A aplicação de agrotóxicos na produção agrícola se relaciona com várias áreas do conhecimento, com destaque para a saúde pública, devido aos riscos envolvidos. No Brasil o uso indiscriminado, faz com que o país lidere, desde o ano de 2008, o consumo dessa classe de produtos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi estimar a ingestão crônica de agrotóxicos pela população brasileira por meio da dieta, destacando as substâncias com maior consumo e suas implicações toxicológicas. Para este fim foram utilizados os alimentos registrados no bloco de consumo alimentar da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009, conduzida pelo IBGE, e a exposição foi estimada pelo cálculo de Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT). A caracterização do risco foi realizada pela comparação da IDMT com os valores da Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA), estipuladas em mg/kg peso corporal/dia sendo aplicado o peso individual dos integrantes da amostra (n=33.613) da POF (bloco de consumo alimentar). Foram elaboradas analises discriminando a população brasileira, de acordo com as grandes regiões e situação domiciliar (urbana ou rural). Dos 283 agrotóxicos considerados para a pesquisa, 68 compostos excederam ao valor da IDA. O composto brometo de metila ocupou a primeira posição como composto com maior consumo estimado para a população brasileira. Este agrotóxico é classificado como extremamente tóxico, e seu uso está em descontinuação global por causar danos à camada de ozônio, além dos riscos à saúde de trabalhadores rurais e moradores de regiões próximas às áreas de produção agrícola. Quando estudadas as grandes regiões do país, as regiões Norte (59 agrotóxicos), Nordeste (62 agrotóxicos) e Sul (48 agrotóxicos) apresentaram um menor numero de agrotóxicos extrapolando aos valores da IDA, em comparação com o total identificado para a população brasileira (n= 68). Já as regiões sudeste e centro-oeste apresentaram número superior de compostos que extrapolaram ao valor da IDA, sendo um total de 69 compostos para ambas as regiões. Também foi estudada a exposição nos setores urbano e rural, sendo constatado que 67 compostos excederam ao valor da IDA em ambas as situações domiciliares. Para a área rural os riscos envolvidos se relacionam com a aplicação destes produtos, configurando risco de intoxicação aguda. É importante considerar que a caracterização do risco crônico será mais próxima da realidade quanto melhor os dados refletirem as condições do alimento no momento do consumo. Com isso, é recomendável a realização de estudos sobre a exposição aos agrotóxicos para a população brasileira, principalmente quanto às implicações toxicológicas, e considerando os grupos mais vulneráveis. / The application of pesticides in agricultural production is related to several areas of knowledge, with emphasis on public health, due to the risks involved. In Brazil, the indiscriminate use has led the country to lead, since 2008, the consumption of this class of products. The general objective of the study was to estimate the chronic intake of pesticides by the Brazilian population through diet, highlighting the substances with the highest consumption and their toxicological implications. For this purpose, the foods registered in the food consumption block of the Family Budget Survey 2008-2009, conducted by IBGE, were used and the exposure was estimated by the calculation of Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (IDMT). The risk characterization was performed by comparing the IDMT with the values of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), stipulated in mg / kg body weight / day, and the individual weight of the sample members (n = 33,613) of POF to feed. Analyzes were carried out discriminating the Brazilian population, according to the major regions and domiciliary situation (urban or rural). Of the 283 pesticides considered for the research, 68 compounds exceeded the ADI value. The methyl bromide compound occupied the first position as the compound with the highest consumption estimated for the Brazilian population. This pesticide is classified as extremely toxic, and its use is in global discontinuation for causing damage to the ozone layer, in addition to the health risks of rural workers and residents of regions near the agricultural production areas. When the major regions of the country were studied, the North (59 pesticides), Northeastern (62 pesticides) and South (48 agrochemicals) regions presented a lower number of agrochemicals than those identified for the Brazilian population (N = 68). On the other hand, the southeastern and central-western regions presented a higher number of compounds that extrapolated to the value of the ADI, being a total of 69 compounds for both regions. Exposure in the urban and rural sectors was also studied, and it was found that 67 compounds exceeded the ADI value in both domiciliary situations. For the rural area the risks involved are related to the application of these products, posing the risk of acute intoxication. It is important to consider that the characterization of chronic risk will be closer to reality the better the data reflect the conditions of the food at the time of consumption. