apparel attributes on perceived copyright infringement, perceived risk, and purchase intention. A sequential exploratory mixed method approach was used to explore the relationship between: Attributes, perceived copyright infringement, perceived risk, and purchase intention. This study consisted of a: Study one, study two, and study three. Twelve hypotheses were proposed, and five were supported. Quality significantly affected both perceived copyright infringement and purchase intention. Performance, social, and asset significantly affected purchase intention of knockoff fashion apparel.

1 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate problems that arise in the transfer of ownership of real property using purchase agreement. The main reason for my research in this field is the undeniable importance of purchase transfer of ownership of real property and its economic significance. The thesis is divided into introduction and conclusion with five different chapters in between, each chapter dealing with a different characteristic or problem that might arise while concluding purchase agreement. Chapter One is introductory and defines purchase agreement on real property transfer in general and is subdivided into five parts. Part One describes historical evolution. Part Two deals with its modification in connection with Act No. 89/2012 Coll. (hereinafter "New Civil Code"). Part Three describes main characteristics of purchase agreement on transfer of real property. Part Four in its three sub-parts deals with essential requirements of purchase agreement on transfer of real property, which are subject, purchase price and identification of contracting parties. In all of the above mentioned parts, the thesis tries to provide the reader with possible solutions to risks and problems within the legislation and contractual changes. Chapter Two reviews preemptive right and additional arrangements. Is...

Magister Curationis - MCur / As South Africa continues to experience the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally, co-occurring mental illness poses challenges for public health. Mental illness has increased among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), as infected individuals succumb to the psychological stress and trauma of the disease. Key research issues, not yet well established, relate to whether professional nurses, working in psychiatric hospitals in South Africa, are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to provide effective mental healthcare services, given the increase in mental illness of PLWHA. An increase in mental illness translates into an increase in demand for psychiatric services by PLWHA. There is a paucity of research on HIV/AIDS knowledge of professional nurses working in psychiatric hospitals in South Africa, despite the established acknowledgement of the increase of mental illness amongst PLWHA. The aim of this study was to assess the HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude and perceived risks of professional nurses working in a psychiatric hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa. A quantitative, descriptive survey design, using an all-inclusive sampling method, was used to select 121 professional nurses employed at a psychiatric hospital in Western Cape to participate in the study. The objectives of the study were to: describe professional nurses’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS; describe the attitudes of professional nurses towards PLWHA and mental illness; and determine professional nurses’ perceived HIV risks in a psychiatric hospital.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2013 / TITLE: Perceptions of participants and community members about research on gender-based violence The goal of this thesis was to explore ethical issues in conducting gender-based violence (GBV) research with human participants in South Africa. We study this question from the perspectives of both the researchers and the research participants. This thesis has two specific aims. First, to critically review the applicability and usefulness of the WHO 2001 guidelines in regulating community based research from the perspective of the researchers who do GBV work globally. Second, to explore peoples’ motivations for research participation, their perceptions of risks and benefits in participating in studies, the perceived psychological impact of answering sensitive questions, and adverse experiences of research participation. Three studies were conducted to meet the study aims, and were carried out using the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and techniques. In the first study, 12 in-depth Interviews were conducted with GBV researchers from various countries and a desk review was also conducted. Study two had two components. First, 26 in-depth interviews (adult 19 women and 07 men) were conducted, and data were also collected using participant observation over a period spanning three months. Additionally, a real life incident was analysed as a case study of ethical dilemmas faced by researchers when unsolicitated incriminating disclosures by participants occur during the course of data collection. Thereafter, 22 in-depth interviews were conducted with men and women (over 18) who had recently participated in a survey on gender-based violence. In study 3, data were collected from 1085 women and 985 men (between ages 15-26) using