The thesis "The lightening of arsenals and implications for conventional warfare" examines the trend of equipping national ground forces with only light armaments and possible effects, that this trend might have on conventional clashes. The thesis works with hypothesis, that lighter ground forces are inherently disadvantaged, when they clash with heavier ground forces. While the thinkers of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) count on light ground forces to serve in concert with air power, the air superiority needed might not always be available. To determine possible outcomes of clashes between light and heavy forces, the paper examines seven historical case studies of clashes between opponents with great armament disparity, looking for importance of armament disparity inside the cases, as well as comparing them between the cases. The set of case studies largely confirmed the hypothesis, proving the value of heavy ground forces in combat. However, it also found that other effects, primarily air support and use of terrain, can mitigate or completely counter the effect of armament disparity. The role of technological advancement also changed the balance between the forces with infantry anti- armor weapons. The development of protective measures is though constantly keeping up with development of these weapons.

本論文探討中華民國「軍事事務革命」研究。本論文是以「巴特雷特模型」(Model of Bartlett)概念，說明中華民國推動「軍事事務革命」(Revolution in Military Affairs,RMA)主要因為中華民國國家安全在內外因素影響下產生了變化；外部因素為中共解放軍的武力威脅，內部因素為中華民國在國防政策、軍事戰略與軍文關係上發生重大轉變。以上兩樣關鍵變數的糾結難解，讓中華民國國家安全起了變化，導致中華民國在國防上必須針對軍事戰略、兵力規劃、兵力整建、國防科技等重要的變因尋求精進之道，自然加速了中華民國「軍事事務革命」的推動。中華民國軍隊正大力推動「軍事事務革命」，國防自主化為當前國防建設的重點工作，文章中曾就中華民國國防自主化實施評估並提出建議，俾利中華民國「軍事事務革命」的施行。 關鍵字：「巴特雷特模型」(Midel of Bartlett)；「軍事事務革命」(Revolution in Military Affairs, RMA) / The Study of Revolution in Military Affairs in the Republic of China This Article is to study the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) in the Republic of China (ROC). According to the Model of Bartlett, this paper discusses the external threat from People's Republic of China's (PRC) military forces and the internal factors such as the ROC defense policy, military strategy, and civilian-military organizational culture. In this transition era, the factors do also affect ROC's national security and its national defense policy. As a result, the ROC national defense in the military strategy, force planning, force rebuilt, and defense technology have to seek improvement. The author analyzes the external and internal factors to make a constructional suggestion to accelerate the revolution of military affairs. Recently, ROC military has done a great effort on the implementation of the RMA. It is the most important to construct ROC national defense self-reliance. By pointing out some problems of ROC's defense strategies, the author proposes that the defense self-reliance has to be reviewed and rebuilt to make the implementation of the RMA. Keywords: Model of Bartlett, Revolution in Military Affairs

My thesis examines nonlinearity between catch and effort. I use a meta-analysis of published literature and generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) on both fixed and mobile gear fisheries of Atlantic Canada. The meta-analysis examines the proportionality of catch to effort using the slope of the reduced major axis (RMA) log-log regression, which accounts for “errors-in-variables”. The GLMMs explored proportionality while accounting for variation among fishing vessels. Both analyses found evidence for disproportionality between catch and effort. Catch that increases disproportionally to effort could result from either facilitation or recruitment of effort into the fishery. Catch increases that are less than proportional are expected from competitive interactions among fishers or gear saturation. The GLMM also revealed that the level of aggregation (by set, trip, monthly, or annually) can affect the apparent proportionality between catch and effort. In general, catch and effort should not be considered to be proportional. / May 2016

Biodiversity decline has continued at a rapid pace in New Zealand in the past 15 years (OECD 2007), in spite of specific provisions for biodiversity conservation under the Resource Management Act 1991 (Froude 1997, Bellingham 2004). This thesis has examined problems with biodiversity conservation implementation in district plans, that arise from planners not making full use of the available factual base for district planning, a lack of monitoring in New Zealand’s RMA planning, and failures by ecologists and planners to properly understand and communicate information for effective district planning. A critique of the policy and plan framework for biodiversity conservation in the Auckland Region and case studies in Rodney District and Waitakere City show there are strong provisions for biodiversity conservation in these plans that support the implementation of biodiversity conservation through district planning. There was a moderate to high level of internal compatibility in the planning framework, apart from a policy conflict between urban growth and infrastructure development versus the protection of natural values and amenity. Although the biodiversity factual base available for the Rodney District and Waitakere City district plans for district planning was sound, but it wasn’t often used to provide appropriate or sufficient information for district planning. This was hampered by the poor state of the environment monitoring, and no process for monitoring the effects that resource consents and permitted activities were having on biodiversity condition. This was exemplified by the discovery that the Rodney District Plan’s incentive-based regime for biodiversity conservation had failed to arrest the loss of 2.5% per annum of indigenous forest cover from 1977-1998. This went undetected through a lack of plan monitoring. In Waitakere City, district plan rules led to the indigenous vegetation cover on private land increasing by 0.5% per annum during the same period, and this was undetected by the council also. District planning will continue to fail to achieve biodiversity conservation unless changes significant occur in planning practice, policy development and plan implementation.