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out studies on exposure to pesticides for the Brazilian population, mainly regarding the toxicological implications, and considering the most vulnerable groups.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório com abordagem de análise quantitativa, cujo objetivo foi estudar a ocorrência de acidentes com material biológico potencialmente contaminado e os fatores de risco envolvidos entre os alunos do Curso de Odontologia do interior do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, aplicou-se um questionário contendo perguntas abertas e fechadas. Este instrumento foi aplicado aos alunos após a observação dos aspectos ético-legais. Participaram do estudo 172 alunos da 3ª, 4ª e 5ª série do curso. Destes, 122 (70,9%) alegaram ter sofrido exposição acidental com material potencialmente contaminado. A maioria dos alunos que sofreram exposição acidental é do sexo feminino (61,0%) e estão cursando a 5ª série do curso, a idade predominante ficou entre 20 e 26 anos (86,1%). O número de acidentes mencionados pelos 122 alunos totalizou 448. Quanto ao tipo de exposição, a de pele íntegra foi a mais freqüente, seguida da exposição em mucosa e em 3º o acidente percutâneo perfazendo uma média total de 2,6 acidentes por aluno sendo a média de 0,23 para acidentes percutâneos. As topografias mais afetadas nestas exposições foram os olhos, mãos e dedos, enquanto que as brocas e agulha de anestesia foram citadas como os principais objetos causadores destes acidentes. A situação de ocorrência mais encontrada foi o ato de se utilizar normalmente um instrumental e o momento de realizar a limpeza dos instrumentais. Foi nas disciplinas de Clínica Integrada, Periodontia e Dentística que ocorreram a maioria das exposições. Quanto à severidade, 41,8% das exposições foram consideradas superficiais e 22,1% como moderadas. Apenas 10,7% dos alunos que sofreram exposição procuraram atendimento para avaliação e conduta em relação à exposição, 88,6% dos sujeitos receberam as três doses da vacina contra hepatite B. Observou-se ainda que nem sempre os alunos faziam uso dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual, sendo que o uso dos óculos de proteção e a utilização de luvas de borracha grossa para realizar a limpeza dos materiais foram os mais negligenciados. Este estudo permitiu concluir que o risco de exposição a material biológico é iminente para esta categoria e que é necessário estabelecer estratégias de intervenção urgentes tanto em nível institucional quanto acadêmico a fim de reduzir estes riscos. / This is an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative analysis approach, which objective was to study the occurrence of accidents with potentially biologically contaminated material and the risk factors involving the students from the Course of Odontology in the interior of the State of Paraná, Brazil. For the data collection, a questionnaire was applied containing open and closed questions. This instrument was applied to the students after the observation of the ethical-legal aspects. One hundred and seventy two students from the 3rd, 4th and 5th years of the course participated in the study. From these students, 122 (70.9%) alleged to have suffered accidental exposition with potentially contaminated material. Most of the students that suffered accidental exposition were female (61.0%) and they were at the 5th year of the course, the predominant age was between 20 and 26 years old (86.1%). The number of accidents mentioned by the 122 students summed 448. The most frequent kind of accident occurrences was the intact skin, followed by the exposition of mucous membrane and the percutaneous accident which made a total average of 2.6 accidents for each student and the average of 0.23 for percutaneous accidents alone. The most affected areas in these expositions were the eyes, hands and fingers, and the drills and the anesthesia needles were mentioned as the main objects that causes these accidents. The most found occurrence situation was the common action of using an instrument and at the moment of cleaning them. It was in the courses of Integrated Clinic, Periodontics and Dentistics that happened most of the expositions. As for the severity of the cases, 41.8% of the expositions were considered superficial and 22.1% were moderate. Only 10.7% of the students exposed to some kind of injury, sought for a service of checking and possible treatment; 88.6% of the persons received the three doses of the hepatitis B vaccine. It was observed though, that students didn’t usually make use of the Equipments of Individual Protection. The use of the protection glasses and gloves, made of thick rubber at the time of cleaning the materials were the most neglectful. This study allowed us to conclude that the exposition risk to biological material is imminent for this work category and that it is necessary to establish urgent intervention strategies on an institutional or academic level in order to reduce these risks.