a structured questionnaire. The results revealed no empirical evidence from published literature and from the accounts provided by researchers to support the view that GBV research is exceptionally risky when ethical guidelines are adhered to or that is has greater risks than other community based studies. From the perspective of the research participants, findings show that breach of confidentiality was viewed as a major concern in participating in studies. This was reported by both men and women, with, gender-differences. Women were more likely to fear violent reaction from their male partners for participating in the studies without man’s approval, and some women were threatened by their partners, but this was not GBV specific. No man reported this fear or any adverse reaction by intimate partners or others. Men rather feared other negative ramifications like being shamed, stigmatized, humiliated, and embarrassed in the community if breach of confidentiality could occur. Findings of this thesis reveal a complexity of people’s reasons for participating in community based studies. Participants reported multiple and various, sometimes conflicting, reasons for participating in the studies. Most were motivated by self-interest to enroll while others reported reasons that were viewed as altruistic. For example, the chance to be tested for HIV, financial incentive for research participation (R20), hope for immediate financial assistance with municipal debts, assistance with their ill-health and intervention in abusive relationships, were some of the reasons given. Also, the desire to help advance knowledge, to contribute to society, to provide information that would help others suffering from same illness or disease, or those in abusive relationships like them were also given as reasons by participants and in most cases, same individual participants gave reasons that overlapped or oscillated between altruistic and self-interest motives. Emotional distress as a result of being asked questions about interpersonal violence histories and other traumatic experiences is viewed as major risk in GBV studies, and data from interviews with researchers in this thesis confirm this. Data from interviews with participants revealed that being asked in research interviews about such histories made the participants to feel sad and some reported that reflecting on these experiences was painful. Yet, none described the impact as harmful, rather most stated that such emotions occurred for a very limited time and that they did not need professional support to deal with the emotions. Many, including those who had emotional reaction to some research questions or had regretted participating in the research, also viewed the experience of participating in research as beneficial. The findings in this thesis have implications for ethical and safety guidelines on GBV research and on future community based sensitive research in South Africa. Findings presented here provide support to the WHO 2001 guidelines that studies that are community based and researching sensitive issues with women, including partner violence, should keep secret the violence focus and other sensitive questions at community level, and such focus be divulged only to participating women. This thesis has shown that this recommendation may provide protection to a particularly vulnerable subgroup of women i.e. those in abusive or potentially abusive relationships from potential physical harm.

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar o comportamento da evidenciação dos riscos potenciais representados pelas informações contidas nas provisões e passivos contingentes das empresas. O estudo analisou a divulgação das informações sobre riscos potenciais nas demonstrações contábeis dos exercícios de 2002, 2006, 2010 e 2012, utilizando como parâmetro as recomendações de órgãos normativos nacionais: 2012 foi o período mais próximo ao encerramento da coleta de dados, enquanto que em cada um dos demais períodos mencionados ocorreram mudanças significativas em termos de normas contábeis. O campo de pesquisa do presente trabalho constitui-se das notas explicativas das demonstrações financeiras das empresas do setor de energia elétrica, listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, dos exercícios mencionados. O setor de energia elétrica foi escolhido devido sua representatividade no mercado acionário brasileiro - 16,46% do total; à modernização na regulamentação contábil ocorrida como processo de privatização das empresas estatais; e por adotar normatizações internacionais na elaboração de suas demonstrações contábeis, contribuindo assim para a análise temporal proposta no presente estudo. No presente trabalho pode-se verificar a evolução dos informações que as empresas do setor de energia elétrica estão divulgando ao mercado, avaliando o comportamento das informações sobre riscos potenciais para os usuários das demonstrações contábeis. Os resultados encontrados mostram que as empresas do setor de energia elétrica tiveram evolução em sua divulgação de riscos potenciais principalmente entre os anos 2002 e 2006, fato este devido à modernização da regulamentação contábil neste período; nos períodos entre os anos 2010 e 2012, houve melhora na quantidade das informações sobre riscos potenciais, que o setor de energia elétrica passou a divulgar ao mercado, com relatórios mais detalhados, com maior