Biodiversity decline has continued at a rapid pace in New Zealand in the past 15 years (OECD 2007), in spite of specific provisions for biodiversity conservation under the Resource Management Act 1991 (Froude 1997, Bellingham 2004). This thesis has examined problems with biodiversity conservation implementation in district plans, that arise from planners not making full use of the available factual base for district planning, a lack of monitoring in New Zealand’s RMA planning, and failures by ecologists and planners to properly understand and communicate information for effective district planning. A critique of the policy and plan framework for biodiversity conservation in the Auckland Region and case studies in Rodney District and Waitakere City show there are strong provisions for biodiversity conservation in these plans that support the implementation of biodiversity conservation through district planning. There was a moderate to high level of internal compatibility in the planning framework, apart from a policy conflict between urban growth and infrastructure development versus the protection of natural values and amenity. Although the biodiversity factual base available for the Rodney District and Waitakere City district plans for district planning was sound, but it wasn’t often used to provide appropriate or sufficient information for district planning. This was hampered by the poor state of the environment monitoring, and no process for monitoring the effects that resource consents and permitted activities were having on biodiversity condition. This was exemplified by the discovery that the Rodney District Plan’s incentive-based regime for biodiversity conservation had failed to arrest the loss of 2.5% per annum of indigenous forest cover from 1977-1998. This went undetected through a lack of plan monitoring. In Waitakere City, district plan rules led to the indigenous vegetation cover on private land increasing by 0.5% per annum during the same period, and this was undetected by the council also. District planning will continue to fail to achieve biodiversity conservation unless changes significant occur in planning practice, policy development and plan implementation.

Biodiversity decline has continued at a rapid pace in New Zealand in the past 15 years (OECD 2007), in spite of specific provisions for biodiversity conservation under the Resource Management Act 1991 (Froude 1997, Bellingham 2004). This thesis has examined problems with biodiversity conservation implementation in district plans, that arise from planners not making full use of the available factual base for district planning, a lack of monitoring in New Zealand’s RMA planning, and failures by ecologists and planners to properly understand and communicate information for effective district planning. A critique of the policy and plan framework for biodiversity conservation in the Auckland Region and case studies in Rodney District and Waitakere City show there are strong provisions for biodiversity conservation in these plans that support the implementation of biodiversity conservation through district planning. There was a moderate to high level of internal compatibility in the planning framework, apart from a policy conflict between urban growth and infrastructure development versus the protection of natural values and amenity. Although the biodiversity factual base available for the Rodney District and Waitakere City district plans for district planning was sound, but it wasn’t often used to provide appropriate or sufficient information for district planning. This was hampered by the poor state of the environment monitoring, and no process for monitoring the effects that resource consents and permitted activities were having on biodiversity condition. This was exemplified by the discovery that the Rodney District Plan’s incentive-based regime for biodiversity conservation had failed to arrest the loss of 2.5% per annum of indigenous forest cover from 1977-1998. This went undetected through a lack of plan monitoring. In Waitakere City, district plan rules led to the indigenous vegetation cover on private land increasing by 0.5% per annum during the same period, and this was undetected by the council also. District planning will continue to fail to achieve biodiversity conservation unless changes significant occur in planning practice, policy development and plan implementation.

Biodiversity decline has continued at a rapid pace in New Zealand in the past 15 years (OECD 2007), in spite of specific provisions for biodiversity conservation under the Resource Management Act 1991 (Froude 1997, Bellingham 2004). This thesis has examined problems with biodiversity conservation implementation in district plans, that arise from planners not making full use of the available factual base for district planning, a lack of monitoring in New Zealand’s RMA planning, and failures by ecologists and planners to properly understand and communicate information for effective district planning. A critique of the policy and plan framework for biodiversity conservation in the Auckland Region and case studies in Rodney District and Waitakere City show there are strong provisions for biodiversity conservation in these plans that support the implementation of biodiversity conservation through district planning. There was a moderate to high level of internal compatibility in the planning framework, apart from a policy conflict between urban growth and infrastructure development versus the protection of natural values and amenity. Although the biodiversity factual base available for the Rodney District and Waitakere City district plans for district planning was sound, but it wasn’t often used to provide appropriate or sufficient information for district planning. This was hampered by the poor state of the environment monitoring, and no process for monitoring the effects that resource consents and permitted activities were having on biodiversity condition. This was exemplified by the discovery that the Rodney District Plan’s incentive-based regime for biodiversity conservation had failed to arrest the loss of 2.5% per annum of indigenous forest cover from 1977-1998. This went undetected through a lack of plan monitoring. In Waitakere City, district plan rules led to the indigenous vegetation cover on private land increasing by 0.5% per annum during the same period, and this was undetected by the council also. District planning will continue to fail to achieve biodiversity conservation unless changes significant occur in planning practice, policy development and plan implementation.