Cette thèse contribue aux discussions sur la notion "d'engagement du public en amont", qui a été défendue par des chercheurs pour traiter des nanotechnologies au début du XXIème siècle. Cette notion a été critiquée pour l'absence de lien avec les décisions fonctionnelles. En utilisant l'outil théorique envisagé par Habermas, cette thèse tente d'étudier ce lien, avec une attention particulière portée sur la capacité des Organisations de la Société Civile à accueillir, condenser et répercuter sur la sphère publique les préoccupations sociétales tout en les amplifiant. Alors que la littérature antérieure est plus axée sur la réflexion théorique ou l'étude de cas isolés, la recherche soutenue par des observations sur le long terme est en grande partie absente. Sur la base de l'analyse du contenu et des entretiens, cette thèse mène un travail sur deux questions: si et dans quelle mesure "l'engagement public en amont" envers les nanos pourrait contribuer à un espace public plus vivace; et comment l'influence que les OSC ont acquis dans l'espace public pourrait se transformer en pouvoir communicationnel. La réponse à ces questions est double: d'une part, "l'engagement du public en amont" permet à la société civile d'être mieux informée et de lui permettre plus tôt de prendre part au débat. Si l'implication de la plupart des OSC prend la forme d'une coopération ou d'une argumentation parfois basée sur des rapports d'expertise. D'autre part, quelques OSC se sont retirées de ce domaine compte tenu de la faible portée de leurs propres actions sur les décisions fonctionnelles. / This dissertation contributes to the discussions of the notion 'upstream public engagement', which has been actively advocated by STS scholars in addressing nanotechnologies since the beginning of the twenty-first century. One of the major criticisms of 'upstream public engagement'is its lack of a link with the political system. Drawing on theoretical tools provided by Habermas, this dissertation seeks to examine such a 'link'with a specific focus on the capacity of civil society organizations (CSOs) to distill, raise and transmit societal concerns in an amplified form to the public spheres. Previous literature has mostly included theoretical reflection or one-off case studies, and research based on long-term observations is scant. Based on content analysis and semi-structured interviews with relevant actors, this dissertation investigates whether and how upstream public engagement could contribute to more vibrant public spheres and facilitate the formation of communicative power. The answer to these questions is twofold: on the one hand, moving public engagement 'upstream' enables CSOs to be better informed and to become part of the debates more quickly. Most CSOs employ cooperative, argumentative, and expertise-based forms of involvement. On the other hand,'upstream pubic engagement'has turned out to be unsuccessful in generating substantial and sustained interest, as some CSOs have quit this field in frustration at the tokenistic engagement.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Inserida na temÃtica de risco associados à inundaÃÃo urbana sobre a realidade de uma cidade potiguar do semiÃrido nordestino brasileiro. Tendo como objetivo o estudo da dinÃmica climÃtica - hidrolÃgica frente a situaÃÃes de emergÃncia e estado de calamidade pÃblica (estiagens e inundaÃÃes), com Ãnfase na metodologia de delimitaÃÃo das Ãreas de risco de inundaÃÃes urbanas considerando as caracterÃsticas meteorolÃgicas e os efeitos econÃmicos e sociais na vida da populaÃÃo atingida. Os principais conceitos discutidos: perigo, risco, desastre, catÃstrofe, vulnerabilidade e eventos extremos. A metodologia consistiu na pesquisa documental, de bancos de dados, e ainda pesquisa de campo, anÃlise e interpretaÃÃo da evoluÃÃo urbana e dinÃmica climÃtica, delimitaÃÃo dos espaÃos-risco de inundaÃÃo urbana em Mossorà obedecendo aos seguintes recortes temporais: dados urbanos (1970-2010), climÃticos (1970-2013), defesa civil de Mossorà (1983-2013). A gestÃo do risco em discussÃo està voltada ao mapeamento, prevenÃÃo, monitoramento, alerta e resposta. Na