número de evidências para que os usuários das demonstrações contábeis possam distinguir quais empresas apresentam maior risco e qual o nível de risco das companhias. Com isto pode-se verificar que as empresas do setor estudado apresentaram uma curva de aprendizagem conforme a evolução da legislação aplicável a matéria estudada. / The objective of this work is to identify the behavior of the disclosure of the potential risks posed by information contained in provisions and contingent liabilities of companies. The study analyzed the dissemination of information about potential risks in the financial statements for the years 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2012, using as a parameter the recommendations of national standards bodies: 2012 was the closest to the closure of the data collection period, while in each of the remaining periods mentioned significant changes in terms of accounting standards. The search field of this study represents the notes to the financial statements of companies in the electricity sector listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, the exercises mentioned. The electricity sector was chosen due to its representation in the Brazilian market - 16.46 % of the total; modernizations in accounting regulation occurred as the privatization of state enterprises; and adopt international norms in preparing its financial statements, thereby contributing to the temporal analysis proposed in this study. In the present work can be seen the evolution of information that companies in the electric power industry are touting the market, evaluating the behavior of information on potential risks to users of the financial statements. The results show that companies in the electricity sector had developments in their disclosure of potential risks mainly between 2002 and 2006, a fact due to the modernization of accounting regulation in this period; the periods between the years 2010 and 2012 , there was an improvement in the amount of information about potential risks, the electricity sector began to disclose to the market, with more detailed reports, with more evidence that users of financial statements can distinguish which companies present greater risk and what level of risk companies. With this it can be seen that the companies analyzed sector showed a learning curve as the evolution of the material being studied applicable law.

O intenso crescimento urbano vem agravando diversos problemas socioambientais e econômicos nas cidades. Nesse cenário, inundações urbanas são crescentes em muitas cidades brasileiras, causando diversos problemas. Embora as enchentes sejam consideradas fenômenos cíclicos e naturais, podem ser potencializadas pela ação humana. Visando o reconhecimento dos condicionantes destes eventos, a metodologia utilizada foi integrada, englobando fatores naturais, sociais e antrópicos. Foram pesquisados os eventos de inundações na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jaú, as características humanas que influenciam, bem como a identificação das áreas de risco, visando contribuir social e ambientalmente para a minimização desses danos no município de Jaú-SP. No intuito de contribuir com a população que se encontra nas áreas de risco, foi realizado um estudo de campo, através da utilização de entrevistas, compatível com a realidade do município. O estudo documental, através do histórico de inundações na área urbana nos últimos dez anos, relacionou o processo de urbanização e a incidência de inundações. Entrelaçado a esses dados, identificou-se os bairros de ocorrência de inundação. A pesquisa demonstrou que existem 39 bairros suscetíveis a eventos de enxurradas e inundações. Já a inundação do ano de 2011, trouxe gastos totais de R$ 6.593.070,00 para o município, com danos materiais, não materiais e ambientais, além de prejuízos econômicos e sociais. Quanto a sociedade, observou-se que a relação entre ser humano e natureza se encontra estritamente desfavorável para ambos. / The intense urban growth is exacerbating many social, environmental and economic problems in cities. In this scenario, urban floods are increasing in many Brazilian cities, causing various problems. Although the floods are considered cyclical and natural phenomena, they may be potentiated by human action. Aimed at recognizing the constraints of these events, the methodology was integrated, encompassing natural factors, social and man-made. The flood events in the basin of Rio Jau were surveyed, the human characteristics that influence, and the identification of risk areas in order to contribute socially and environmentally to minimize such damage in the town of Jau-SP. In order to contribute to the population that is in risk areas, a field study was conducted through the use of interviews, consistent with the reality of the city. The desk study through the history of flooding in urban areas over the past decade, related the process of urbanization and the incidence of flooding. Intertwined with these data, it identified flood occurrence neighborhoods. Research has shown that there are 39 districts susceptible to runoff events and flooding. Since the flood of 2011, brought total expenditures of $ 6,593,070.00 for the county, material damages, nonmaterial and environmental as well as economic and social losses. As society, it was observed that the relationship between humans and nature is strictly negative for both.