Uppsatsen syftar till att med den så kallade dagordningsmodellen inom ramen för beslutsteori förstå varför det nätverksbaserade försvaret, NBF, aldrig realiserades. Uppsatsen visar hur konceptet Revolution in Military Affairs, RMA, under namnet NBF blev en central del av ominriktningen, dvs. reformarbetet i Försvarsmakten kring millennieskiftet och fanns med i försvarsbesluten 2001 och 2004 men ändå försvann det före 10-talets början. NBF som var ett modernt nationellt försvarskoncept trängdes ut helt av ett antal faktorer: den rådande tidsandan som präglades av en vision om evig fred, interna stridigheter i försvarssektorn, Sveriges ambition att bli en ledande nation i den europeiska utrikes- och säkerhetspolitiken genom att leda en EU-stridsgrupp och minskade ekonomiska ramar. Sammanfattningsvis var RMA idén som ominriktningen inledningsvis skulle bygga på. Samtidigt introducerades begreppet insatsförsvar som ett övergripande koncept för försvaret. RMA fick så småningom namnet NBF varefter dess popularitet minskade och konceptet ersattes av EU-stridsgruppskonceptet. I uppsatsen aktualiseras den klassiska relationen mellan aktör och struktur. Agerandet från ÖB Owe Wiktorin och generalen Johan Kihl kan i förstone uppfattas som det mest avgörande för händelseutvecklingen, men i det långa loppet var Försvarsmaktens strukturer med dess urgamla försvarsgrensorganisering sannolikt minst lika avgörande.

Like many other military forces around the world the Swedish Armed Forces have started a transition towards anetwork centric defence. This thesis will centre on what information services that will be needed in the lowestechelons of the network (i.e. at soldier level). The visions and predictions on the technical (r)evolution are in somecases exaggerated. Possible short-range communication techniques by the soldier in the frontline due to throughputlimitations have been analysed. IEEE 802.11x and Bluetooth are the leading short-range communications techniquesexamined along with techniques such as HiperLan/2, UWB and 60 GHz in this aspect. The conclusions will show howmuch data that will be possible to transmit in this short-range network. Through literature and comparative studiesbetween different countries’ projects for the future soldier, as well as interviews and study visits, the obviousconclusion is that the basic equipment for the soldier as a part of the Network will be devices for communications,navigation and positioning, and presentation. This will be complemented with weapons sensors, target acquisitionequipment, etc. In a 5 to 10-year perspective it will not be possible to transmit high-resolution video on a low-speeddata connection. It will, on the other hand, be possible to send speech, messages, still images, low quality video, targetdata, etc. to and from the future soldier. Apart from speech, all of the information above must be compiled andpresented in some way to the soldier in a C3-system. The human-machine interface will in many cases be built ongraphics and moving pictures. The resolution of these pictures, as another contributor to the throughput, will also beexamined in the context of this thesis as well as the contribution to the throughput from error correction andencryption. The result points out HiperLAN/2 as the most promising technique, followed by UWB or 60-GHz, but themost feasible in the near future will be IEEE 802.11b, since the others are not yet commercialised products. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 00-02

I uppsatsen studeras hur ett svenskt försvar mot kryssningsrobotar och ballistiska robotar kan utformas.Uppsatsen konstaterar att en aktör med tillgång till kryssningsrobotar och ballistiska robotar har enfjärrbekämpningsförmåga till en förhållandevis låg kostnad. För att ytterligare förstärka sinfjärrstridspotential kan aktören förse dessa vapensystem med massförstörelseeffekt. Uppsatsen visar att ettframtida försvarskoncept mot det aktuella hotet är en kombination av offensiva och defensiva insatser. Föratt skydda nationen från insatser med massförstörelsevapen burna av en kryssningsrobot krävsvapensystem med långa räckvidder så att bekämpningen kan ske över hav eller obefolkade områden. Enbekämpad stridsdel med massförstörelsevapen kan resultera i ett restnedfall med förödande effekt. För attbekämpa ballistiska robotar krävs system med extrema prestanda. Bekämpningssystemen skall kunnamöta inkommande robotar med farter mellan 2500 till 5000 m/s. För att minimera restnedfallet från enmassförstörelsestridsspets krävs att den ballistiska roboten bekämpas i den yttre atmosfären.Trots de stora investeringarna i JAS 39-systemet kommer Sverige att sakna ett relevant försvar motkryssningsrobotar och ballistiska robotar. Uppsatsen bedömer att Sverige inte på egen hand kan bygga uppett försvar mot dessa vapen. De två huvudsakliga motiven till detta är ekonomin och behoven av ensamordnad insats om det finns risk för restnedfall vid en bekämpad massförstörelsestridsdel. Uppsatsenförordar ett internationellt samarbete för ett framtida svenskt försvar mot kryssningsrobotar och ballistiskarobotar. För att kunna skaffa sig en framtida förmåga krävs en omfattande kunskapsuppbyggnad inomlandet. Den nuvarande kunskapsnivån räcker inte ens för att fatta de inledande besluten för enövergripande inriktning. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 00-02