sÃrie em anÃlise encontrou-se 18 eventos extremos, destes 16 anos foi decretado situaÃÃo de emergÃncia e 2 estado de calamidade pÃblica. Adotou-se tambÃm metodologia que possibilita a delimitaÃÃo dos espaÃos-risco de inundaÃÃo no nÃcleo urbano de Mossorà e populaÃÃo atingida por setor censitÃrio. A metodologia mostrou que o uso das imagens ASTERGDEM na resoluÃÃo de 30 metros sÃo ferramentas interessantes para definiÃÃo das Ãreas de risco de inundaÃÃo, uma vez que atravÃs de programas como Qgis 2.8 e Arcgis 10.1 existe a possibilidade da aplicaÃÃo de filtros para diminuir os ruÃdos da imagem, bem como a suavizaÃÃo das curvas de nÃvel. Encontrou-se duas zonas a primeira com inundaÃÃo mÃxima nas cotas de 15 metros e a menor entre 7 e 13 metros. O cruzamento e delimitaÃÃo com os setores censitÃrios mostrou que 67 setores sÃo diretamente atingidos, sendo que 35.775 pessoas estÃo na primeira zona (atà 15 metros) e 8.364 pessoas estÃo na segunda zona (7 a 13 metros). Sendo que os setores com maior nÃmero de pessoas em risco sÃo: Barrocas 10.708 pessoas, Belo Horizonte 6.353, Alto da ConceiÃÃo 5.306, ParedÃes 5.187, Ilha de Santa Luzia, Lagoa do Mato 2.015, Pintos 1.436., Bom Jardim 1.430 e Alto de SÃo Manoel 1.153. Neste contexto foi elaborada uma proposta para o plano de contingÃncia à inundaÃÃo considerando os bairros mais atingidos. A valorizaÃÃo dos espaÃos-risco, como tradutores de expressÃo dos potenciais perigos, promove a adequaÃÃo e assegura recursos e meios para a proteÃÃo e socorro, favorece tambÃm a infraestruturaÃÃo da saÃde e o apoio social (quantitativamente e qualitativamente) das Ãreas perigosas / This research is within the topic of risk associated with urban floods in a semiarid northeast Brazilian city. The aim of the research is the study of climate dynamics â hydrological (droughts and floods) in situations of emergency and a state of emergency. The research focuses on the methodology of delimitation of urban floods considering the weather and its economic and social impacts on the lives of the affected population. The concepts discussed are: hazard, risk, disaster, catastrophe, vulnerability and extreme events. The methodology used is based on review of existing documentation, database and fieldwork, analysis and interpretation of urban evolution and climatic dynamics and delimitation of flood risky spaces in Mossorà with the following timeframes: urban data (1970-2010), climatic (1970-2013), Mossorà civil defense (1983-2013). The risk management approach in discussion is related to risk mapping, prevention, monitoring, alert and response. Within the analyzed series, 18 events were found, among them 16 were declared as situation of emergency and 2 as state of emergency. This research explores a methodology that enables the definition of flooding areas in the urban core of Mossorà andpeople at risk through the census tracts. The methodology showed that the use of ASTERGDEM images with the resolution of 30 meters is an interesting approach for definition of flooding areas, given that, with the use of Qgis 2.8 and Arcgis 10.1 there is a possibility of application of filters to reduce noise from the images as well as smoothing the contours. Two regions were found, the first with the maximum flood at an altitude of 15 meters and the lowest between 7 and 13 meters. The intersection and delimitation with census tracts shows that 67 census tracts are daily affected, with 35.775 people living in the first region (up to 15metres) and 8.364 people are in the second region (7-13 metres), the sectors with the largest number of people at risk are: Barrocas 10.708 people, Belo Horizonte 6.353, Alto da ConceiÃÃo 5.306, ParedÃes 5.187, Ilha de Santa Luzia, Lagoa do Mato 2.015, Pintos 1.436., Bom Jardim 1.430 e Alto de SÃo Manoel 1.153. As a result a contingency plan was proposed considering the most affected neighborhoods. The appreciation of the risky areas, as an expression of the potential hazards, promotes fitness and ensures resources and means for the protection and relief, also favors health and social support (quantitatively and qualitatively) in dangerous areas

No description available.