Le risque est consubstantiel à la médecine. Dans le système de santé malagasy la médecine est partagée entre plusieurs mondes : le traditionnel et le moderne, le visible et l’invisible puis, le public et le privé. Ainsi, les différents acteurs œuvrant dans ces différents mondes peuvent voir leur responsabilité devant le juge pénal, le juge civil, le juge administratif et le juge disciplinaire en cas de violation des normes de comportement prédéterminées par le Législateur et l’Administration. Effectivement, le sorcier guérisseur, le Tradipraticien, le professionnel de santé et l’Administration peuvent causer des préjudices corporels sur le patient. La pluralité des mondes confrontée à un pluralisme juridique pourrait être à l’origine d’une incohérence dans le traitement des faits relatifs à la relation de soins. Cette confrontation est dédoublée d’une carence textuelle, d’une absence d’uniformisation des systèmes de responsabilité et des systèmes de réparation notamment en matière assurantielle. En effet, il est important de compenser l’insuffisance de support de la réparation des dommages corporels. Une des manières d’harmoniser ne se trouve pas dans la complétude mais dans la réunion de la tradition et du moderne dans le système de santé et dans le système normatif. Il est désormais nécessaire que l’intégration de la médecine traditionnelle soit parfaite dans le système de santé malagasy. Les différents acteurs de droit tel que le Législateur, le juge et l’assureur devraient suivre cette dynamique. / The risk is consubstantial with the medicine. In the malagasy health system the medicine is shared between several worlds: the traditional and the modern, the visible and the invisible then, the public and the private. So, the various actors working in these various worlds could be responsible in front of the penal judge, the civil judge, the administrative judge and the disciplinary judge in case of violation of the standards of behavior predetermined by the Legislator and the Administration. Actually, the wizard quack, Tradipraticien, the healthcare professional and the Administration can cause physical damages on the patient. The plurality of the worlds confronted with a legal pluralism could be at the origin of an incoherence in the treatment of the facts linked with the relation of care. This situation is increased by a textual deficiency, an absence of standardization of the systems of responsibility and of the systems of repair in particular in insurance. Indeed, it is important to fill the space created by the insufficiency of support of the repair of the physical injury. One of the manners to harmonize is in the meeting of the tradition and the modern. It is necessary from now on that the integration of the traditional medicine is completed in the health system malagasy. The various actors of right such as the Legislator, the judge and the insurer should follow this dynamics.

O câncer é uma doença que pode ser caracterizada pelo crescimento desordenado de células malignas, que podem se disseminar pelo organismo tornando-se agressivas e até mesmo incontroláveis. O câncer de pulmão é uma doença caracterizada por uma baixa sobrevida, em torno de 15% em cinco anos. O presente trabalho avaliou o perfil epidemiológico de câncer de pulmão na região de Governador Valadares e os fatores de risco associados, determinando a frequência do câncer de pulmão no período de 2010 a 2015. É um estudo observacional, analítico e retrospectivo com característica quantitativa que foi realizado a partir do banco de dados do Núcleo de Especialistas em Oncologia, foram analisados 7035 prontuários de pacientes preenchidos eletronicamente pelas equipes de saúde. A amostra selecionada corresponde a 227 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de Pulmão e suas sub localizações anatômicas sendo aplicado em dados estatísticos e encontrando alguns resultados relevantes como: relação entre sexo e Histórico familiar onde 65 pacientes afirmaram que possuíam casos de câncer na família. Outro fator é o consumo de bebida alcoólica e câncer de pulmão onde 27,65% entram em contato com a bebida alcóolica. Foi verificado que 161 pacientes entraram em contato com o tabaco diretamente ao longo da vida desenvolvendo o câncer de pulmão. Outro dado importante que 176 pacientes vieram do Sistema Único de Saúde, tornando-se uma importante via de atendimento aos pacientes com câncer de pulmão. / Cancer is a disease that can be characterized by the disordered growth of malignant cells, which can spread through the body becoming aggressive and even uncontrollable. Lung cancer is a disease characterized by a low survival rate, around 15% in five years. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiological profile for lung cancer in the region of Governador Valadares and associated risk factors, determining the frequency of lung cancer in the period from 2010 to 2015. It is an observational, analytical and retrospective study with a quantitative trait which was carried out from the database of the Nucleus of Specialists in Oncology. 7035 medical records of patients, filled electronically by health teams were analyzed. The selected sample corresponds to 227 patients diagnosed with Lung cancer and its sub-anatomical locations being applied in statistical data and finding some relevant results such as: relationship between sex and family history where 65 patients stated that they had cases of cancer in the family. Another factor is the consumption of alcoholic beverage and lung cancer where 27.65% come in contact with the alcoholic beverage. It was verified that 161 patients came into contact with tobacco directly throughout their lives developing lung cancer. Another important fact is that 176 patients came from the Unified Health System, becoming an important route of care for patients with lung cancer.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem de análise quantitativa, cujo objetivo foi verificar os acidentes com material biológico potencialmente contaminado, ocorridos entre acadêmicos de enfermagem de três instituições de ensino de um município do interior paulista. Para a coleta de dados aplicou-se um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas, após a observação dos aspectos ético-legais. Participaram do estudo 355 alunos que estavam presentes em sala de aula por ocasião da coleta de dados e que já realizavam atividades de ensino-aprendizagem. Os dados foram analisados em Epi Info versão 3.4.3. Verificou-se que, 44 (12,4%) estudantes referiram ter sofrido exposição acidental a material biológico. A maioria era do sexo feminino (93,1%), tinha entre 22 a 25 anos (56,8%), cursava o quarto ano do curso de enfermagem (68,1%), em período integral (75%). O número de acidentes mencionados pelos alunos totalizou 55. Quanto ao tipo de exposição, a de pele íntegra foi a mais freqüente (70,9%), seguida de acidente percutâneo (25,5%), exposição em mucosa (1,8%) e pele lesada (1,8%). As topografias mais afetadas nesses acidentes foram os dedos e as mãos (74,6%). As agulhas foram citadas como o objeto causador de 64,3% dos acidentes percutâneos e o sangue foi o material biológico envolvido em 72,7% do total de acidentes. O maior número de acidentes ocorreu na retirada da punção venosa/soro (18,2%), ao puncionar ou coletar sangue (16,4%) e ao aspirar paciente (12,7%). Os alunos não utilizavam Equipamento de Proteção Individual em 49,1 % dos acidentes, embora em mais de 80% das atividades seria recomendado ao menos o uso das luvas de procedimento. Os alunos lavaram o local do acidente em 92,7% dos casos e dois alunos espremeram a área lesada após acidente percutâneo. Em 40% dos acidentes, os estudantes não notificaram a ocorrência aos docentes supervisores; em 38,2% das exposições os alunos não tomaram nenhuma conduta, não notificaram e não procuraram atendimento médico. A maioria dos docentes, quando notificados, orientou seus alunos quanto às condutas corretas e os encaminharam para avaliação médica; um docente, apesar de notificado, ignorou o fato. As situações mais apontadas pelos alunos como as que favoreceram a exposição acidental foram não utilizar Equipamento de Proteção Individual (49,1%) e a desatenção (45,5%). Como sugestões para prevenir e controlar acidentes com material biológico entre alunos, 21,4% referiu a educação permanente/continuada e 19,7% a utilização de Equipamento de Proteção Individual e a conscientização quanto ao uso. Para minimização de acidentes com material biológico potencialmente contaminado, entre alunos de enfermagem, nota-se a necessidade de envolver não apenas os alunos, mas também docentes e profissionais dos campos de ensino-aprendizagem, num programa efetivo de prevenção e controle dos acidentes. / This is a descriptive and exploratory study with a quantitative analytic approach. The aim was to verify the occurrence of accidents involving potentially contaminated biological material among nursing students from three teaching institutions in an interior city of São Paulo State, Brazil. After observing ethical-legal aspects, a questionnaire with open and closed questions was applied for data collection. Study participants were 355 students present in the classroom at the moment of data collection