abstract: Opioid use in the United States is skyrocketing. Overdose deaths have increased 433% in the last decade and will continue climbing. In addition to the mortality caused by illicit opioid misuse, morbidity rates have also risen. People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) demonstrate higher rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Endocarditis, Persistent Abscesses, Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus, Staph) and other skin infections. This thesis serves as (1) a systematic review of the differences in health conditions experienced by PWID and (2) an examination of the trends in skin and soft tissue infection from a small sample in Phoenix, Arizona. The author argues that PWID suffer from an increased rate of comorbid conditions associated with substance use. Targeted social work interventions could be useful in reducing the rates of disease and their impact on the individual and community. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Work 2019

This study explores how resilience is gained in childhood. Therefore the question becomes does resilience occur from predisposed characteristics or does it occur from experiences, moments, and people the individual encounters during their childhood. This project presents the results of a qualitative study of 15 master degree student participants that gave responses based on their childhood experiences. One of the requirements for this study, was that each participant had to have suffered from being at risk of factors that could have decreased their resilience, called contextual risks. There were three themes that emerged from this study and they are strengths, realizations, and support systems. Within the strengths theme, there were several variables to gaining resilience: descriptions that were given to the participants growing up, coping skills, and self-control. These themes suggest that resilience is gained through a combination of predisposed characteristics, life changing moments, and influential people.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo. 2014 / A number of previous research studies have investigated volatility and financial risks in the ermeging markets. This dissertation investigates stock returns volatility and financial risks in the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The investigation is con- ducted in modelling volatility using Autoregressive Moving Average-Generalised Au- toregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARMA-GARCH)-type models. Daily data of the log returns at the JSE over the period 08 January, 2002 to 30 December, 2011 is used. The results suggest that daily returns can be characterised by an ARMA (1, 0) process. Empirical results show that ARMA (1, 0)-GARCH (1, 1) model achieves the most accurate volatility forecast. Modelling tail behaviour of rare and extreme events is an important issue in the risk management of a financial portfolio. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is applied to quantify upper extreme returns. Generalised Ex- treme Value (GEV) distribution is used to model the behaviour of extreme returns. Empirical results show that the Weibull distribution can be used to model stock re- turns on the JSE. In using the Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD), the modelling framework used accommodates ARMA and GARCH models. The GPD is applied to ARMA-GARCH filtered returns series and the model is referred to as the ARMA- GARCH-GPD model. The threshold value is estimated using Pareto quantile plot while peak-over-threshold approach is used to model the upper extreme returns. In general, the ARMA-GARCH-GPD model produces more accurate estimates of ex- treme returns than the ARMA-GARCH model. The out of sample forecast indicates that the ARMA (1, 3)-GARCH (1, 1) model provides the most accurate results.

This study describes how farmers manage climate variability in dryland crop production, and aims to contribute to the theory and practice of decision support for managing climate variability. The intent was to study farmer decision making to see how DSS could be used to deliver information and procedures on climate risk to farmers more effectively. The study investigated whether there are significant differences between farmers' subjective distributions of seasonal rainfall and its derivatives (such as crop yield and fallow recharge) and a probability distribution derived from long-term records and simulation models, and whether these differences in risk assessment lead to changes in the optimum decision. Subjective probability distributions of rainfall and its derivatives were collected from farmers and advisers and it was found the overall match between these and long term records and simulation models was close. This study found little evidence to support the role of DSS for routine decision making, but this does not lessen the value of distributions derived from simulation models. Rather, it provides an opportunity for both farmers and scientists to learn. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

隨著危險因素不斷增加與變異，海上保險人為因應被保險人要求擴大承保 範圍之趨勢，除增列保險事故之項目外，亦逐漸於海上保險領域內運用所 謂「全險」(ALL Risks) 概念以資配合。本論文即就「全險」概念於海上 保險之定位與各險別實際運作情形加以探討，全文概分為六章： 首章 為緒論，說明本論文之研究目的，研究範圍及大綱。 第二章為「全險 」概念於海上保險之定位，自其發展沿革闡明意義、可能之範圍及舉證責 任之分配，以有別於一般特定危險(Specified-risk)型保單。 第三章 為貨物保險關於「全險」概念之運用，除比較英、美二國協會貨物條款運 用「全險」概念之差異外，並探討我國使用貨物「全險」保單時可能遭遇 之問題。 第四章論及聯合國貿易暨發展委員會(UNCTAD)就船體保險草 擬「全險」建議條款，除介紹其內容與市場反應外，並試與現行倫敦保險 人協會船體時間條款作一比較。 第五章則為探討防護與補償保險中是 否有「全險」概念之運用，及其實際運作之情形。 第六章為結論與建 議，將全文作一總結，並就海上保險「全險」概念於我國法律定位與實務 運作提出若干建議。 all risks