and who had already been involved in practical teachinglearning activities. Data were analyzed in Epi Info version 3.4.3. Forty-four (12.4%) students indicated accidental exposure to biological material. Most of them were female (93.1%), between 22 and 25 years old (56.8%), taking the forth year of the nursing course (68.1%) and studying full-time (75%). The students mentioned 55 accidents. As to the type of exposure, intact skin exposure was the most frequent (70.9%), followed by percutaneous accident (25.5%), mucous membrane exposure (1.8%) and injured skin (1.8%). The most affected topographic areas during these accidents were fingers and hands (74.6%). Needles were mentioned as the causal object in 64.3% of percutaneous accidents and blood was the biological material involved in 72.7% of all accidents. The largest number of accidents occurred when removing venipuncture/serum (18.2%), while puncturing or collecting blood (16.4%) and while aspirating a patient (12.7%). The students were not using Individual Protection Equipment in 49.1% of the accidents, although at least the use of procedure gloves would be recommended in more than 80% of activities. The students washed the accident site in 92.7% of cases and two students squeezed the injured area after a percutaneous accident. In 40% of the accidents, the students did not notify the occurrence to the supervising faculty members; in 38.2% of the exposures, the students did not take any action and neither notified nor looked for medical help. When notified, most faculty members advised their students about correct conducts and referred them for medical evaluation; despite the notification, one faculty member ignored the fact. The situations students most indicated as favoring accidental exposure were not using Individual Protection Equipment (49.1%) and lack of attention (45.5%). As suggestions to prevent and control accidents involving biological material among students, 21.4% mentioned permanent/continuing education and 19.7% the use of Individual Protection Equipment and creating awareness about the use. To minimize accidents with potentially contaminated biological material among nursing students, the need to involve not only students is observed, but also faculty members and professionals from teaching-learning areas, as part of an effective accident prevention and control program.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Stagni Guimaraes.pdf: 378918 bytes, checksum: 81acd116bfc39ee0f6305455aa898ebe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / Through an analysis of the International Law and the Brazilian Civil Law, we will try to drill and develop the issue of contractual risks to which international contracts are submitted, analyzing clauses which may reduce or mitigate such risks . To achieve this goal , we will begin our studies by doctrinal construction of the Brazilian Civil Law , seeking to understand it`s principles, it`s rules, and it`s formation process . Later we will see the international contracts from the perspective of the International Law , listing it`s peculiarities. As a result of the numerous aspects that the International contracts can reach, consequently due the existence of various doctrinal constructions, we will study only those we judge to be of greater relevance. At the end, we will study the central axis of this work: the risks in international trade contracts , analyzing the most relevant risks as well as contract terms most commonly used in order to mitigate such risks / Por intermédio de uma análise do Direito Internacional e do Direito Civil Brasileiro, procuraremos detalhar e desenvolver a questão dos riscos contratuais aos quais os contratos internacionais de comércio se encontram submetidos, analisando as cláusulas que podem reduzir ou abrandar tais riscos. Para alcançar tal objetivo supra indicado, iniciaremos nossos estudos através da construção doutrinária do direito civil brasileiro, buscando entender seus princípios, suas regras, e seu processo de formação. Posteriormente iremos visualizar os contratos comerciais sob o prisma do direito internacional, elencando suas particularidades. Em decorrência das inúmeras vertentes que os contratos internacionais podem seguir, consequência direta das mais diversas construções doutrinárias existentes, elencaremos tão somente aquelas que julgamos ser de maior relevância. Ao fim, estudaremos o eixo central do presente trabalho: os riscos nos contratos internacionais de comércio, analisando os riscos mais relevantes, bem como as cláusulas contratuais mais comumente utilizadas com o intuito de mitigar tais riscos